Merriam-Webster's Visual Dictionary by Jean-Claude Corbeil, Ariane Archambault

DEFINITIONS

gate judge

chief judge Official who enforces the rules; this individual makes all the final decisions and ensures consistency among the various officials. \

course gate

downstream gate

Space between two poles through which the competi tor must pass; it hangs six inches above the water from cables stretched from shore to shore. /

Gate made of two green poles that is negotiated in the direction of the current

Official who ensures that the paddler negotiates the gate as required without touching the poles; if the athlete makes a mistake, there is a time penalty.

WHITEWATER Race against time in turbulent water over a natural or man-made course; the route of the race is marked by 20 to 25 numbered gates.

safety officer upstream gate Gate made with two red poles that must be negotiated against the current; races must have at least six upstream gates.

Official who manages the first aid staff, who are positioned along tl course to be ready for emergencies.

Merriam-Webi‘: r i i' i

VISUAL, Dictionai y A Dictionary with a New Point of View The first visual dictionary to incorporate real dictionary definitions FIND words organized around major subject fields, corresponding themes, or individual objects. SEARCH ideas to quickly locate words, or consult pictures to read clear, up-to-date definitions, created in cooperation with the editors of Merriam-Webster. VIEW thousands of highly realistic illustrations and detailed diagrams created by skilled graphic artists. DISCOVER a visual world of information of immense scope and depth. I More than 20,000 terms indexed for easy reference ■>

I 6,000 color illustrations grouped into 17 general subject areas and 94 specific themes I Ideal for teachers, parents, translators, and students of all skill levels including learners of English as a second language Unlike conventional dictionaries with A-Z listings, Merriam-Webster’s Visual Dictionary is organized by subject area. Full-color pictorial images are grouped into 17 chapters outlining subjects from astronomy to sports, with more complex subjects divided into 94 individual themes. Chapters and corresponding themes include: EARTH: geography, geology, meteorology, environment. ANIMALS: insects and arachnids, mollusks, crustaceans, fish, carnivorous mammals. HOUSE: site, electricity, house furniture, heating, plumbing. DO-IT-YOURSELF and GARDENING: basic building materials, wood, masonry tools, seeding and planting tools, lawn care. TRANSPORT and MACHINERY: automobile, railroad station, navigation devices, airport, agricultural machinery. SCIENCE: chemical elements, magnetism, electronics, color synthesis, biology, mathematics. SPORTS and GAMES: track and field, ball sports, cycling, aquatic and nautical sports, outdoor leisure.

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Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2017 with funding from Kahle/Austin Foundation

https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790518

Jean-Ciaude Corbeii Ariane Archambault

Merriani-Webster, Incorporated Springfield, Massachusetts

ACKISIOWUEDGEMEIMTS

We would like to extend our deepest thanks to the individuals, organizations and companies who

Merriam. Webster

generously agreed to review the definitions and, when needed, suggested changes that helped to clarify them. Arcand, Denys (motion picture director); Audet, Nathalie (Radio Canada); Beaudouin, Yves (University of Quebec at Montreal); Beaudry, Jean (Longeuil Police Department); Beaulieu,

Merriam-Webster Inc.

Jacques (Sainte-Therese Automotive Vocational Training Center);

Bordeleau, Andre

(astronomer); Bugnet-Buchwalter, Marie-Odile (Music Librarian, University of Montreal); Butler, Published by Merriam-Webster Inc. 2006 Copyright © 2006 QA International All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from QA International.

Philip (Stewart Museum); Christian, Eve (meteorology consultant); Delorme, Michel (Montreal Biodome); Deschamps, Laurent; Desjardins, Jean-Pierre (UQAM); Doray, Francine (HydroQuebec); Doyon, Philippe (Ministry of Natural Resources, Wildlife, and Parks); Dupre, Celine (terminologist); Dupuis, Laval (Montreal Trade School of Motorized Equipment); Faucher, Claude (Communications Transcript); Fournier, Jacques (Editions Roselin); Gagnon, Roger (astronomer); Garceau, Gaetan (Sainte-Therese Automotive Vocational Training Center); Harou, Jerome (Montreal School of Construction Trades); Lachapelle, Jacques (School of Architecture, University of Montreal); Lafleur, Claude (science journalist); Lapierre, Robert (chief machinist);

First printing 2006

Le Tirant, Stephane (Montreal Insectarium); Lemay, Lucille (Leclerc Weaving Center); LemieuxBerube, Louise (Montreal Center of Contemporary Textiles); Levesque, Georges (ER doctor);

ISBN 13: 978-0-87779-051-8 ISBN 10; 0-87779-051-5

Marc, Daniel (Montreal School of Construction Trades); Marchand, Raymond G. (Laval University); Martel, Felix (information technology consultant); McEvoy, Louise (Air Canada

The original French Edition was first published in Canada by Quebec Amerique, Montreal (Quebec), under the title Le Visuel Definitions

Linguistic Services); Michotte, Pierre (Maritime Institute of Quebec); Morin, Nadia (Montreal Fire Department Training Center); Mosimann, Frangois (Sherbrooke University); Neveu, Bernard (University of Quebec at Trois-Rivieres); Normand, Denis (telecommunications consultant);

Printed and bound in China 109 8 7 6 5432 06 05 04 03 02

www.qa-international.com

Ouellet, Joseph (Montreal School of Construction Trades); Ouellet, Rosaire (Cowansville Vocational Education Training Centre); Papillon, Melanie (aeronautical engineer); Paquette, Luc (Montreal Trade School of Motorized Equipment); Paradis, Serge (Pratt & Whitney); Parent, Serge (Montreal Biodome); Prichonnet, Gilbert (UQAM); Rancourt, Claude (Montreal Trade School of Motorized Equipment); Reveret, Jean-Pierre (UQAM); Robitaille, Jean-Frangois (Laurentian University, Ontario); Ruel, Jean-Pierre (Correctional Service Canada); Theriault, Joel.

Merriam-Webster's Visuai Dictionary was created and produced by ; QA International 329, rue de la Commune Quest, 3® etage Montreal (Quebec) H2Y 2E1 Canada T 514.499.3000 F 514.499.3010

EDITORIAL

STAFF

DOCUMENTATIOIM

Publisher: Jacques Fortin

Gilles Vezina

Authors: Jean-Claude Corbeil and Ariane Archambault

Kathleen Wynd

Editorial Director: Frangois Fortin

Stephane Batigne

Editor-in-Chief: Serge D’Amico

Sylvain Robichaud

Graphic Design: Anne Tremblay

Jessie Daigle

PRODUCTION

A T A

MANAGEMENT

MacThien Nguyen Hoang

Programmer: Daniel Beaulieu

Guylaine Houle

Josee Gagnon

TERMINOLOGICAL

RESEARCH

Jean Beaumont

REVISION

Marie-Nicole Cimon

Catherine Briand PREPRESS

Nathalie Guillo Sophie Pellerin ENGLISH

DEFINITIONS

Kien Tang

Nancy Butchart

Karine Levesque

Rita Cloghesy

Tony O’Riley

Tom Donovan MERRIAM-WEBSTER

EDITORS

Diana Halpenny Daniel B. Brandon John Woolfrey Christopher C. Connor ILLUSTRATIONS

Ilya A. Davidovich

Art Direction: Jocelyn Gardner

Anne Eason

Jean-Yves Ahern

Daniel J. Hopkins

Rielle Levesque

Anne P. Miller

Alain Lemire

Neil S. Serven

Melanie Boivin

Peter A. Sokolowski

Yan Bohler

Paul S. Wood

Claude Thivierge Pascal Bilodeau Michel Rouleau Anouk Noel Carl Pelletier LAYOUT

Jean-Claude Corbeil is an expert in linguistic planning, with a world-wide reputation in the fields of comparative terminology and socio-linguistics. He serves as a

Pascal Goyette

consultant to various international organizations and governments.

Janou-Eve LeGuerrier Veronique Boisvert

Ariane Archambault, a specialist in applied linguistics, has taught foreign languages

Josee Gagnon

and is now a terminologist and editor of dictionaries and reference books.

Karine Raymond Genevieve Theroux Beliveau

CONTRIBUTIONS

QA International would like to extend a special thank you to the following people for their contribution to Merriam-Webster's Visual Dictionary:

Jean-Louis Martin, Marc Lalumiere, Jacques Perrault, Stephane Roy, Alice Comtois, Michel Blais, Christiane Beauregard, Mamadou Togola, Annie Maurice, Charles Campeau, Mivil Deschenes, Jonathan Jacques, Martin Lortie, Raymond Martin, Frederick Simard, Yan Tremblay, Mathieu Blouin, Sebastian Dallaire, Hoang Khanh Le, Martin Desrosiers, Nicolas Oroc, Frangois Escalmel, Daniele Lemay, Pierre Savoie, Benoit Bourdeau, Marie-Andree Lemieux, Caroline Soucy, Yves Chabot, AnneMarie Ouellette, Anne-Marie Villeneuve, Anne-Marie Brault, Nancy Lepage, Daniel Provost, Frangois Vezina.

Introduction A MAJOR INNOVATION

Meteorology and Environment. In this way, the Visual Dictionary can present

In response to public demand, QA International, in cooperation with MerriamWebster, has created this edition of the Visual Dictionary. The evocative power of the illustrations (in seeing, one can identify and name) is supplemented by definitions that bring out the essential information that cannot be seen or is only suggested by the word: the inherent qualities, function and characteristics of the illustrated item.

and define words in groups; most other dictionaries present them in alphabetical order in which related terms are separated from each other. The TITLES (658 in total) have various functions. They bring together, under a single heading, illustrations of various objects that are a part of the same conceptual framework (for example, armchairs, domestic appliances); they label a complex illustration whose main parts are identified (museum, exterior of a house); or they name a single object and include the terminology that

THE DEFINITIONS

applies to its parts (glacier, castle).

Within the hierarchical format of the Visual Dictionary's presentation, the definitions fit together like a Russian doll: theme, sub-theme, title, sub-title, illustration, terminology. The definition of the theme “Animal Kingdom,” for example, applies to all of the animals in the chapter, and the information within the definition for the term insect at the top of the page does not have to be repeated for each of the insects illustrated. Instead, the text concentrates on defining the distinguishing characteristics of each insect (the louse is a parasite, the female yellow jacket stings, and so forth).

The principal types within the same class of objects are sometimes gathered

Since the definition leaves out what is obvious from the illustration, the illustrations and definitions complement one another. Hence, the crosssection of the ear shows the exact position of each of its parts, while the definitions describe only their functions. As the illustrations progress, the definitions become more detailed. For example, the vertebral column in the skeleton is defined as a “bony axis composed of vertebrae and containing bone marrow.” The vertebral column is once again featured in the section on the nervous system, but this time it contains definitions related to bone marrow and a lumbar vertebra. Technical words used in definitions are defined in the Visual Dictionary, either on the same page, elsewhere in the same chapter, or in a separate chapter. For example, the words telson and uropod are a part of the definition of the lobster's tail, but they are defined as parts of the lobster's morphology. The vast majority of the 20,800 words in the Visual Dictionary are defined and can be found in the index. Terms are not defined when the illustration makes the meaning absolutely clear. In addition, the definition is not repeated when the word always has the same meaning. For example, switch is defined in the electricity section and the definition is repeated only when it differs significantly, as in the definition oi trigger switch. Finally, when the illustration suggests the usual meaning of the word, the word is not defined (for example, the numerous tool handles and the various housings for objects).

under the same SUB-TITLE and their names are given but no detailed terminological analysis is provided (for example, under armchair, one finds examples of armchairs). The ILLUSTRATION is an exact and realistic likeness of an object, process or phenomenon, together with its salient details. It is an integral part of the visual definition for each of the terms it depicts. EDITORIAL POLICY Each word in the Visual Dictionary has been carefully chosen after consulting the most authoritative information sources containing the appropriate level of specialization. In some instances, the sources consulted revealed that different words are used to name the same concept. In such cases, the most authoritative sources were used in selecting the term. Words are usually referred to in the singular, even if the illustration shows a number of individual examples. The word designates the concept, not the actual illustration. HOWTO CONSULT THE VISUAL The fundamental originality of the Visual Dictionary lies in its illustrations, which allow readers to find a word that corresponds to an idea even if they have only the vaguest idea of it. This is the great advantage of the Visual Dictionary, when consulting a traditional dictionary, one must first know the word. In addition, the contents of the Visual Dictionary may be accessed in a number of ways: • The list of THEMES can be referred to at the end of the introductory pages

STRUCTURE OF THE VISUAL The work contains three sections; the introductory pages, including the list of themes and the table of contents; the body of the work, i.e. the detailed treatment of each theme; and the index.

and on the back cover of the book. • The introductory page for each THEME outlines its contents and its subdivisions into SUB-THEMES and one can see at a glance the page number where they can be found (except for Vegetable Kingdom and Clothing).

The order of presentation is from the abstract to the concrete: theme, subtheme, title, sub-title, illustration, terminology, definition.

Themes and sub-themes are defined on these pages.

The contents are divided into 17 THEMES, from Astronomy to Sports and Games. The most complex themes are divided into SUB-THEMES, 94 in total. For example, the theme EARTH is divided into Geography, Geology,

the illustration cited and reading its definition, one better understands what

• The INDEX may be consulted to locate a specific term and, by examining the term refers to and its exact meaning.

TITLE

COLOR REFERENCE On the spine and back of the book this identifies and accompanies each theme to facilitate quick access to the corresponding section in the book.

It is featured at the top of the page and its definition is found below. If the title refers to information that continues over several pages, after the first page it is shown in a shaded tone with no definition.

SUB-THEME TERM

The majority of themes are subdivided into sub-themes. These are shown on the introductory page of a theme along with their definitions.

Each term appears in the index with a reference to the pages on which it appears. It is given in both languages, with English as the main index entry.

honeybee

honeyhee

Insect living in a highly complex social order; it instinctively produces honey as a food reserve. anatomy ot a honeybee morphology ol a honeybee: worker

wing Organ ol (Itghl attached lo the thorax In Ihe bee. Die Ironl and tear wings otr' each Side are allached and beat together

dorsal aorta Mam artery running along Ihe back and connecting (o ihe heart: it allows blood to circulate Ihroudhoul Ihe bodv

heart Muscular organ helping blood lo circulate

thorax Portion ot a bee's body divided into three segments housing the motor appendages, suet) as the legs and wings.

Malpighian tubule Fine tube appended lo the mlesline and helping m the excretion process

nerve cord Mam element ol the nervous system extending throughout the body

brain Mam organ ot the nervous system, ii is located m Ihe head

Terminal end ol Ihe intestine preceding the

abdomen Segmented posterior portion ol a bee's body containing the major vita! organs.

pharynx Portion ol the digestive Itacl between the mouth and Ihe esophagus

compound eye Organ ot vision made up ot thousands ol lacets that perceive shapes, colors, motion and distance

mouthpaits Appendages used lor grasping and ingesting food and adapted lo the collection ot nectar sting Pointed retractable organ located at the terminal end of the abdomen; venom Hows IhtOLigh it liom Ihe venom sac

salivary duct Durh joined lo the salivary gland carrying saliva lo the mouth venom sac Receptacle joined lo ihe venom gland and containing the poisons it produces

mIdgut Porlion ol Ihe digestive trad behind the aop where lood is converted

antenna , Sensory orgar^tnadefip of several segmenis antf having mainly lacllle andollactoiy lunctions.

salivary gland Organ located m Ihe buccal cavity, il secretes saliva and enables especially Ihe digeslicnol lood.

crop ‘t-;' Large bulge in the digestive iracl located behind the esophagus, used lo ‘. store honey.

used lo clean the thorax and the wings.

hind leg (Inner surface) Highly specialized atiicuialed member allached lo the lerminal segmenl ol the Ihorax: il has a motor lunclion and IS used lo colled and transport pollen.

lemur Segment ol the leg between Ihe trochanter and Ihe tibia.

Anleiior segmenl ot Ihe leg ariicuialmg iiochanler

simple eye Organ ol vision formed ol a single facet [hat captures variations m luminosity and allows the caterpillar to orient Itself

head Anterior portion ol Ihe body containing Ihe sensory organs and ihe brain.

foreleg (outer surface) Ailicolaled member allached to the first segmenl ol the ihorax: il has a motor lunciion and IS used lo clean Ihe eyes and Ihe antennae middle teg (outer surface) Monspecializsd articulated member allached to the central segmenl ot Ihe thorax, il has a motor function and is used lo clean the thorax and the wings

compound eye Organ ol vision made up ol thousands ot lacels lhal perceive shapes, colors, motion and distance

trochanter Segmenl ol the leg between ihe coxa and the lemur

velum Movable appendage located al Ihe base ol the tibia, it is used lo clean (he aniennae

pollen brush Row ol hairs loQled on Ihe meiaiarsus ol the worker bee: it is used lo collect pollen.

pollen brush Row ot hairs located on the metatarsus ol the worker bee; II is used lo colled

metatarsus Fiisl segment ol ihe tarsus allached lo the libia: il is much larger than Ihe olhersegmenls. antennae cleaner Nolcti covered wllh rigid hairs, with Ihe velum, ils function Is lo clean Ihe aniennae

queen The only teptoduclive female m the colony, whose sole lunclion is lo lay eggs: it is lertili»d by live lo 10 drones

antenna Sensory organ made up ol several segments and having mainly laclile and ollacloiy lunctions

tibia Segment ol Ihe leg located between Ihe lemur and ihe metatarsus.

upper lip External moulhpart located above Ihe mandibles and forming the root ol Ihe buccal cavity.

spur Movable appendage located on Ihe libia and used to release the pollen from Ihe legs

auricle Row ol hairs located al the upper terminal end ot Ihe worker bee's metatarsus, il is'' used to move the pollen to ihe pollen packer, where it is compressed

castes The three types of bees in a hive are classilied according to then lunclion; Ihe queen. Ihe drones and the workers

maxilla Moveable mouthparl with a palp: il is. located beneath the mandibles and is used lo masticate lood.

claw Poinly hook-shaped structure allached ID me tarsus and allowing Ihe bee lo grab hold ol things. tarsus' Terminal segmenl ol the leg, ms divided into live parts and has two claws

Sensory organ of the mouth liaving. . mainly ollaclory and guslalory tunclions.

mandible Hard corneous mouthparl serving as a pincei to giasp food, it also serves lo shape the wax useO lo build cells

longue Long hairy movable mouthparl that helps to collect neclai

worker Sterile female who does various tasks, such as searching tor lood. building cells and deiending die rslony

Slingiess male bee: to fspfiii

THEME ILLUSTRATION

The name of the theme of each chapter, accompanied by its definition, is presented on the double-page spread at the beginning of the section. It is then repeated on each page of the section, but without the definition.

NARROW LINES These link the word to the item indicated. Where too many lines would make reading difficult, they have been replaced by color codes with captions or, in rare cases, by numbers.

It is an integral part of the visual definition for each of the terms that refer to it.

DEFINITION It explains the inherent qualities, function or characteristics of the element depicted in the illustration.

Contents ASTRONOMY

Celestial bodies

Amphibians

110

frog, examples of amphibians

Reptiles

solar system, planets and satellites, Sun, Moon, meteorite, comet, star, galaxy

112

snake, turtle, examples of reptiles

1□

Astronomical observation planetarium, constellations of the Southern hemisphere, constellations of the Northern hemisphere, celestial coordinate system, refracting telescope, reflecting telescope, radio telescope. Hubble space telescope, astronomical observatory

Astronautics

Birds

115

bird, examples of birds

Insectivorous mammals

121

mole, examples of Insectivorous mammals

space probe, spacesuit, international space station, space shuttle, space launcher

Rodents and lagomorphs

122

rodent, examples of rodents, rodent’s and lagomorph’s jaws, examples of lagomorphs

EARTH

Geography

Ungulate mammals horse, examples of hooves, examples of ungulate mammals

Carnivorous mammals

configuration of the continents, cartography, remote sensing

Geology

Meteorology

1 3B

dolphin, examples of marine mammals

Primate mammals 53

1 3B

gorilla, examples of primates

Flying mammal

profile of the Earth’s atmosphere, seasons of the year, meteorological forecast, weather map, station model, international weather symbols, meteorological station, meteorological measuring Instruments, weather satellites, climates of the world, clouds, tornado and waterspout, tropical cyclone, precipitation

Environment

133

dog, dog breeds, cat, cat breeds, examples of carnivorous mammals

Marine mammals

structure of the Earth, section of the Earth’s crust, tectonic plates, earthquake, volcano, mountain, glacier, cave, landslides, watercourse, lake, wave, ocean floor, ocean trenches and ridges, common coastal features, desert

124

143

bat, examples of bats

Marsupial mammals

142

kangaroo, examples of marsupials BB

vegetation and biosphere, food chain, hydrologic cycle, greenhouse effect, air pollution, land pollution, water pollution, acid rain, selective sorting of waste

HUMAN BEING

14*4

Human body

I4B

man, woman PLANTS

plant cell, lichen, moss, alga, mushroom, fern, plant, leaf, flower, fruits, cereals, grape, tree, conifer ANIMALS

Evolution of life

origin and evolution of species

Simple organisms and echinoderms

animal cell, unicellulars, sponge, echinoderms

Insects and arachnids

butterfly, honeybee, examples of insects, examples of arachnids, spider

Mollusks

134

snail, univalve shell, bivalve shell, octopus

Crustaceans

1 ov

lobster

Fishes cartilaginous fish, bony fish

133

Anatomy

153

muscles, skeleton, teeth, blood circulation, respiratory system, digestive system, urinary system, nervous system, male reproductive organs, female reproductive organs, breast

Sense organs

1 72

touch, hearing, smell and taste, sight FOOD AND KITCHEN

1 7S

Food

supermarket, farmstead, mushrooms, seaweed, vegetables, legumes, fruits, spices, condiments, herbs, cereal, cereal products, coffee and infusions, chocolate, sugar, fats and oils, dairy products, variety meat, game, poultry, eggs, meat, delicatessen, mollusks, crustaceans, cartilaginous fishes, bony fishes

Kitchen

222

packaging, kitchen, glassware, dinnerware, silverware, kitchen utensils, cooking utensils, domestic appliances, miscellaneous domestic appliances, coffee makers

Contents

HOUSE

a«4g

Location

244 247

exterior door, lock, window

Structure of a house

250

main rooms, frame, roof truss, foundation, wood flooring, textile floor coverings, stairs, step

Heating

25B

wood firing, forced warm-air system, forced hot-water system, heat pump, auxiliary heating

Air conditioning

2BI

air-conditioning appliances

Plumbing

2B2

plumbing system, pedestal-type sump pump, septic tank, bathroom, toilet, water-heater tank, faucets, fittings, examples of branching

Electricity

272

distribution panel, network connection, electricity meter, contact devices, lighting

House furniture

27B

armchair, side chair, seats, table, storage furniture, bed, children’s furniture, window accessories, tights, domestic appliances, household equipment DO-IT-YOURSELF AND GARDEMING

aS6

Do-it-yourself

23s

basic building materials, covering materials. Insulating materials, wood, carpentry: nailing tools, carpentry: screwing tools, carpentry: sawing toots, carpentry: drilling tools, carpentry: shaping tools, carpentry: gripping and tightening tools, carpentry: measuring and marking tools, carpentry: miscellaneous material, plumbing tools, masonry tools, electricity tools, soldering and welding tools, painting upkeep, ladders and stepladders

Gardening

322

pleasure garden, miscellaneous equipment, seeding and planting tools, hand tools, tools for loosening the earth, watering tools, pruning and cutting tools, lawn care CLOTHING

334

elements of ancient costume, traditional clothing, headgear, shoes, gloves, fabric care symbols, men’s clothing, sweaters, women’s clothing, newborn children’s clothing, children’s clothing, sportswear PERSONAL ACCESSORIES AND ARTICLES

373

Personal accessories

334

jewelry, nail care, makeup, body care, hairdressing

Personal articles

333

shaving, dental care, contact lenses, eyeglasses, leather goods, handbags, luggage, smoking accessories, umbrella and stick ARTS AND ARCHITECTURE

3Sa

Fine

334

arts

423

movie theater, movie set, theater

Music

exterior of a house, pool

Elements of a house

Performing arts

432

traditional musical Instruments, musical notation, musical accessories, symphony orchestra, examples of Instrumental groups, stringed instruments, keyboard instruments, wind instruments, percussion instruments, electronic instruments

Crafts

452

sewing, knitting machine, knitting, bobbin lace, embroidery, weaving. pottery COMMUNICATIONS AND OFFICE AUTOMATION

4BB

Communications

4BB

languages of the world, writing instruments, newspaper, typography, diacritic symbols, miscellaneous symbols, punctuation marks, public postal network, photography, broadcast satellite communication, telecommunication satellites, telecommunications by satellite, dynamic microphone, radio: studio and control room, television, sound reproducing system, mini stereo sound system, portable sound systems, wireless communication, communication by telephone

Office automation

533

office, office furniture, personal computer. Input devices, output devices, uninterruptible power supply (UPS), data storage devices, communication devices, examples of networks, computer network, Internet, Internet uses, laptop computer, electronic book, handheld computer, stationery TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY

B3S

Road transport

53s

road system, fixed bridges, movable bridges, road tunnel, road signs, service station, automobile, brakes, tire, radiator, spark plug, battery, electric automobile, hybrid automobile, types of engines, campers, bus, trucking, motorcycle, 4X4 all-terrain vehicle, bicycle

Rail transport

532

passenger station, railroad station, types of passenger cars, highspeed train, diesel-electric locomotive, car, yard, railroad track, highway crossing, subway, streetcar

Maritime transport

53B

harbor, canal lock, ancient ships, traditional ships, examples of sails, examples of rigs, four-masted bark, examples of boats and ships, anchor, life-saving equipment, navigation devices, maritime signals, maritime buoyage system

Airtransport

BI 3

airport, long-range jet, flight deck, turbofan engine, examples of airplanes, examples of tall shapes, examples of wing shapes, forces acting on an airplane, movements of an airplane, helicopter, examples of helicopters

Handling

B32

material handling, cranes, container

Heavy machinery

B3B

bulldozer, wheel loader, scraper, hydraulic shovel, grader, dump truck, tractor, agricultural machinery

museum, painting and drawing, wood carving

Architecture

402

pyramid, Greek theater, Greek temple, architectural styles, Roman house, Roman amphitheater, castle, Vauban fortification, cathedral, pagoda, Aztec temple, elements of architecture, escalator, elevator, traditional houses, city houses

Graphic arts

420

printing, relief printing process. Intaglio printing process, lithography, fine bookbinding

ENERGY

S44

Geothermal and fossil energy

B4B

production of electricity from geothermal energy, thermal energy, coal mine, oil

Hydroelectricity

B57

hydroelectric complex, generator unit, examples of dams, steps In production of electricity, electricity transmission, tidal power plant VII

Contents

Nuclear energy

BBS

production of electricity from nuclear energy, fuel handling sequence, fuel bundle, nuclear reactor, nuclear generating station, carbon dioxide reactor, heavy-water reactor, pressurized-water reactor, boilingwater reactor

Solar energy

672

solar cell, flat-plate solar collector, solar-cell system, solar furnace, production of electricity from solar energy, solar house

Wind energy

BVB

family relationships SPORTS ANO GAMES

TBS

Sports facilities

VBB

sports complex, scoreboard, competition

Track and field

TBO

arena, jumping, throwing

windmill, wind turbines and electricity production SCIENCE

Family

STB

Chemistry

BBO

Ball sports

VBA

baseball, softball, cricket, field hockey, soccer, rugby, football, Canadian football, netball, basketball, volleyball, handball

matter, chemical elements, chemistry symbols, laboratory equipment

Physics: mechanics

BBB

Physics; electricity and magnetism parallel electrical circuit,

BBV

generators,

Physics: optics

dry cells, BBO

electromagnetic spectrum, wave, color synthesis, vision, lenses, pulsed ruby laser, prism binoculars, telescopic sight, magnifying glass and microscopes

Measuring devices

BBB

measure of temperature, measure of time, measure of weight, measure of length, measure of distance, measure of thickness, measure of angles

Scientific symbols

TOO

international system of units, biology, mathematics, geometry, geometrical shapes

Gymnastics

B23

rhythmic gymnastics, trampoline, gymnastics

Aquatic and nautical sports

S27

water polo, diving, swimming, sailing, sailboard, canoe-kayak: Whitewater, rowing and sculling, canoe-kayak: flatwater racing, water skiing, surfing, scuba diving

Combat sports

B-42

boxing, wrestling, judo, karate, kung fu, jujitsu, aikido, kendo, sumo, fencing

Strength sports

BBO

weightlifting, fitness equipment

Equestrian sports SOCIETY

TOB

City

voB

metropolitan area, downtown, cross section of a street, office building, shopping mall, department store, convention center, restaurant, self-service restaurant, hotel, common symbols

Justice

TOB

prison, court

Economy and finance

Education

TBB

732

library, school

Religion

73B 73B

heraldry, flags VAB

weapons In the Stone Age, weapons in the age of the Romans, armor, bows and crossbow, thrusting and cutting weapons, harquebus, seventeenth century cannon and mortar, submachine gun, pistol, revolver, automatic rifle, light machine gun, modern howitzer, modern mortar, hand grenade, bazooka, recoilless rifle, antipersonnel mine, tank, missiles, combat aircraft, aircraft carrier, frigate, nuclear submarine

Safety

Precision and accuracy sports

BBB

archery, shotgun shooting, rifle shooting, pistol shooting, billiards, lawn bowling, petanque, bowling, golf

B70

road racing, mountain biking, track cycling, BMX

Motor sports

B72

car racing, motorcycling, personal watercraft, snowmobile

S77

curling, ice hockey, figure skating, speed skating, bobsled, luge, skeleton, track, ski resort, snowboarding, alpine skiing, freestyle skiing, ski jumping, speed skiing, cross-country skiing, biathlon. snowshoes

Sports on wheels

BB4

skateboarding, in-line skating

Aerial sports

BBB

hang gliding, glider, ballooning

Mountain sports

BOB

climbing VBA

fire prevention, crime prevention, ear protection, eye protection, head protection, respiratory system protection, foot protection, safety symbols

Health

show-jumping, riding, dressage, horse racing: turf, horse racing: harness racing, polo

Winter sports

chronology of religions, church, synagogue, mosque

Weapons

BB2

Cycling

examples of currency abbreviations, money and modes of payment, bank

Politics

table tennis, badminton, racquetball, squash, tennis

gearing systems, double pulley system, lever magnetism, electronics

Racket sports

77s

ambulance, first aid equipment, first aid kit, clinical thermometers, blood pressure monitor, hospital, walking aids, wheelchair, forms of medications

Outdoor leisure

302

camping, knots, fishing, hunting

Games

314

dice and dominoes, cards, board games, jigsaw puzzle, mah-jongg, video entertainment system, darts, roulette table, slot machine, soccer table

ASTRONOMY

List of chapters ■

EARTH

PLANTS

ANIMALS

HUMAN BEING

1 VB

FOOO ANO KITCHEN

242

226

OO-IT-YOURSELF ANO GAROENING

334

3T2

CLOTHING

PERSONAL ACCESSORIES ANO ARTICLES

332

'466

HOUSE

ARTS ANO ARCHITECTURE

COMMUNICATIONS ANO OFFICE AUTOMATION

536

TRANSPORT ANO MACHINERY

644

766

ENERGY

676

SCIENCE

706

SOCIETY

SPORTS ANO GAMES

321

INOEX

I 2

Science whose aim is the observation and knowledge of celestial bodies: position, movement, structure, evolution and so forth.

1 Celestial bodies

Masses of natural matter (as a planet or nebula) located in space.

i Astronomical observation I

Observation of phenomena occurring in the celestial sphere.

i Astronautics |

Science of navigation in space and all of its related human activities.

CELESTIAL BODIES

solar system ASTRONOMY

I Region of our galaxy under the influence of the Sun; includes nine planets and their natural satellites as well as asteroids and comets. Saturn Sixth planet from the Sun, also the second largest planet; Saturn is encircled by rings forming a band about 120,000 mi in diameter.

outer planets

Planets located beyond the asteroid belt; with the exception of Pluto, these are known as the gas giants.

50,000 astronomical units Corresponds to about 50,000 times the Earth-Sun distance.

Pluto Ninth planet from the Sun; Pluto Is •so small and distant that some consider it to be an asteroid or comet from the Kuiper belt.

Jupiter Fifth planet from the Sun, also the largest: Jupiter is 1,330 times the' size of Earth.

Uranus Seventh planet from the Sun. also the third largest planet: Uranus is composed mainly of rock, ice and hydrogen and features 11 rings.

from the Sun; its atmosphere, composed of hydrogen, helium and methane, gives Neptune its bluish color. Features four rings.

Sun Star around which the planets gravitate; represents over 99.8% of the total mass of the solar system.

50 astronomical units Corresponds to about 50 times the Earth-Sun distance.

Kuiper belt Circular region of the solar system about 50 astronomical units from the Sun; thought to be a repository of small icy bodies, the source of comets.

Oort cloud Region of space bordering the solar system about 50,000 astronomical units from fhe Sun; composed of billions of comets.

planets and satellites I Planets orbit the Sun, satellites orbit the planets. They are represented from left to right from the Sun, based on their relative sizes. Deimos Satellite of Mars; one of the smallest natural satellites in the Phobos solar system, its surface displays Satellite of Mars; slightly larger than Deimos, Phobos features a large crater named Stickney. Moon Earth's only natural satellite; devoid ot water and atmosphere and characterized by a highly uneven Venus surface. Second planet from the Sun; its density and chemical composition are similar to those of Earth. Mercury The planet closest to the Sun; devoid of atmosphere, heavily cratered and marked by extreme variations in temperature (-300°F to 800°F).

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Earth Third planet from the Sun, inhabited by humankind; up to now, the only planet with evidence of life.

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Mars Fourth planet from the Sun; its crust contains iron oxide, giving Mars its reddish color. e

lo Satellite of Jupiter; the celestial body with the greatest number of active volcanoes. Europa Satelliteof Jupiter: displays a surface layer of ice that might cover liquid water.

Callisto Satellite of Jupiter; its heavily cratered surface indicates that Callisto is very old.

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Ganymede 1 Satellite of Jupiter; the j; |iatu ral satel I fe^^iniiMdbirtrvqtem % gt^^i^mTTaceis thought to ver an ocean and a mantle.

Sun

Star around which the planets gravitate; represents over 99.8% of the total mass of the sotar system.

CELESTIAL BODIES

solar system

1 astronomical unit Unit of distance equai to the mean distance between Earth and the Sun, equivalent to about 93 miilion mi.

Earth Third pianet from the Sun, inhabited by humankind; up to now, the oniy pianet with evidence of life. Mercury The planet closest to the Sun; devoid - of atmosphere, heavily cratered and marked by extreme variations in temperature (-300°F to 800°F). Venus Second pianet from the Sun; its ’ density and chemical composition are similar to those of Earfh. asteroid belt Circular region between Mars and ■Jupiter containing the greatest number of asteroids; marks the boundary between the inner and outer planets.

Mars -.Fourth planet from the Sun; its . . crustcontains iron oxide, giving Mars its reddish color..

planets and satellites

lapetus Satellite of Saturn featuring a bright side composed of ice and a dark side composed of unknown matter.

Titan Saturn’s largest satellite, 1.5 times the diameter of the Moon. Uranus from the Sun, also the planet; Uranus is mainly of rock, ice and ’ hydrogen and features 11 rings.

Saturn Sixth planet from the Sun, also the second largest planet; Saturn is encircled by rings forming a about 120,000 mi in

Oberon The most distant satellite of Uranus; its craters are often surrounded by light rays. Neptune Eighth planet from the Sun; its atmosphere, composed of hydrogen, helium and methane, gives Neptune its bluish color. Eeatures four rings. Charon Pluto’s only satellite; almost equal in size and mass to the planet itself. •'

Pluto Ninth planet from the Sun; Pluto is ''■■■ so small and distant that some consider it to be an asteroid or comet from the Kuiper belt.

Rhea Satellite of Saturn; its cratered surface is covered with ice as hard as rock. Mimas Satellite of Saturn; features a crater .named Flerschel spanning onethird of Its surface,

Dione Satellite of Saturn; its cratered surface features ice deposits.

Tethys

ati|||^^yiaf]Lto be comp surface is an immense impact crater named Odysseus

Titania The largest satellite of Uranus; its surface displays numerous valleys and faults. Umbriel Satellite of Uranus; its heavily cratered surface is very dark.

Miranda Ariel Satellite of Uranus whose surface is Satellite of Uranus; its cratered surface cr^^d in^places; displays vast is composed of numerous long valleys expanses^t^Letesand furrows, and extremely high escarpments.

Triton Neptune’s largest satellite; together with Pluto, Triton is the coldest object in the solar system.

ASTRONOMY

inner planets Rocky planets closest to the Sun; located inside the asteroid beit.

CELESTIAL BODIES

ASTRONOMY

Sun I star composed of 92,1% hydrogen atoms and 7.8% helium atoms, around which the planets gravitate: represents more than 99.8% of the solar system's total mass. structure of the Sun From the center to the periphery are the core, the radiation and convection zones, the photosphere, the chromosphere and the corona. chromosphere The lowest level of the solar atmosphere, with a temperature of 18,000°F.

spicules A narrow jet of gas in the form of a plume observed in the solar chromosphere. flare Violent projection of extremely hot gas into space, provoking polar auroras on Earth a few days later. sunspot A dark, slightly cooler zone of the photosphere where the magnetic field is more intense.

corona The outermost layer of the solar atmosphere, visible in the form of a halo during a total eclipse: corona temperatures can reach 1,800,000°F.

granulation Network of cells on the photosphere brought about by the convective movement of hot gas from the Sun’s interior.

convection zone Region where hot gas currents circulate between the hot regions of the core and the cool surface.

photosphere Visible surface of the Sun, with a temperature of 10,000°F.

core The innermost mnermos part of 0 the Sun into where 'here hydrogen is converted int helium by nuclear fusion; core temperatures reach 27 000

faculae - Luminous region of the photosphere.

radiation nzone Region here energy produced the core before the form light and heat

types of eclipses There are three types of solar eclipse, based oh the degree of obscuration.

prominence Gas that erupts from the chromosphere and solar corona, contrasting with the darkness of space.

annular eclipse Occurs when the Moon comes between Earth and the Sun, reducing the latter to a luminous ring.

solar eclipse Obscuration of the Sun brought about by the passage of the Moon between Earth and the Sun.

Earth’s orbit Elliptical path of Earth revolving around the Sun under the effect of gravitation. umbra shadow On Earth, the observer in this region will see a total or annular eclipse. ■,

partial eclipse Observed by anyone within the penumbra zone during an eclipse.

Moon Natural satellite of Earth.'' -.

penumbra shadow On Earth, the observer in this region will see a partial eclipse. Earth Third planet from the Sun, Earth takes a full day to rotate once on itself, one year to revolve once around the Sun.

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Moon’s orbit Elliptical path of the Moon revolving around Earth under the effect of gravitation.

total eclipse Occurs when the lunar disk completely covers the solar disk and only the Sun’s corona remains visible.

CELESTIAL BODIES

Moon Earth's only natural satellite; devoid ot water and atmosphere, It displays a highly uneven surface. lunar features Aspect of the Moon determined by past volcanic activity, meteorite impact and soil fractures.

There are two types of eclipse based on the degree of obscuration: partial or total. lake Small isolated plain of hardened lava.

cliff Steep rock face shaped by a sea.

partial eclipse When the Moon enters the umbra shadow, its bright side diminishes little by little.

highland Designates bright regions riddled ■ with craters; these oldest regions cover 85% of the surface.

bay Small plain of hardened lava---" located along the edges of a sea.

sea Designates the vast plains of hardened lava forming the dark regions; younger than the highlands, these cover 15% of the surface. mountain range Vestiges of the walls ota oncelarge crater; semicircular in shape, it can span hundreds of miles.

ocean Avery large sea.

total eclipse Occurs when the Moon is completely within the umbra shadow and takes on a reddish appearance.

crater ■Circular basin dug out by the impact of a meteorite.

cirque Vast crater characterized by remarkable relief; varies between 12 and 120 mi in diameter. ‘ crater ray Band that radiates from a young crater, the result of matter ejected during a meteorite impact.

lunar eclipse Eclipse during which the Moon enters Earth’s umbra shadow in part or in full.

Earth’s orbit Elliptical path of Earth revolving around the Sun under the effect of gravitation.

umbra shadow When the Moon is completely in •this region, the Sun’s light no longer reaches it; the eclipse is therefore total.

Earth Our planet, by coming between the Sun and the Moon, gives rise to lunar eclipses. Moon’s orbit Elliptical path of the Moon revolving around Earth under the effect of gravitation.

new crescent new moon The Moon lies directly between Earth and The Moon is visible in the early evening in the shape of a thin the Sun; it is not visible, as the Sun’s light crescent. is too brilliant.

full moon The visible face of the Moon is completely illuminated by the Sun’s rays.

waning gibbous As the Moon moves closer to the Sun, its shadow begins to obscure the Sun’s disk.

wall Mountain usually surrounding a cirgue.

penumbra shadow When the Moon enters this region, it slowly ceases to be illuminated by the Sun. Moon Natural satellite of Earth.

phases of the Moon Changes in the Moon’s appearance over the course of a month; result from the movement of the Moon in relation to the Sun, as seen from Earth.

first quarter The visible face of the Moon grows increasingly bright; the lunar crescent gradually changes until it forms a semicircle after one week.

waxing gibbous As the Moon moves away from the Sun, its shadow gradually recedes.

last quarter The bright side gradually recedes until it becomes a half-moon.

old crescent The Moon lies to the right of the Sun and appears in the sky at dawn in the form of a thin crescent.

ASTRONOMY

types of eclipses

CELESTIAL BODIES

meteorite ASTRONOMY

Fragment of rock, iron or another mineral that crashes into Earth instead of completely burning up as it crosses the atmosphere. stony meteorites Meteorites composed mainly of rocky matter. Divided into two groups; chondrites and achondrites. iron meteorite Meteorite consisting mainly of iron and nickel, marked by small faults.

stony-iron meteorite The rarest class of meteorites, characterized by the presence of almost equal quantities of rocky matter and metals.

chondrite The most common meteorite, characterized by the presence of rock or sulfurous matter in the form of minuscule spheres (chondrules).

achondrite Meteorite whose composition is similar to that of certain terrestrial rocks; believed to come from the Moon or from Mars.

comet Small icy body that partially evaporates as it approaches the Sun; made up of a head with a solid core and tails composed of gas and dust.

coma

Cloud of gas and dust particles emitted by the expulsion of gas from the nucleus when a comet approaches the Sun..

r head Part made up of the nucleus andthe coma. nucleus Central part of the comet; composed mainly of ice and rocky matter.

dust tail Visible tail formed by dust particles pushed out of the coma by pressure from the Sun's rays; can reach over 6 million mi in length.

ion tail

Almost invisible tail formed by the gas of the coma pushed back by the solar wind; can reach several hundreds of millions of miles in length.

Star A sphere of gas massive enough to generate light and heat through nuclear reactions that transform hydrogen into hoJium in its core. low-mass stars Stars whose mass is less than f .5 times that of the Sun.

■ massive stars Stars whose mass is more than 1.5 times that of the Sun; can be up to 50 times the mass of the Sun.

brown dwarf Star whose mass is not sufficient to generate a nuclear reaction.

planetary nebula Expanding gaseous envelope that corresponds to the external layer of a red giant that is gradually fading away.

supernova A supergiant that collapses onto itself and explodes with such force that it releases more energy than millions of suns.

black dwarf Dead star, likely the residue of a dwarf that has totally exhausted its

nova A white dwarf that assimilates gaseous matter from a neighboring star, suddenly becoming extremely bright before it returns to its initial brightness.

white dwarf An old, extremely dense star of faint luminosity, formed by the nucleus of a red giant contracting until it reaches the size of Earth.

red giant An old star whose hydrogen reserve has been exhausted; its luminosity can be 100 times that of the Sun.

main-sequence star Star whose mass is sufficient to generate a nuclear reaction.

pulsar A neutron star that rotates rapidly on itself, thereby emitfing regular radio waves.

supergiant An old, extremely luminous star of considerable mass; its diameter can be as much as 100 times that of the Sun.

black hole Results when the core of a massive star collapses; the gravitational force is so strong that not even light can escape.

neutron star Star formed of compressed neutrons, believed to be the residue of a supernova explosion.

CELESTIAL BODIES

galaxy Grouping ol slars and interstellar matter linked together by gravitation; each galaxy comprises an average of 100 billion stars. Milky Way

Classification of galaxies according to their torm, devised by astronomer Ed\win Hubble in the 1920s; it is still used today.

Spiral galaxy composed of 200 to 300 billion stars, including the Sun; thought to be 10 billion years old.

Milky Way (seen from above) From above, the Milky Way appears as a spiral that rotates on itself around a nucleus.

elliptical galaxy Spherical or oval galaxy with no spiral arms.

nucleus Central region of the bulge; the densest and most luminous region.

lenticular galaxy Flat, lens-shaped galaxy with a large bulge but no arms.

spiral arm Curved grouping of stars influenced by the rotation of the galaxy around its nucleus.

Milky Way (side view) From the side, the Milky Way appears as a disk because its spiral arms are seen from the same angle. normal spiral galaxy Galaxy composed of a large nucleus from which spiral arms emerge.

halo Region surrounding the galaxy, inhabited by isolated stars or groupings called globular clusters; the halo has a radius ot about 50,000 light-years.

barred spiral galaxy Galaxy crossed by a bar of stars and interstellar matter; the spiral arms emerge from the ends of the bar.

disk The main part of the galaxy, made up of a bulge and attaching arms.

bulge The central bulge of the Milky .. ■■ Way's disk; the densest region of--'" the Milky Way, with a depth of 15,000 light-years. globular cluster Cluster made up of hundreds of thniicanrlc nt nirl Qtari;

type I irregular galaxy Rare type of galaxy that seems to possess spiral arms without displaying a specific symmetry.

type II irregular galaxy Rare type of galaxy whose structure obeys no specific symmetry,

ASTRONOMY

Hubble’s classification

ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATION

planetarium ASTRONOMY

I Structure where a projector is used to simulate the movement of the celestial bodies on a dome representing half of the celestial sphere.

tweeter Loudspeaker designed to reproduce the high frequencies of the sound signal.

working area

zenith Central point of the projection dome: simulates the center of the ■ true celestial dome for an observer on the ground. projection dome Screen representing half of the celestial dome: the aspect of the sky at different' periods is projected onto the screen. midrange Loudspeaker designed to reproduce the-.,, middle frequencies of the sound signal.

auditorium The planetarium’s main room, built to-., receive the public during a shovi/.

control room Premises containing the various control. and monitoring instruments required to produce a show. control console ■ Instrument that serves to manually execute various commands tor purposes of producing a show.

woofer Loudspeaker designed to reproduce the low frequencies of the sound signal.

planetarium projector auxiliary projector Projector that reproduces and simulates Apparatus used to produce special effects, the past, present and future movement of celestial bodies.

constellations of the Southern hemisphere I Groupings of stars whose position on the celestial dome of the Southern hemisphere, as seen from Earth, forms figures; this makes them easier to locate and has often inspired names. 1

Cetus Large, mostly southern constellation containing a remarkable star, Mira Ceti: in the 16th century, Mira Ceti became the first star 8 of varying luminosity (variable star) to be discovered,

Sculptor Constellation composed of faint stars recorded in the 18th century.

Aquarius Zodiac constellation between Capricorn and Pisces: contains several faint stars.

Eridanus Large constellation containing Achernar, ninth brightest star in the sky.

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Aquila Mostly northern constellation containing Altaic 12th brightest star in the sky.

10 Small faint constellation

Capricornus Zodiac constellation marking the beginning of winter in the Gregorian calendar.

Horologium 11 Faint constellation discovered in the 18th century,

Microscopium Small constellation recorded in the 18th century: originally formed part of the Southern Fish.

Phoenix 12 Faint constellation recorded in the 17th century.

Pisces Austrinus Constellation composed of seven stars: the brightest is named Fomalhaut, meaning “mouth of a large fish". Grus Constellation discovered in the 17th century whose shape recalls that of a bird inflight.

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Pavo Constellation recorded in the 17th century: contains only one bright star. Alpha Pavonis.

Ara Small taint constellation recorded in the 2nd century.

Triangulum Australe Small constellation discovered in the 17th century whose three brightest stars form a triangle.

Corona Australis Small faint constellation recorded in the 2nd century.

Apus Constellation composed of faint stars recorded in the 17th century.

Sagittarius The last zodiac constellation of the fail: features, in particular, the greatest number of variable stars (stars of varying luminosity).

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Octans A taint constellation recorded in the 18th century: includes the South celestial pole.

Hydrus Constellation containing only about 20 stars, most often barely visible to the naked eye: discovered in the 17th century.

Indus Small faint constellation discovered in the 17th century.

Telescopium Constellation composed of taint stars discovered in the 18th century: shares stars with neighboring constellations.

discovered in the 18th century.

Tucana Constellation harboring the third closest galaxy to Earth, the Small Magellanic Cloud, an irregular galaxy located about 200,000 light-years away.

Scutum Small constellation composed of five faint stars recorded in the 17th century. Scorpius Zodiac constellation between Libra and Sagittarius: contains Antares, 16th brightest star in the sky. Norma A faint constellation recorded in the 18th century.

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Mensa Faint constellation recorded in the 18th century: includes part of the Large Magellanic Cloud.

Reticulum 28 Small constellation recorded in the 18th century.

ASTRONOIVIICAL OBSERVATION

constellations of the Southern hemisphere

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Serpens Mostly southern constellation divided into two parts by the constellation Ophiucus, thereby terming the head and tail of the Serpent.

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Pictor Constellation recorded in the 18th century; includes a red dwarf located close to Earth (13 lightyears).

Columba Small faint constellation discovered in the 17th century.

Caelunn Small faint constellation discovered in the 18th century whose form recalls that of a sculptor’s tool.

Lepus Constellation in the shape of a hare pursued by a hunfer (Orion); contains R Leporis, a large star of varying luminosity.

Orion Mostly southern constellation containing the red giant Betelgeuse and Rigel, seventh brightest star in the sky.

Canis Major Small constellation containing Sirius, brightest star in the sky.

Monoceros Though faint, this mostly southern constellation contains a great number of stars and nebulae.

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Libra Zodiac constellation marking the beginning of fall; harbors Kiffa Borealis, one of fhe rare stars to be the color of green emerald.

Virgo Last zodiac constellation of the summer; contains the Virgo Cluster, a grouping of galaxies 60 light-years from Earfh broughf fogether by gravitational force.

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Puppis Constellation in the Milky Way; includes a half-dozen stars.

Musca Small faint constellation recorded in the 17th century.

Pyxis Faint constellation in the Milky Way; recorded in the 18th century.

Circinus Small faint constellation recorded in the 18th century.

Corvus Small constellation whose form recalls that of a kite.

Vela Constellation in the Milky Way; contains a number of brilliant stars and a great many open clusters (loosely concentrated star groupings).

Crux The smallest constellation in the sky; its four brightest stars form a cross whose base points to the South celestial pole.

Crater Faint constellation representing Apollo’s Cup.

Carina Constellation containing Canopus, second brightest star in the sky; serves as a compass for space probes.

Centaurus Constellation in the Milky Way; contains Proximo Centauri, the star closest to Earth (4.3 light-years) and Omega Centauri, brightest globular cluster in the sky.

Sextans Faint constellation discovered in the 17th century.

Volans Faint constellation recorded in the 17th century.

Lupus Constellation discovered in the 2nd century. In 1006, the brightest supernova ever seen appeared in this constellation.

Hydra Though faint, this mostly southern constellation is the largest in the sky.

Chamaeleon Faint constellation discovered in the 17th century.

Ophiuchus Large, mostly southern constellation discovered in the 2nd century; includes Barnard's Star, second closest star to Earth (6 light-years).

Antlia A faint constellation recorded in fhe 18th century. 11 ^

ASTRONOMY

Dorado Constellation harboring the second closest galaxy to Earth, the Large Magellanic Cloud, an irregular galaxy located about 165,000 light-years away.

ASTRONOIVIICAL OBSERVATION

constellations of the Northern hemisphere ASTRONOMY

Groupings of stars whose position on the celestial dome of the Northern hemisphere, as seen from Earth, forms figures; this makes them easier to locate and has otten inspired names.

Pisces Last zodiac constellation of the winter; while extrennely farreaching, it harbors only faint stars.

Cetus Large, mostly southern constellation containing a remarkable star, Mira Ceti; in the f6th century, Mira Ceti became the first star of varying luminosity (variable star) to be discovered.

Aries Zodiac constellation marking the beginning of spring in the Gregorian calendar.

Triangulum Constellation harboring M33 (third largest galaxy close to Earth), located about 2.7 million lightyears away.

Andromeda Constellation harboring the Andromeda nebula (second largest galaxy close to Earth), located about 2.25 million light-years away.

Pegasus Vast constellation easily located thanks to the quadrangle that three of its brilliant stars form with Sirrah (Andromeda); this asterism known as the “Great Square of Pegasus".

Equuleus Small constellation composed of faint stars recorded in the 2nd century.

Delphinus Small constellation harboring faint stars discovered in the 2nd century.

Aquila Mostly northern constellation containing Altaic f2th brightest star in the sky.

Sagitta Small constellation containing only a few stars visible to the naked eye; contains a fairly bright globular cluster.

Cygnus Constellation whose shape recalls that of a swan inflight; contains Deneb, 20th brightest star in the sky.

Lacerla Constellation formed of faint stars recorded in the 17th century.

Orion Mostly southern constellation containing the red giant Betelgeuse and Rigel, seventh brightest star in the sky.

Cepheus Constellation harboring Delta Cephei, a prototype of stars of varying luminosity, named Cepheid variables for this reason.

Auriga Constellation containing Capella, sixth brightest star in the sky.

Cassiopeia Constellation easily identitied thanks to the “W" termed by its five principal stars; contains a number of stars of varying luminosity (variable stars).

19 Faint constellation discovered in

Perseus Constellation harboring a great numberof stars of varying luminosity and two large star clusters, h and Chi Persei.

Lynx Constellation composed of faint stars recorded in the 17th century.

Taurus Zodiac constellation located between Aries and Gemini; contains the star Aldebaran (14th brightest star) as well as two clusters, the Hyades and Pleiades.

Ursa Minor Constellation containing the North Star, 47th brightest star in the sky; also called “Little Dipper" owing to its size in relation to the “Big Dipper".

Camelopardalis the 17th century.

ASTRONOIVIICAL OBSERVATION

constellations of the Northern hemisphere

Lyra Constellation containing Vega, titth brightest star in the sky.

Ophiuchus Large, mostly southern constellation discovered in the 2nd century; includes Barnard’s Star, second closest star to Earth (6 light-years).

Hercules Large constellation containing Rasalgethi, a red giant about 830 times brighter than the Sun and more than 680 times its diameter.

Serpens Mostly southern constellation divided into two parts by the constellation Ophiucus, thereby terming the head and tail of the Serpent.

Ursa Major Constellation whose seven principal stars draw the outline of a giant saucepan: also called “Big Dipper”. Contains several spiral galaxies.

Leo Minor Small faint constellation discovered in the 17th century.

Virgo Last zodiac constellation of the summer; contains the Virgo Cluster, a grouping of galaxies 60 light-years from Earth brought together by gravitational force.

Leo Zodiac constellation between Cancer and Virgo; its brightest stars form the silhouette of a lion. Harbors numerous galaxies.

Vulpecula Small constellation composed of faint stars recorded in the 17th century.

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Coma Berenices Constellation containing the Coma Cluster of galaxies, located 260 light-years from Earth.

Hydra Though faint, this mostly southern constellation is the largest in the sky.

Milky Way Faint milky band that is our galaxy, as seen from our spiral arm.

Canes Venatici Faint constellation harboring numerous galaxies, among them the spiral galaxy M51, located 37 million light-years from Earth.

Cancer Zodiac constellation marking the beginning of summer in the Gregorian calendar.

North Star Star located at the end of the Little Dipper handle; nowadays serves to indicate the direction of the North celestial pole.

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Corona Borealis Small constellation whose principal stars form an incomplete circle: recorded in the 2nd century.

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Bootes Constellation containing the red giant Arcturus, fourth brightest star in the sky.

Canis Minor Constellation containing Procyon, eighth brightest star in the sky. Gemini Last zodiac constellation ot the spring; contains Castor and Pollux, 18th brightest star in the sky.

celestial coordinate system Imaginary horizontal and vertical lines used to describe the position of an object on the celestial sphere. inclination Angle formed between an imaginary line connecting the terrestrial poles and an imaginary line perpendicular to the ecliptic.

celestial sphere Imaginary sphere where celestial bodies are observed and positioned.

North celestial pole Projection of the North terrestrial pole onto the celestial sphere.

celestial equator Projection of the terrestrial Equator onto the celestial sphere; serves as the point' of origin for declinations.

terrestrial sphere Shape of Earth whose coordinates are projected onto the celestial sphere. Equator Imaginary circle surrounding Earth at its widest circumference, dividing it into two hemispheres; the Northern hemisphere and the Southern hemisphere. vernal equinox Point at which the ecliptic and the celestial equator intersect; serves as the point of origin for right ascensions.

South celestial pole Projection of the South terrestrial pole onto the celestial sphere.

declination One of two coordinates used to locate a celestial body on the celestial sphere; similar to terrestrial latitude.

ecliptic Projection of the Sun’s apparent annual path onto the celestial sphere.

right ascension One of two coordinates used to locate a celestial body on the celestial sphere; similar to terrestrial longitude. celestial meridian ' Projection of a terrestrial meridian onto the celestial sphere.

13 I

ASTRONOMY

Draco 22 Vast constellation composed ot a great many taint stars.

ASTRONOIVIICAL OBSERVATION

refracting telescope ASTRONOMY

I I Optical instrument that uses an objective lens to observe celestial bodies.

finderscope

Small low-magnification telescope with a wide field of view; serves to locate celestial bodies.

main tube cradle

Part that tightens around the main tube to secure it to the base.

The barrel of a telescope housing the optical system; light rays travel through the main tube. dew shield

Device placed in front of the objective to limit stray light and condensation.

eyepiece

Lens or system of lenses meant to magnify the image when placed before the eye.-.

eyepiece holder,. star diagonal

declination setting scale

Part serving to deflect the light toward the eyepiece, thereby--., providing a comfortable observation position.

• Graduated disk indicating the declination of the celestial body observed. azimuth clamp

Clamp serving to lock the telescope along its horizontal axis.

focusing knob

Adjusting device that makes it possible • to obtain a clear Image of the object.

altitude clamp

Clamp serving to lock the telescope along its vertical axis.

azimuth fine adjustment

Fine-tuning device serving to position thetelescope horizontally.

right ascension setting Scale

altitude fine adjustment

Graduated disk indicating the right ascension of the observed celestial body.

Fine-tuning device serving to position thetelescope vertically.

counterweight

fork

Weight equal to that of the telescope; makes It possible to balance the whole.

Mount with dual forks used to secure thetelescope to the tripod.

-tripod

tripod accessories shelf

Stable three-legged stand of variable height.

cross section of a refracting telescope Magnification depends on the length of the main tube and the size and composition of the lens system.

light

Emitted by a celestial body, light is captured by the objective lens and travels along the main tube until it reaches the eyepiece.

eyepiece

Lens or system of lenses meant to magnify the image when placed before the eye.

objective lens

Lens that captures light from the object observed and causes it to converge. main tube

The barrel of a telescope housing the optical system; light rays travel through the main tube.

I 14

ASTRONOIVIICAL OBSERVATION

reflecting telescope Optical instrument that uses an objective mirror to observe celestial bodies. | ASTRONOMY

finderscope Small low-magnificatlon telescope with a wide field of view; serves to locate celestial bodies.

eyepiece Lens or system of lenses meant to magnify the image when placed before the eye.

cradle Part that tightens around the main tube to secure it to the base.

support.. ..

main tube The barrel of the telescope through which light rays travel; houses the optical system.

focusing knob Adjusting device that makes it possible to obtain a clear image of the object.

right ascension setting scale Graduated disk indicating the right ascension of the observed celestial body.

declination setting scale Graduated disk indicating the declination of the celestial body observed.

azimuth fine adjustment Fine-tuning device that serves to position the telescope horizontally.

azimuth clamp Clamp serving to lock the telescope along its horizontal axis.

altitude fine adjustment Fine-tuning device that serves to position the telescope vertically.

altitude clamp Clamp serving to lock the telescope along Its vertical axis.

cross section of a reflecting telescope Magnification depends on the length of the main tube and the power of the eyepiece.

eyepiece Lens or system ot lenses meant to magnify the image when placed before the eye.

secondary mirror Mirror that collects light and directs it toward the eyepiece.

light Emitted by a celestial body, it crosses the main tube and Is sent back by the concave primary mirror; the secondary mirror ntercepts It and directs it toward the eyepiece.

concave primary mirror Mirror that collects light and whose shape makes It possible to direct it toward the secondary mirror. main tube The barrel ot the telescope through which light rays travel: houses the optical system,

15 I

ASTRONOIVIICAL OBSERVATION

radio telescope ASTRONOMY

I I Instrument used to capture, concentrate and analyze radio waves emanating from a celestial body or a region of the celestial sphere.

Steerable parabolic reflector Type of adjustable radio telescope in the shape of a saucer; its power depends on its diameter.

first focal room Observation capsule used on occasion; located in the prime focus of the radio telescope

secondary reflector Receives waves reflected by the parabolic reflector and directs them toward the receiver.

radio wave Invisible electromagnetic waves emitted by celestial bodies and collected on Earth using a radio telescope.

receiver Device that amplifies waves before they are converted into an electric? signal. parabolic reflector A surface often composed of fine wire-mesh that collects radio waves ■ and causes them to converge on a single point.

second focal room Secondary focus of the radio telescope that houses the radio receiver; used more often than the first focal room.

upper laboratory Area where the electrical signal is filtered, digitized and transmitted to the laboratory.

support structure Structural element on the rim that prevents the parabolic reflector from becoming deformed.

counterweight Weight equal to that of the ■•■■'■parabolic reflector; makes it possible to balance the whole.

rotating track Rail making it possible to turn the radio telescope vertically so as to point it toward a given region of the sky.

laboratory Area where astronomers analyze the digital signal to obtain information.

circular track Rail making it possible to turn the radio telescope horizontally so as to point it toward a given region of the sky.

elevator

nm im.

ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATION

Hubble space telescope Telescope placed in orbit above Earth’s atmosphere (370 mi), making it possible to observe the universe as never before.

fine guidance system Makes it possible to point and control the telescope with. great precision.

aperture door Panel that opens and closes over the telescope’s optical system.

light shield Prevents stray light from entering the telescope.

scientific instruments These include cameras, ■■■ spectrographs and photometers.

secondary mirror Mirror that sends light back toward the scientific instruments through a hole in the primary mirror.

solar panel Power supply device that converts solar energy into immediately usable electrical energy.

primary mirror Mirror that reflects the light of celestial bodies, directing it toward the secondary mirror.

aft shroud Part containing, in particular, a cooling system that protects the scientific instruments.

astronomical observatory Building specially designed to house a large telescope. |

cross section of an astronomical observatory

secondary mirror Mirror that intercepts light and redirects it toward the Cassegrain focus through a hole in the center of the primary mirror.

telescope Optical instrument that uses an objective mirror to observe celestial bodies. flat mirror Adjustable mirror making it possible to choose the location of the focus,-

light Emitted by the celestial body, light is sent back toward the Cassegrain focus by the primary and secondary mirrors.

observatory dome shutter Upper part of the dome that opens so that light can enter the telescope. rotating dome Roof of the observatory that pivots on itself so that all parts of the sky can be observed.

prime focus ■ Focal point of the primary mirror where the light rays concentrate.

horseshoe mount Mount used to support a large telescope-._ and point it toward the celestial pole.

hour angle gear Drive mechanism allowing the telescope to follow the polar axis,

prime focus observing capsule Area where astronomers once gathered to monitor the exposure time of photographic plates.

polar axis Axis parallel to Earth’s axis of rotation: its rotation is opposite to that of Earth, making it possible to capture fixed images of an observed celestial body.

interior dome shell Regulates the temperature of the telescope so as to avoid air turbulence and prevent the mirror from becoming deformed. exterior dome shell Protects against foul weather.

telescope base Pedestal on which the telescope mount rests.

observation post Area where most observations are carried out.

Cassegrain focus Focal point where the image forms; located behind the primary mirror.

coude focus laboratory primary mirror Focal point located at a distance Area where the chemical composition of observed Mirror that reflects the light of celestial bodies, directing it toward from the telescope, obtained using celestial bodies is studied using spectroscopy, a series of mirrors; stationary, it is the prime focus, used to conduct complex analyses and experiments.

ASTRONOMY

antenna Conductor that transmits images to Earth by means of a communications satellite.

ASTRONAUTICS

space probe ASTRONOMY

I Unmanned craft launched in the direction of a celestial body in the solar system for purposes of studying it. orbiter (Viking)

Part of the probe that flies over a celestial body before placing itself in orbit around the latter and studying it; the tw/o Viking orbiters were launched in 1975. low gain antenna Secondary antenna used to communicate with Earth when the high gain antenna cannot be used. thruster engine Machine that burns a liquid fuel mixfure, thereby providing thrust.

attitude control thruster Small rocket engine that directs the orbiter to the desired position.

solar panel Power supply device that converts solar energy into immediately usable electrical energy. high gain antenna Principal antenna pointed toward Earth to transmit large quantities of scientific data as well as photographs.

star tracker Instrument that serves to direct the probe, in Viking’s case pointing it toward the star Canopus. camera infrared thermal mapper Captures thousands of images, Instrument used to analyze the surface and atmosphere thereby providing an overall view of a celestial body by measuring its temperature of the celestial body. variations.

lander (Viking)

Spacecraft designed to touch down on the surface of fhe celestial body so as to study it.

camera Two cameras make it possible to obtain three-dimensionai color images of the ceiestiai body's surface.

shock absorber Piece of equipmenf deployed fo cushion the impact when the lander touches down.

terminal descent engine Rocket engine that allows the lander to slow down before it touches the ground.

UHF antenna Antenna used to establish radio contact with the orbiter.

high gain antenna Principal antenna pointed toward Earth to transmit large quantities of scientific data as well as photographs.

radioisotope thermoelectric generator Device that suppiies eiectrical power; converts the heat reieased by the radioactive decay of a subsfance it contains into electricity.

propellant tank Place where fuel for the descent engines is stored.

furlable boom Mobile extension arm serving to dig into the soil and collect samples.

collector head Shovel used to collect soil samples, which are analyzed on-site.

temperature sensor Instrument that measures the surface temperature of the celestial body.

ASTRONAUTICS

soace probe examples of space probes ASTRONOMY

Since the end of the 1950s, over 125 space probes have been launched to study the planets and satellites of the solar system.

Pioneer In 1973, Pioneer-10, en route to Jupiter, became the first probe to cross the asteroid belt. NEAR This probe thrust into orbit around the asteroid Eros in 2000 and landed on it in 2001.

Voyager Voyager 1 and 2 transformed our knowledge of giant planets; over 27 years after they were launched in 1977, they continue to explore the distant confines of the solar system.

Cassini The Cassini probe will study Saturn, its rings and natural satellites; Cassini is scheduled to release the Huygens probe

Mariner Mariner 10 photographed the surface of the planet Mercury three times in the mid-1970s, revealing a world quite similar to that of our Moon.

Huygens Huygens was designed to study Titan, Saturn’s largest satellite.

Mars Odyssey Mars Odyssey was put into orbit around Mars in 2001 to study its geology and environment and to detect the presence of underground water.

Magellan Placed in orbit around Venus in 1990, Magellan is mapping 98% of its surface.

Ulysses Launched in 1990, Ulysses is the only probe to have observed the two poles of the Sun; it is studying various types of solar rays.

Venera In 1975, Venera-9 transmitted the first photograph of the Venusian soil before it was crushed by the planet’s atmospheric pressure.

service module Houses the main propulsion system and supplies energy, electricity, water and other provisions.

command module Section of the craft where the crew resided during the mission; one astronaut stayed on board during the Moon landing. It was the only section of the Apollo craft to return to Earth. lunar module Inhabited section of the craft; enabled two men to walk on the Moon and spend a few days there before returning to dock with the Apollo capsule.

Stardust Stardust’s mission is to collect fragments of interstellar dust, hence its name; it returned to Earth in 2006.

Pathfinder Pathfinder landed on Mars in the summer of 1997. There, it deployed a small allterrain vehicle named Sojourner to study the composition of the surface.

Galileo The first probe to thrust into orbit around Jupiter (1995), Galileo is also exploring the planet's four largest satellites.

Apollo Manned craft that enabled six crews to land on the Moon between 1969 and 1972. On July 20, 1969, Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin became the first men to explore another world. 13

(

ASTRONAUTICS

spacesuit ASTRONOMY

I A pressurized watertight suit that provides the astronaut with oxygen and protects against solar rays and meteorites during space walks^

35 mm still camera A single-objective reflex camera that uses 35 mm film to capture an image.

life support system Module that contains, in particular, a supply of oxygen, a cooling system and a carbon dioxide disposal system.

helmet ring ,,

solar shield Translucent part of the helmet that allows the astronaut to see and protects against the Sun's ultraviolet rays. helmet Plastic shell that covers the head, allowing the astronaut to breathe and to see.

color television camera

computer screen Makes it possible to view data on the status of survival equipment.

procedure checklist A booklet containing the procedures to follow during space walks.

communications volume controls .

glove Covered with silicone at the fingertips to provide touch sensitivity and insulated so that objects heated by the Sun can be picked up.

tool tether

safety tether Connects the astronaut to the shuttle, also providing a certain mobility.

reading mirror Allows astronauts to see the parts of the spacesuit outside their field of vision. life support system controls

body temperature control unit thruster Gives the astronaut the push needed to move away from the shuttle and to walk in space.

' oxygen pressure actuator

manned maneuvering unit Instrument equipped with outlets used to connect various instruments and a propulsion system enabling the astronaut to move around the shuttle.

protection layer Protects the astronaut from heat, cold and small meteorites.

I 20

ASTRONAUTICS

international space station

mobile remote servicer Base that supports the arm and allows it to move about the structure.

Russian module Generates the station’s electrical energy using photovoltaic cells.

remote manipulator system This mechanical arm is used to litt heavy loads during the assembly ot the station and to perform maintenance work.

centrifuge module Module used to create variable artificial gravity, making it possible to study the effect of gravity levels on living organisms.

radiators Corrugated panels ensuring heat evacuation from the station. ■,

truss structure Truss frame attached to the U.S. laboratory. photovoltaic arrays Panels that supply power to the station by transforming the Sun's light into electrical current. ■ remote manipulator system Mechanical arm designed to conduct scientific experiments on the Japanese platform.

! ; i i

Japanese experiment module Designed to conduct research in the life sciences and in the science of matter; also eguipped with a platform for outside experiments.

mating adaptor Connector on which the space shuttle orbiter docks during most of the station’s supply and assembly missions. U.S. laboratory Designed to carry out scientific activities, particularly in the life sciences and in physics. U.S. habitation module Designed to accommodate six persons; contains a kitchen, roomettes, a bathroom and first-aid equipment. crew return vehicle Vehicle used to bring the crew back to Earth in case ot emergency.

European experiment module Designed to conduct research in the life and materials sciences, in physics and in numerous other technologies.

I ASTRONOMY

Complex made up of some 10 modules in orbit around Earth; built and assembled by 15 countries, it is used to conduct scientific and technological research on weightlessness.

ASTRONAUTICS

space shuttle ASTRONOMY

I Reusable manned space vehicle composed of an orbiter, two rockets and a fuel tank space shuttle at takeoff

On takeoff, the space shuttle is made up of an orbiter, two rockets and an external fuel fank.

external fuel tank Contains the liquid fuel (oxygen and hydrogen) that supplies the three engines of the orbiter tail.

booster parachute Slows the rocket's fall after it separates from the space shuttle some two minutes after takeoff.

solid rocket booster Solid-fuel thruster that provides most of the lift during the first few minutes of flight, after which it separates.

orbiter The only part of the shuttle to fly in orbit: transports 13 tons of material and five to seven astronauts.

remote manipulator system Mechanical arm used to handle and move shuttle cargo -

nozzle The end portion of a rocket from which combustion gases escape, thereby creating the thrust needed to propel the craft.

cargo bay Shuttle compartment that stores various types of cargo, depending on the mission (satellite, probe, laboratory, telescope).

flight deck Forward section of the orbiter housing the crew, flight-control equipment and monitor.

surface insulation Protects against heat so that the orbiter does not burn up on re-entry' into the atmosphere.

attitude control thrusters Small rocket engines that direct the orbiter to the desired position.' heat shield Protects the orbiter nose from heat caused by friction when the vehicle enters the ■ atmosphere; covered with carbon fiber, it can withstand temperatures over 2,900°F.

tile Covering 70% of the orbiter, the tiles protect it from heat on re-entry into the atmosphere.

I 22

side hatch Door allowing the crew to embark and disembark before the launch and after the return to Earth.

ASTRONAUTICS

space shuttle

rudder Mobile vertical part that allows the orbiter to set its direction when landing.

scientific airlock Door making it possible to expose eguipment to the space vacuum. observation window Window that makes it possible to see outside the orbiter.

■

scientific instruments Varying for each mission, they make it possible, tor example, to study meteorological conditions, pollution and cosmic radiation.

main engine Each of fhe orbiter’s three tail engines ' used during takeoff; these only tunctionforthe first 8 min. of flight.

hatch Ipening that provides access to the communications tunnel.

maneuvering engine Used to place the vehicle in orbit, to provide thrust in case the orbit changes and to take the vehicle out of orbit.

tank Contains fuel for the maneuvering engines and the directional control thrusters.

body flap Part serving as a thermal shield for the motors during re-entry into the atmosphere.

eleven - Each of the two ailerons controls pitching during landing.

communication tunnel Corridor that allows the astronauts to go trom the orbiter crew compartment to the laboratory.

spacelab Area where scientific experiments on weightlessness are carried out.

wing Horizontal surface acted on by aerodynamic forces that keep the orbiter aloft in the atmosphere.

radiator panel Discharges into space the heat produced by the functioning of onboard equipment.

cargo bay door Remains open in orbit so as to expose the content of the cargo bay to space.

ASTRONOMY

orbiter

The only part of the shuttle to fly In orbit: can transport 13 tons of material and five to seven astronauts.

ASTRONAUTICS

space launcher r—

ASTRONOMY

Rocket that serves to place satellites in Earth’s orbit or to send probes into the solar system. cross section of a space launcher (Ariane V)

In service since 1996, this European launcher transports heavy payloads, including the most powerful communications satellites.

examples of space launchers upper section fairing

The tip of the launcher that houses-"' and protects the payload.

Composed of the storable propellant upper stage and the payload. Saturn V

satellite

A spacecraft transported by the launcher and placed in orbit around Earth.

In service from 1967 to 1973, the most powerful rocket ever built 4 * served to launch the Apollo missions: the only launcher never to have failed.

payload adaptor

Ensures satellite/launcher interface and • is compatible with all satellite pjatforms.

payload

dual launch structure

Space probe or satellite carried by the launcher.

Module used to insert two independent payloads into orbit.

storable propellant upper stage

vehicle equipment bay

Upper stage used to propel the payload toward its final orbit.

Elouses most of the onboard electronic equipment and flight-control systems.

liquid oxygen tank

Serves to burn liquid hydrogen, thereby providing the energy needed for rocket propulsion. main cryogenic stage

Central body that ensures propulsion after the solid booster' stage separates.

—

Titan IV

In service since 1989, this U.S. / launcher serves, in particular, to « launch large military satellites.

lower section

w: .

Composed of the main cryogenic stage andthe solid booster stage.

/ liquid hydrogen tank

solid booster stage

Provides the main thrust during takeoff before separating from the main' cryogenic stage.

Hydrogen, burned on contact with liquid oxygen, serves as engine fuel. solid rocket booster

Solid-fuel thruster that provides most of the lift during the first few minutes of flight, after which it separates.

rocket engine

Ensures launcher propulsion by - means of liquid hydrogen combustion in contact with liquid oxygen. nozzle

The end portion of a rocket from -which combustion gases escape, thereby creating the thrust needed to propel the craft.

Delta II

In service since 1989, this highly versatile launcher places

ASTRONAUTICS

space launcher

launch escape system Makes it possible, in the event ot damage, to separate the command module trom the rest of the launcher and to pull it.

command module Capsule Inhabited by the crew during most of an Apollo mission; the only part of the vehicle to return to Earth.

payload Includes the Apollo craft, the lunar module and the third stage; the latter, after being placed in Earth's orbit, soars toward the Moon.

service module Houses the main propulsion system and supplies energy, electricity,' water and other provisions. lunar module Inhabited section of the craft; enabled two men to walk on the Moon and' spend a few days there before returning to dock with the Apollo capsule. instrument unit The brain of the rocket; includes the computers and all of the electronic' equipment that controls the rocket during its launch.

third stage At an altitude of 92 mi, the third-stage engine begins to run, allowing the launcher to place itself in orbit before making its way toward the Moon.

helium sphere Helium is used to pressurize theoxygen tank. J-2 engine The second and third stages are equipped ^ with J-2 engines; these provide thrust using liquid oxygen-hydrogen combustion. liquid hydrogen tank Hydrogen, burned on contact with liquid ■ oxygen, serves as engine fuel.

second stage At an altitude of 38.8 mi, the five secondstage engines ignite, burning for 6 min. 30 sec. before they are jettisoned.

liquid oxygen tank Contains liquid oxygen used to burn kerosene.

liquid oxygen tank baffle Serves to limit the movement of liquid oxygen inside the tank.

kerosene tank Kerosene, burned on contact with liquid. oxygen, serves as fuel for F-1 engines.

fuel transfer pipe Pipe through which liquid oxygen is sent to the rocket engines.''

first stage Equipped with five F-1 engines that give the launcher the thrust it needs to leave the launchpad; jettisoned after 2 min. 30 sec. of flight.

stabilizing fin Fins located on either side of the-, launcher, serving to stabilize it. '■ nozzle The end portion of a rocket from which ^ combustion gases escape, thereby creating the thrust needed to propel the craft. F-1 engine The first stage is equipped with five; it provides thrust using kerosene-liquid oxygen combustion. 25

ASTRONOMY

cross section of a space launcher (Saturn V)

Saturn V served as the launcher for the U.S. Apollo lunar exploration program.

Various sciences that Study the Earth, either as a physical entity, or as a living environment for plants, animals 4 and human beings.

Meteorology

Environment

Science whose subject is the history, structure

The science that studies atmospheric

and evolution of the terrestrial globe.

phenomena, with a particular focus on

Collective term for the elements that surround a living organism, some of which contribute

forecasting variations in weather.

directly to meeting its needs.

I Geology

GEOGRAPHY

configuration of the continents I The continents are vast tracts of land surrounded by water; they cover about 30% of the Earth’s surface^

EARTH

planisphere Map depicting the Earth’s two hemispheres.

Arctic Vast region inside the north polar circle: it includes the Arctic Ocean and the lands bordering it.-..

North Sea Relatively shallow sea (220,000 mi') in the North Atlantic and bordered by the coasts of Europe; some major European porfs are located along its estuaries. Greenland Sea Sea (465,000 miO in the North Atlantic: it is bordered by the coast of Greenland. : I |

Mediterranean Sea One of the largest Inland seas in the world (965,000 mi‘): it lies between Europe, Africa and Asia and connects to the Atlantic Ocean through the Strait of Gibraltar. Black Sea Inland sea (162,000 mi^) befween Eastern Europe and Asia: it opens into the Mediterranean through two straits, the Dardanelles and the Bosporus. Caspian Sea The world’s largest lake (140,000 mP), located between Europe and Asia; it has no link to an ocean and is diminishing in size.

Bering Sea Northern part of the Pacific between Kamchatka (in Asia) and Alaska: it is deepest in its southern portion. South China Sea Southern part of the China Sea bordering the entire southeast coast of Asia as well as Borneo, the Philippines and Taiwan. Arctic Ocean i The smallest of the oceans i (5.8 million mi^), bordered by the : northern coasts of Asia, America : and Europe: it is largely covered : with pack ice.

Atlantic Ocean The world’s second largest ocean (36 million mi^); it covers 20% of the Earth’s surface. Pacific Ocean The world’s largest ocean (69 million mi‘), the Pacific covers 30% of the Earth’s surface, more than all of the continents put together. Indian Ocean Relatively small ocean (29 million mi') located between 'Africa, Asia and Australia: it has high water temperatures and is dotted with numerous islands.

Central America Extends from the Isthmus of Tehuantepec in Mexico to the Isthmus of Panama.

Caribbean Sea Body of water (1.1 million miO located between Central America and the northern portion of South America.

Rsd 3@ci Gulf (165,000 mi^) located between Africa and the Arabian Peninsula; it connects to the Mediterranean through the Suez Canal,

Australia The world’s largest island (3 million mi^) is sparsely inhabited in spite of its size: because of its isolation, Australia’s wildlife is unique.

Antarctica The only uninhabited continent (5 million mi‘), located inside the south polar circle; 98% of its surface is covered with an ice cap. Antarctica holds 90% of the Earth’s freshwater reserves.

North America Its area (9.3 million mP) represents about 16% of the world’s land; the Central American isthmus is an extension of North America. South America Represents 12% of the world’s land; linked to North America by Central America: it includes the Andes in the west and plains and plateaus in east and central regions.

Europe Western extremity of the vast Eurasian continent that, by convention, is separated from Asia by the Ural Mountains; it covers a relatively small area.

Oceania Continent that represents 6% of the world’s land and features a great many islands in the Pacific and Indian oceans; Australia is its true continent.

Africa Continent that represents about 20% of the world’s land: two-thirds of its surface lies north of the Equator. Characterized by very hot climates, Mediterranean in the north and south, tropical and arid elsewhere.

Asia The largest and most populous continent, Asia represents 32% of the world’s land; it is dominated by imposing mountain ranges.

Eurasia Composed of Europe and Asia, Eurasia represents about 39% of the world’s land; it forms a true continent that geographers have distinguished for historical and ethnographic reasons.

GEOGRAPHY

configuration of the continents

Atlantic Ocean From the polar circle to the continent, this ocean is called the Antarctic.

PITPIP

Parallel of latitude at 66°34'S that marks the polar zone, where days and nights last 24 hours during solstices.---.. Drake Passage Almost 560 mi wide, it separates Tierra del Fuego from Antarctica and connects the Atlantic to the Pacific; its currents are very powerful.

Amery Ice Shelf Its immense size makes it one of the world’s most remarkable ice shelves.

Filchner Ice Shelf Fed by adjacent continental ice,.,-sheets and by local precipitation; It borders the Weddell Sea.

Marie Byrd Land Region at an altitude of over-6,500 feet.

The only uninhabited continent (5 million mi‘), located inside the south polar circle; 98% of its surface is covered with an ice cap. Antarctica holds 90% of the Earth’s freshwater reserves.

Queen Maud Land Oldest and largest part of Antarctica, Queen Maud Land also forms its continental shelf.

Weddell Sea Sea northwest of Antarctica, p'^rtly delimited by the Antarctic \ Peninsula; more than half of itk, surfaceTs covered w

Antarctic Peninsula Extends far beyond the polar circle and includes several mountain systems; parts that crumble away from its tip form small islands.

Antarctica

South Pole Point of the terrestrial surface at the southern extremity of the Earth’s axis of rotation; the Norwegian Amundsen and his expedition first reached it in 1911.

Wilkes Land Region of the Antarctic continent that takes its name from a 19thcentury American mariner and explorer. Indian Ocean Frorti the polar circle to the continent, . 'this ocean is called the Antarctic.

Pacific Ocean Prom the polar circle to the, continent, this ocean is called the Antarctic. Ross IcejShelf \ Immense ice shelf beginning at the\ edge of the continentjs southern slope

Transacitarctic Mountains Mountaimchainthatisan mxlension of the Andes Cordillera in South America; its peaks reach heights of more than 13,000 feet.

that includes Pafjua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, New Caledojiia and Fiji.

Indian Ocean Relatively small ocean (29 million mi‘ located between Africa, Asia and Australia; it has high water temperature and is dotted with numerous

Great Barrier Reef \ Coral reef extending over 1,500 mi; a Unesco World Eleritage|Site, it provides a habitat for numerous forms of marine life. i

Great Sandy Desert The northernmost desert of Australia is also the world’s second largest desert (730,000 mip after the Sahara,

Ne\|r Caledonia Modntainous island, humid and volknic; it is surrounded by a baifrier reef enclosing the world’s ' est lagoon.

-•'4, I Ocean; its warm waters/(from 77°F^ ftk subject to Currents that reverse, depending onjthe season.

Lake Eyre, North Variable in/size, Australia’s largest lake is a salt lake.

Great Victoria Desert Southernmost desert of Australia

X1oat)mept-tbaLrepfeseflts-about-6% of the wprld’s land and features a great many islands scattered between the Pacific |nd Indian oceans; Australia is ; its true continent. I Pacific Ocean ijhe world’s largest ocean (69 nlillion mi‘), the Pacific covers 30% of the Earth’s surface, more than aU..^ihejo_nticents put together.

'''’''PaffbfO'ce¥nTalf770^t)ro7T^

Torres Strait Some 105 mi wide, the Torres Strait connects the Pacific and Indian oceans; it is named after a 17th-century Spanish mariner...

Gulf of Carpentaria Gulf bounded by Cape York to the east and Arnhem Land to the west.

Oceania

Melarlesia

Papua New Guinea The eastern part of New Guinea belongs to Oceania, while the western part of the island is in Asia...

4-/ ^ ■' Great Australian Bight Located in the Indikn Ocean south of Australia, it is Imown for its strong winds and tough waters.

Bass Strait Some 125 mi wide and relatively shallow, it separates continental Australia from Tasmania.

Tasmania Island and federal state of Australia, from which ills separated by the Bass Strait,

Fiji Islands, Archipelago composed of 326 islands, some 100 of which are inhabited; its principal islands are Viti Levu and yanua Levu.

Great Dividing Range Mountaih range extending 2,200 ml; it includes Mount KOSCIUSKO (7,310 feet), Australij highes(/peak. /

Tasman Sea Part of the Pacific pcean located between Austral la' Tasmania amd - - / New Zealand. Narped after a 17th/ > century Dutch mariner. i New Zealand ■ Archipelago composed of a northern volcanic ipland, the most popiilated island, and a southern island crossed by a mountain range that is deeply cut with glacial valleys.

Cook Strait Some 9j3 mi wide. Cook St/ait separates New Zealand's two islands.

I EARTH

Ant^rptip

GEOGRAPHY

configuration of the continents

EARTH

North America

The Appalachians constitute the principal relief on the eastern part of the continent, while in the west, high mountain chains (the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Madre) follow the coast from Alaska to Mexico.

Hudson Bay Vast gulf that opens onto the Atlantic Ocean through the Hudson Strait: the bay is frozen seven months a year.

Beaufort Sea Part of the Arctic Ocean between Alaska and the Arctic Archipelago

Bering Strait Some 62 mi wide, it connects the Pacific Ocean to the Arctic Ocean.

Canada’s longest river (2,635 mi).

Baffin Island Island In the Arctic Archipelago: the Baffin Sea separates it from Greenland.

Greenland Second largest island in the world (over 770,000 mi^) after Australia.

^ Great Lakes ■' These five lakes constitute the world’s largest reserve of fresh surface water (95,000 mP).

Gulf of Alaska Northeast part of the Pacific Ocean,, bordering Alaska."

Newfoundland Island

Aleutian Islands Archipelago that is an extension of Alaska: it is composed of 150 islands and Islets stretching over more than 1,000 mi. Rocky Mountains Eastern margin of the western cordilleras, extending from Alaska to Mexico.

Saint Lawrence River River (over 680 mi) that drains southeastern, Canada and empties into the Atlantic Ocean. Appalachian Mountains Old massif extending over 1,200 mi from the Canadian border to Alabama: its highest peak is Mount Mitchell (6,684 feet).

Grand Canyon The longest gorge in the world (220 mi): the Colorado River flows through

Mississippi River The Mississippi (2,350 mi) drainage basin covers the entire Mountains fans.

Gulf of California • Separates the Baja California peninsula from the continent.

Gulf of Mexico Part of the Atlantic located between the U.S., Mexico and Cuba.

Yucatan Peninsula Vast plateau characterized by aridity in the northwest and abundant precipitation in the south, where a dense forest grows. Central America Extends from the Isthmus of Tehuantepec in Mexico to the Isthmus of Panama

West Indies Archipelago that includes more than 700 Islands, including the Greater Antilles in thr north (Cuba, Haiti, Jamaica, Puerto Rico) ai the Lesser Antilles in the east. Caribbean Sea Body of water (1.1 million mi-) located between Central America and the northern portion of South America.

,■ Isthmus of Panama ^ The Panama Canal opened In 1914 allowing maritime traffic to travel between the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean.

GEOGRAPHY

configuration of the continents

South America Linked to North America by Central America, its main features are the Andes Cordillera in the west and the plains and plateaus of the central and eastern regions.

Orinoco River River in Venezuela (1,340 mi) that empties into the Atlantic through a vast delta; the volume of its flow is considerable.

Equator Imaginary circle surrounding Earth at its widest circumference, dividing it into two hemispheres; the Northern hemisphere and the Southern hemisphere.

Andes Cordillera Longest mountain chain in the world (5,000 mi) and the second, highest, it follows the western coast of South America; its highest peak is Aconcagua (22,834 feet).

Lake Titicaca Located in the Andes Cordillera between Peru and Bolivia; at anelevation of 12,500 feet, it is the highest navigable lake in the world.

Atacama Desert Among the driest deserts on the,...--"" planet, receiving only a few inches of rain per year.

Parana River River (1,860 mi) with most of its course in Brazil; it marks the boundary between Brazil and Paraguay, and between Paraguay and Argentina.

Patagonia Plateau in Chile and Argentina; it is divided into Andean Patagonia with a humid climate and abundant vegetation, and the Patagonian plateau, which is dry and sparse.

Tierra del Fuego Archipelago separated from the continent by the Magellan Strait; its cold damp climate results in perpetual snows from as low as 2,300 feet. Cape Horn Southernmost point of South America, only 620 mi from Antarctica; famous for its storms and dangerous reefs and shoals.

> D H

Amazon River The largest river in the world in volume of flow; it rises in the Andes and flows for 4,090 mi through more than 80% of Brazil’s territory.

Gulf of Panama Bounded in the north by the. Isthmus of Panama, its coast is uneven and dotted with islands.

Falkland Islands Archipelago composed of two main islands separated by the Falkland Strait, as well as some 100 islets.

Drake Passage Almost 560 mi wide, it separates Tierra del Fuego from Antarctica and connects the Atlantic to the Pacific; its currents are very powerful.

GEOGRAPHY

configuration of the continents

EARTH i

Europe Western extremity of the vast Eurasian continent that, by convention, is separated from Asia by the Ural Mountains; it covers a relatively small area.

Lake Ladoga Europe’s largest lake (6,800 mi^) is located in Russia; it empties into the Baltic Sea. Gulf of Bothnia Relatively shallow Gulf between ' Sweden and/inland; it iS/Often ./ icebound.

Norwegian Sea Open sea west of Norway and east of Iceland.

Barents Sea Area of the Arctic Ocean lying north of the Scandinavian Peninsula and Russia; it is partially ice-covered. Kola Peninsula Mostly mountainous peninsula located in Russia, above the Arctic polar circle.

; I i

Ural Mountains Mountain range extending 1,500 mi from the Caspian Sea to the Arctic; it is traditionally considered the boundary between Europe and Asia, Volga River The longest river in Europe (2,300 mi) is ice-covered three to four months per year; its spring flood is substantial.

; j ;

Dnieper River River in Russia (1,350 m;') whose flow is slow butabuntj^nt; it is a major communications artery.

Iceland Volcanic island subject to regular earthquakes; it has over 3,100 mi of coastiine. North Sea Relativeiy shallow sea (220,000 mi^) in the North Atlantic and bordered by the coasts of Europe; some major European ports are located along its estuaries.

Scandinavian Peninsula Vast Nordic peninsula that includes Norway, Sweden and part of Finland.

Irish Sea Section of the Atlantic that separates Great Britain from Ireland. Atlantic Ocean The world's second largest ocean; it covers 20% of the Earth’s surface. English Channel Relatively shallow sea between France and England; its extreme tides cause strong currents, making navigation difficult. Vistula River Poland’s principal river (680 mi) has its source in the Carpathians and joins the Baltic Sea at the Gulf of Gdansk; it is icecovered two to three months per year.

It jBrackSea " Unland sea (162,000 mi") betwee^ Eastern Europe and Asia; it opens into th| Mediterranean through two straitSj; the Dardan^Allhe^osporg^-"'

Alps Largest mountain mass in Europe, extending 750 mi; Mont Blanc (15,771 feet) is its highest peak. Iberian Peninsula Peninsula comprising Spain and_ Portugal; it extends from the Pyrenees to the Strait of Gibraltar. Strait of Gibraltar Channel (9 mi wide) between Spain and Morocco; it connects theMediterranean to the Atlantic and is an important shipping route. Pyrenees Mountain range whose northern slope is in France and whose southern slope is in Spain; Pico de Aneto (11,169 feet) is its highest peak.

Balkan Peninsula Danube River Carpathian Mountains Second longest river in Europe Mountainous, easternmost Mountain range in central Europe, (1,770 mi); it flows into the Black peninsula of Europe whose lower than the Alps; its highest crumbling coastline features Sea through a vast delta with three point is at an elevation of peninsulas and scattered islands. branches. 8,711 feet. Mediterranean Sea Adriatic Sea Aegean Sea One of the world’s largest inland Gulf of the Mediterranean, 520 mi Area of the Mediterranean Sea seas, bordered by Europe, Africa and long and 110 mi wide, located between Turkey and Greece; it Asia; it connects to the Atlantic between Italy and the Balkan contains numerous islands, the Ocean through the Strait of Gibraltar. Peninsula. largest of which is Crete.

I 32

configuration of the continents

Asia

Gobi Desert One of the largest deserts in the world (400,000 mil, shared by China and Mongolia; the Gobi is a plateau situated at an elevation of about 3,300 feet.

Kamchatka Peninsula Peninsula (12,000 melon the Bering Sea; it is characterized by intense volcanic activity.

Caspian Sea The world's largest lake (140,000 mb), located between Europe and Asia; It has no link to an ocean and is diminishing in size.

:(j Sea of Japan '*-Area of the Pacific Ocean that sepMtes Japan from the Asian mainlandT'itjs divided into a warm region and a colrl region.

Black Sea Inland sea (162,000 mi‘) between Eastern Europe and Asia; It opens Into the Mediterranean through two straits, the Dardanelles and the Bosporus, Red Sea Gulf (165,000 mi‘) located between Africa and the Arabian Peninsula; it connects to the Mediterranean through the Suez Canal.

Pacific Ocean The world’s largest ocean milliqn mb), the Pacific covers SOio'-qf tpe Earth’s surface, more than all otztljie continents put together. Japan''.^ " Archiperafp made up of 1,000 islands, incl'u.ding four main islands that represent 95% of its territory; it is ch^acterized by intense volcanic ac^.ivity and frequent earthquakes'.-,

Korean Peninsula Peninsula that delimits the Sea of Japan; its climate Is marked by monsoons inmummerand typhoons-ifi the fall. last China Sea Area of the China Sea between Korea, the Ryukyu Islands (south of Japan) and Taiwan. Philifipines Archipelago with more than 7,000 islandsmnd islets; two principal islands ’|Luzon and Mindanao) make upY0% of its tejottbiy.

Gulf of Aden Northwestern arm of the Indian Ocean between southern Saudi Arabia and lortheastern Africa; it connects to the Red Sea through the strait of Bab El Mandeb. Arabian Peninsula Vast semiarid peninsula; it holds 50% of the world’s oil supply.

Persian Gulf Gulf (500 mi long) bordered by Saudi Arabia, Iran and Iraq; it is also called the Arabian Gulf and is an important maritime trade route.

Himalayas The world’s highest mountain raligennTJrrtetft^^ above 26,000 teet, including Everest (29,035 feet). Gulf of Oman The narrowest part df the Arabian

Arabian Sea Area of the Indian Ocean between India and the Arabian Peninsula; the Gulf of Oman is an arm of the Arabian Sea,

Indian Ocean Relatively small ocean (29 million mil located between Africa, Asia and Australia; it has high water temperatures and is dotted with numerous islands.

Indonesia Archipelago with almost 14,000 islandsextending 3,100 mi from west to east; it is the world’s most active volcanic zone. Bay of Bengal Area of the Indian Ocean between India and the Indochinese Peninsula; the Ganges River empties into this bay through the world’s largest delta.

South China Sea Southern part of the China Sea bordering the entire southeast coast of Asia as well as Borneo, the Philippines and Taiwan.

EARTH

Aral Sea Sea once connected to the Caspian Sea; it is now an immense salt lake.

Lake Baikal The world’s oldest (25 million years) and deepest (5,315 feet) lake; Lake Baikal is 370 mi long and 40 to 50 mi wide and is frozen six months of the year.

The largest and most populous continent, Asia represents 32% of the world’s land; it is dominated by imposing mountain ranges.

I ^ ^

land: two-thirds of its surface lies north of the Equator. Characterized by very hot climates, Mediterranean in the north and south, tropical and arid elsewhere. Atlas Mountains Mountain chain composed of several ranges; it extends from Tunisia to Morocco, where Jebel Toubkal is its highest peak (13,665 feet).

Mediterranean Sea One of the largest inland seas in the world (965,000 mi^); it lies between Europe, Africa and Asia and connects to the Atlantic Ocean through the Strait of Gibraltar.

Sahara Desert Largest desert in the world (3 million mi^): it covers onequarter of Africa.

Tropic of Cancer Parallel located at 23°26' N latitude (a distance of about 1,600 mi from the Equator),

Lake Chad Large lake, shallow and marshy, the vestige of what was once a sea; it continues to diminish in size and could one day dry up.

The world's longest river (4,150 mi) is known for its summer flooding. Red Sea Gulf (165,000 mP) located between Africa and the Arabian Peninsula; it connects to the Mediterranean through the Suez Canal.

Senegal River River (1,050 mi) forming the boundary between Senegal and Mauritania; it empties into the Atlantic,

Gulf of Aden '■ ■'Northwestern arm of the Indian Ocean between southern Saudi Arabia and northeastern Africa; it connects to the Red Sea through the strait of Bab El Mandeb.

Niger RiverAfrica’s third longest river (2,600 mi) after the Nile and the Congo.

, Lake Victoria , Africa’s largest lake (26,000 mi^) is I relatively shallow; it is bordered by -^tjganda, Kenya and Tanzania.

Gulf of Guinea Gulf extending from Ivory Coast to Gabon; its waters are warm.

Equator Imaginary circle surrounding Earth at its widest circumference, dividing it into two hemispheres; the Northern Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere.

■ '■

-Lake Tanganyika The world’^s deepest lake (4,710 feet) after Lake Baikal; it empties into the Congo River.

Congo River Second longest river In Africa (2,850 mi) and the world’s second river in size of drainage basin and volume of flow.

Lake Malawi Lake shared by Malawi, Tanzania and Mozambique; it is 310 mi long and 30 mi wide.

^• :■'

* .1

•' A

"fi.*

Atlantic Ocean The world’s second largest ocean; it covers 20% of the Earth’s surface.

Indian Ocean fRelattvely smaW^cean (29 million mi-) located between Africa, Asia and / Australia; it has high water temperatures and is dotted with numerous isiands.

Tropic of Capricorn Parallel located at 23°26’ S latitude (a distance of about 1,600 mi from the Equator). Namib Desert Arid region extending 1,250 mi along the Atlantic coast. Frequent fog brings the equivalent of 2 in of annual rainfall. Kalahari Desert Semiarid region bordering the Namib Desert; the north is marshy while the south is characterized by very sparse vegetation.

I 34

Madagascar Island (1,000 mi lofig); because it is isolated off the coast of Africa, MadagascaTTfto^ fauna are unique. Mozarribique Channel Arm of the Indian Ocean between the African continent and Madagascar.

,■ Cape of Good Hope Former island now connected to the continent by a ridge of sand; located only 90 mi to the west of Africa’s soufhernmost point.

GEOGRAPHY

cartography A collective term for the techniques and graphic arts used to develop and produce maps based on direct observation or documentation.

Earth coordinate system

Arctic Circle Parallel of latitude 66°34' N; it marks the polar zone, where days and nights last 24 hours during solstices.

Tropic of Cancer Parallel located at 23°26' N latitude ' (a distance of about 1,600 mi from the Equator).

Northern Hemisphere Northern half of the globe in relation to the Equator.

Equator Imaginary line encircling the Earth at its greatest circumference and perpendicular to the polar axis; its latitude, 0, serves as a reference point for calculating other latitudes.

Southern Hemisphere Southern half of the globe in relation to the Equator.

Tropic of Capricorn Parallel located at 23°26’ N latitude (a distance of about 1,600 mi from the Equator).

South Pole Point on the Earth’s surface at the southern extremity of the axis of rotation, where the meridians converge.

Antarctic Circle , Parallel of latitude at 66°34’ S; it marks the polar zone, where days and nights last 24 hours during solstices.

hemispheres Northern Hemisphere

Northern half of the globe in relation to the Equator.

Western Hemisphere

Western half of the globe in relation to the prime meridian.

The globe is divided by convention into four half spheres, using the Greenwich meridian or the Equator as a reference point.

Eastern Hemisphere

Eastern half of the globe in relation to the prime meridian.

Southern Hemisphere

Southern half of the globe in relation to the Equator.

i EARTH

North Pole Point on the Earth's surface at the northern extremity of the axis of rotation, where the meridians converge.

The intersection of two imaginary lines, longitude and latitude, makes it possible to locate a precise point on the Earth's surface.

GEOGRAPHY

Cd-oara:]!iv

EARTH

grid system Collective term for the parallels and meridians that form an imaginary grid over the Earth's surface, making it possible to locate a specific point.

line of latitude

line of longitude

Coordinate of a point on the Earth’s surface indicating, in degrees, its distance from the Equator.

Coordinate of a point on the Earth’s surface indicating, in degrees, its distance from the prime meridian.

Arctic Circle Parallel of latitude 66°34'N: it marks the polar zone, where days and nights last 24 hours during ■solstices.

Eastern meridian Imaginary line connecting the poles and perpendicular to the Equator: located east of the -Greenwich meridian.

Tropic of Cancer Parallel located at 23°26’ N latitude (a distance of about 1,600 mi from the Equator)..,

prime meridian Chosen by convention as the -meridian of origin; its longitude, 0, divides the Eastern and Western hemispheres. Equator Imaginary line encircling the Earth at its greatest circumference and perpendicular to the polar axis; its latitude, 0, serves as a reference point for calculating other latitudes.

Tropic of Capricorn Parallel located at 23°26’ N latitude (a distance of about 1,600 mi from the Equator).

Antarctic Circle Parallel of latitude at 66°34’ S; it marks the polar zone, where days and nights last 24 hours during solstices.

■Western meridian Imaginary line connecting the poles and perpendicular to the Equator; located west of the Greenwich meridian.

■parallel Imaginary circle whose plane is parallel to the Equator,

map projections Representations of the Earth’s surface on a plane

plane projection

conic projection

Produced on a plane placed in such a way that it is tangent to a point on the Earth’s surface; it can represent only one hemisphere.

Obtained by projecting the Earth’s surface onto a cone whose base is a parallel; it can represent only a part of the globe.

*g y*

cylindrical projection

Obtained by projecting the Earth’s surface onto a cylinder; the meridians and parallels are thus straight lines intersecting at right angles. interrupted projection

Results in a map that is not continuous but cut oft, the divisions often placed in the middle of the oceans; it is used to represent the continents. 36

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GEOGRAPHY

cartography

North

North-Northwest

North-Northeast

Northwest

Northeast

West-Northwest

East-Northeast

West

East

West-Southwest

East-Southeast

Southeast

Southwest

South-Southwest

South-Southeast

South

political map Type of map representing various countries and their territorial or administrative units.

internal boundary Boundary marking the territorial limits of a province or state within a federated state.

international boundary Boundary marking a country’s territorial limits.

province Territorial division run by a ■government elected by the population (in Canada) or appointed by a central authority (China). city Major urban center, characterized by a ■ concentrated settlement whose activities revolve around industry, commerce, services and administration. capital ■City where the government is located.

country Territory inhabited by a citizenry and administered by a government; its borders are clearly established.

state Each of the territories constituting a federation; the United States is divided into 50 states.

EARTH

compass card Star indicating the cardinal points and the intermediary directions: it is reproduced on compass dials, marine charts and so forth.

GEOGRAPHY

cartography

EARTH

physical map

Type of map representing the Earth’s surface (topography, watercourses, aquatic areas) using various techniques (contour lines, colors).

sea

Vast body of saltwater at some distance inland; It Is not as deep as an ocean.

bay

Indentation in a shoreline that reaches tar inland and is delimited by two capes.

strait

; ;

Natural arm of a sea between two coasts; it connects two bodies of water.

mountain range

A row ot connected mountains characterized by high summits and deep valleys.

island

Expanse of land completely surrounded by water.

ocean

Vast body of saltwater covering a large part of the Earth’s surtace and separating the continents.

mountain mass

Group of closely spaced mountains. - river estuary

Mouth of a river that is influenced b_y the tides; it forms an indentation in the coastline that varies in width and depth. lake

Body of water complefely surrounded by land; it varies in size and depth.

river

Natural watercourse of minor or intermediate size that empties into another watercourse.

plateau

archipelago

Vast expanse of relatively flat land, higher than the surrounding region and bounded by deep valleys with sheer cliffs.

..'Group of islands.

gulf

Long curvature in a coastline; it reaches far inland and Is more or less open.

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peninsula

A piece of land connected to a larger body amd extending into water.

cape

Massive elevated headland extending into the sea ora river estuary.

plain

Vast, relatively tiat expanse of land, lower than the surrounding landscape; its valleys are wide and shallow.

I 3B

isthmus river

Major watercourse fed by numerous smaller rivers; it empties into the sea.

Narrow strip of land between two bodies of water; it connects two larger expanses of land.

GEOGRAPHY

cartography railroad Collective term for the network of rails and the structures needed to transport travelers and goods by train.

urban map Precise and detailed representation of an area of a city, usually on a large scale.

bridge Structure allowing a communications route to span a natural obstacle or another communications route.

suburbs All the cities surrounding a big city on which they depend economically.

park ■Area of a city set aside for leisure or recreational use.

river Major watercourse fed by numerous smaller rivers; if empfies into the sea.

cemetery Place where the dead are buried

-monument Structure that commemorates a historic event or holds aesthetic, religious or symbolic value.

woods Small tract of land covered with trees circular route High-speed road that circles the downtown area, making it possible to divert traffic away from downtown or connect two outlying communities.

highway Large thoroughfare with separate one-way lanes and no crossing streets; reserved for high-speed ■traffic.

traffic circle ■' Junction where several roads converge on a roadway that circles a round, central island; traffic moves in one direction only. street ■ Thoroughfare built inside a city and usually lined with buildings.

EARTH

railroad line Communications route composed of two parallel rails along which trains travel.

district Area of a city having a distinguishing character.

avenue public building Thoroughfare larger than a street; it Large building that houses public services a district or an area of a services, city. - ■

route number

boulevard Very large, high-volume thoroughfare connecting various parts of a city.

road map Map that uses lines to indicate a network of roads; it often features information for tourists.

road Communications route connecting two distant geographic points, usually, urban centers.

highway Large thoroughfare with separate one-way lanes and no crossing streets; reserved for high-speed traffic. route number rest area An area along a highway providing a place to rest and usually having restrooms.

airport Location that contains all the technical and commercial facilities needed to support air traffic.

service area Area built alongside a highway providing services such as a gas station, restaurant, lodging and tourist information.

national park Zone that the government designates with a view to protecting its natural resources; access is granted under certain conditions.

belt highway Branch of a highway built around an urban center to facilitate inbound and outbound access and to absorb through traffic.

scenic route Road offering particularly scenic landscapes for travelers.

secondary road Road connecting two regional urban centers of lesser importance or providing access to a highway.

point of interest A unique or attractive feature.

GEOGRAPHY

remote sensing

EARTH

Technique that uses electromagnetic waves to obtain information about the Earth’s surface and atmosphere from a distance.

radar Detection device that emits electromagnetic waves and receives their echoes.

airborne radar Radar used aboard an aircraft.

Radarsat satellite Canadian-built Earth observation satellite used to monitor environmental changes and natural resource use. radar antenna Antenna designed to emit electromagnetic wave beams and to capture the echo reflected by the Earth’s surface.

bus module Section of the satellite connected to the payload and equipped with the resources needed to make it function. payload module Section of the satellite that houses detection materials and maintenance equipment. X-band antenna Type of antenna that emits and receives extremely high-frequency' waves.

solar array Power supply device that converts solar energy into immediately usable electrical energy.

thruster Piece of equipment that generates the impetus required to move the satellite.

Earth sensor Instrument that locates the Earth's horizon so that the radar antenna can bepositioned correctly. Sun sensor Instrument that positions the solar panels in the direction of the Sun to capture its energy.

remote command antenna Type of anfenna fhat allows the ground operation -center to transmit commands to the satellite.

-support structure

sensor swath Width of the Earth’s surface observed during the passage of a satellite.. f

GEOGRAPHY

:\.-0:e^e::n;r:n I ! sonar

ultrasound waves emission

Production of very high-frequency sound vibrations whose echo is captured and analyzed. echo

Waves reflected by the target and measured by a remote sensing device.

target

Surface or object from which sonar waves reflect.

satellite remote sensing

energy source

Observation of the Earth’s surface and afmosphere by a satellite equipped with a sensor.

At the origin of the remote sensing process is an energy source, for example fhe Sun, used to illuminate the target. data recording

• '-'•W

passive sensor

Instrument that receives the waves produced when the target reflects the Sun’s natural rays.

If the satellite in unable to communicate with the terrestrial station, data is registered onboard and transmitted later.

active sensor

Instrument that itself emits the energy required to illuminate the target and receives the waves it reflects.

data recording

If the satellite in unable to communicate with the terrestrial station, data is registered onboard and transmitted later. data processing

Raw data is interpreted and analyzed to extract information about the target.

data reception

Raw data reaches the terrestrial station in digital form.

natural radiation

When the sky is clear, the satellite captures the reflection of the Sun’s rays from the Earth’s surface.

reflection

Phenomenon by which natural or 'artificial waves bounce off the target and toward the satellite.

artificial radiation

When atmospheric conditions hide the Sun’s rays, the active sensor itself emits radiation waves. data transmission target

target

Surface or object that reflects the Sun’s rays.

The sensor transmits raw data, if possible immediately, to a terrestrial station for processing.

EARTH

Detection system emitting ultrasound; it is used for detection mainly in a marine environment.

GEOLOGY

section of the Earth's crust I The Earth’s crust, continental and oceanic, is composed mainly of sedimentary, metamorphic and igneous rock.

EARTH

sea level Average height of seawater observed for a given time (day, month, year); it is used as a reference point to define coastal features and measure land elevations. deep-sea floor Part of the Earth’s surface beneath the seas and the oceans: its topography is highly variable.

intrusive rocks Igneous rocks that have risen close to the Earth’s surface.

volcano Landform built up as lava and ash are ejected from the upper mantle during successive eruptions, accumulating and solidifying on the surface.

mountain range A row of elevated connected' landforms characterized by high summits and deep valleys

basaltic layer Layer of basalt, a rock denser than granite, that forms the deep-sea floor and is covered with various types of debris.-.

sedimentary rocksRocks formed by the accumulation, compaction and cementation of fragments of eroded rock and debris left by living organisms.

metamorphic rocksRocks made from igneous or sedimentary rocks that have been subjected to high pressure and very high temperatures.

granitic layer Layer of granite that gives the continents their essential form.

igneous rocks Rock formed from molten magma that has cooled and solidified inside the Earth; also called magmatic rock.

structure of the Earth I The Earth is formed of three concentric layers: the core, the mantle and the crust; these are separated by transition zones called * discontinuities. Earth’s crust Solid layer at the Earth's surface whose thickness varies from 6 mi beneath the oceans to 35 mi beneath the mountains.

Mohorovicic discontinuity Zone that separates the Earth's crust from the asthenosphere.

lithosphere Layer from 30 to 60 mi thick that comprises the Earth’s crust and the solid part of the upper mantle; it is divided into tectonic plates.

continental crust Layer varying in thickness from 20 to 45 mi and composed mainly of granite. It forms a number of distinct landforms: the continents.

asthenosphere Layer of the upper mantle with a thickness of 125 mi; it is composed of molten rock, on top of which the lithospheric plates slide. upper mantle Layer of hard rock nearly 390 mi thick: it is made up of the asthenosphere and the base of the lithosphere.

Gutenberg discontinuity Zone separating the lower mantle from the core; it is located at a depth of about 1,800 mi.

lower mantle Little-known layer with a thickness of - about 1,420 mi; its slow-moving currents, called convection currents, are caused by temperature variations. outer core Composed of molten metal, it is -1,130 mi thick: the magnetic field is caused by electric currents circulating inside the outer core. inner core Composed of iron and nickel, it is subject to so much pressure that it remains in a solid state in spite of temperatures higher than 9,000°F; its diameter is 1,000 mi.

I 42

GEOLOGY

tectonic plates Immense portions of the lithosphere that slide over the asthenosphere; this shifting movement shapes the Earth’s topography. |

Philippine Plate Plate that forms the Philippines archipelago by means of subduction with the Eurasian Plate.

Cocos Plate Plate along the coast of Mexico and Central America; it is sinking beneath the North American Plate and the Caribbean Plate. .

Australian-Indian Plate Plate that is moving north 3 in per year; it forms the Red Sea by means of divergence from the African Plate.

Caribbean Plate Plate subducting under the American plates; the CaribbeanPlate created the islands of the Lesser Antilles.

transform plate boundaries Plates that slide against each other, triggering earthquakes along faults of the same name.

convergent plate boundaries Plates that collide, triggering either subduction or folding, which results in the creation of mountains.

Pacific Plate The only entirely oceanic plate, it is also among the most rapidly shifting plates (4 in per year). Nazca Plate One of the most rapidly shifting plates, moving 3 in per year.

subduction Phenomenon by which an oceanic plate slides under a continental plate or under another oceanic plate, resulting in a trench.

South American Plate Scotia Plate Plate that forms the Andes Small plate under which the Antarctic Plate and part of the cordillera by means of subduction with the Nazca Plate. South American Plate are sliding.

Antarctic Plate African Plate Plate that, diverging from the South The largest plate; it is stationary. American Plate, forms an underwater mountain chain.

divergent plate boundaries Plates that are moving apart, causing magma to appear, which solidifies fo generafe a new crusf.

earthquake Sudden tremor in a region of the Earth's crust caused by one rock mass sliding against another. | isoseismal line Curved line connecting the points on the Earth’s surface that have been subject to tremors of the same intensity.

epicenter Point on the Earth’s surface located directly over the focus, where the most violent tremors are felt.

Earth’s crust Solid layer at the Earth’s surface -whose thickness varies from 6 mi beneath the oceans to 35 mi beneath the mountains.

depth of focus Distance between the focus and the epicenter; it can reach 430 mi.

seismic wave Series of vibrations generated at the focus that disperse in all directions, causing shaking of the Earth’s surface.

fault Fracture in the Earth’s crust separating two blocks that slide against one another during an earthquake.

vertical seismograph Instrument that measures vertical ground movement. spring It keeps the mass from moving.-.. mass Independent of ground movement, it remains stationary during an earthquake, thus serving as a reference for measuring the amplitude of tremors. -

pen Writing instrument that converts ground movement into a line.

focus Point in the Earth’s crust where an earthquake is triggered. Also called the hypocenter.

rotating drum Secured to the ground, it rotates under the pen, recording ground movements on paper.

horizontal seismograph Instrument that measures horizontal ground movements.

pen Writing instrument that converts ground movement into a line.

seismogram Graphic representation produced by a seismograph; the stronger the tremors, the greater the oscillations on the paper.seismogram Graphic representation produced by a seismograph; the stronger the tremors, the greater the oscillations on the paper.

pillar Very solid vertical support. stand Horizontal support that is secured to the ground.

bedrock Extremely hard rock mass joined with the subsoil.

seismographs

vertical ground movement

Instruments that record seismic wave amplitude at a given point on the Earth’s surface. mass Independent of ground movement, it remains stationary during an earthquake, thus serving as a reference tor measuring the amplitude of tremors. rotating drum Secured to the ground, it rotates under the pen. recording ground movements on paper.

horizontal ground movement

EARTH

Eurasian Plate Plate converging with the Australian-Indian Plate; it created the Flimalayas.

North American Plate Together with the Pacitic Plate, this plate creates the San Andreas Fault (750 mi), which extends from the Gulf of California to San Francisco.

GEOLOGY

volcano

EARTH

I Landform built up as lava and ash are ejected from the upper mantle during successive eruptions, accumulating and solidifying on the surface. volcano during eruption Eruption of magmatic matter (molten rock, ash, gas) from the upper mantle; it can last several years.

cloud of volcanic ash Ash is formed of particles less than 0.08 in in diameter; it is composed of pulverized magma and ground rock.

crater Depression whose center features a chimney through which lava, gas and volcanic ejecta escape.

lava layer Layer of volcanic rock formed by cooled lava.

fumarole Regular emission of gas from a fissure on the Earth’s surface,

geyser Hot water spring that ejects sporadic jets of water and vapor.

volcanic bomb Mass of magma ejected high into the air where it solidifies; it can be ,very large.

lava flow Lava mass pouring from a volcano at average speeds of 980 feet per hour; it can reach temperatures as highas2,200°F.

main vent • Conduit along which lava and other volcanic ejecta rise.

side vent Small rise that appears on the side of the volcano and is fed by the main vent.

ash layer Ash and lava form the layers that shape the volcano overtime.

-laccolith Mass of magma that enters the Earth's crust and then solidifies, causing a deformation on the Earth’s surface.

magma chamber Pocket where magma accumulates before rising to the surface. dike Mass of magma that enters the Earth’s crust and then solidifies in the form of bladelike shafts that are vertical or oblique to the layers of the Earth.

magma Molten rock and gas under very high pressure that can reach extremely high temperatures.

sill Layer of magma that has solidified between the layers of the Earth’s crust; it is about 30 feet thick and several miles long.

examples of volcanoes Various types of volcanoes are characterized by the viscosity of their lava and the violence of their eruptions. explosive volcano Characterized by viscous lava, it produces powerful eruptions of rocks, lava and gas; it also releases pyroclastic surges.

I 44

effusive volcano Characterized by streams of fluid lava flowing over large areas.

GEOLOGY

mountain Elevated landform characterized by steep slopes; it is usually part ot a chain.

EARTH

summit

The highest point on the mountain.

perpetual snows

pass

Accumulations of snow on the highest reaches of a mountain that never melt.

Depression in a mountain landscape that creates a passage.

crest

Line intersecting two mountain slopes: a crest can run all the way into the valley.

spur cliff

A steep and fairly smooth slope.

A lower mountain chain bordering a principal chain.

peak

Mountain whose summit forms a cone or point.'

ridge

Long narrow section at the highest point on a mountain.

mountain slope

A mountain face that reaches down into the valley.

mountain torrent

Watercourse flowing steeply with irregular flow; it is subject to violent floods when the snow melts. valley

Elongated depression shaped by a watercourse or glacier and bounded by the slopes of the surrounding land.

forest

Vast expanse of land covered with trees. drumlin

Low hill sculpted by a moving glacier and formed of glacial drift; drumlins are usually found in parallel groupings.

hill

Moderately high landform whose slopes follow a gentle Incline. plateau kettle

Cavity formed as a mass of melting ice detaches from the tongue of a receding glacier; some kettles fill with water to form a lake.

; ; :

Vast expanse of relatively flat land, higher than the surrounding region and bounded by deep valleys with sheer cliffs.

lake

Body of water completely surrounded by land; if varies in size and depth. 45

GEOLOGY

glacier

EARTH

I Mass of ice resulting from the accumulation and compression of snow; it moves under its own weight.

bergschrund Crevasse between the firn and the rock face: it appears when the glacier breaks away from the rock face, firn Accumulation of snow inside a cirque; compressed by its own weight, it is converted into ice and feeds the glacier.

glacial cirque Semicircular cavity with steep sides, carved out by ice. medial moraine Forms where the lateral moraines of two parallel glacier tongues come together.

hanging glacier Glacier with no tongue that remains in its cirque.

serac Chaotic mass of unstable ice bordered by crevasses.

lateral moraine Deposit of rock debris scraped from the sides of raised land by ice. meltwater Water that runs beneath the glacier tongue, forming rivers and occasionally lakes at the foot of a glacier.

rock basin Basin dug out

glacier tongue River of ice formed by the flow of the firn. crevasse Deep narrow fissure that forms on the surface of the glacier.

riegel A rocky ridge set crosswise to the glacier tongue.

I 46

ground moraine Deposit of-rock debris (till) that is dragged along and deposited under the advancing glacier.

end moraine Deposit of rock debris scraped from the ground and pushed to the front of the glacier.

outwash plain Relatively even, gently sloping tract of land, formed by the action of a glacier's meltwater. terminal moraine Frontal moraine marking the glacier’s most advanced position before it recedes.

GEOLOGY

cave Natural underground cavity that results from the slow dissolution and erosion of rock by water. |

lapiaz Calcareous rock surface with crests separated by grooves that are often deep; it is shaped by the water.

sinkhole Basin termed by continuous water infiltration into calcareous rock, causing the dissolution of fhe rock.

EARTH

stalactite Crystalline rock formation caused by the partial evaporation of water droplets from the vault of the cave.

gorge Deep narrow ravine along which a .■permanent or intermittent river flows.

pothole Natural well connecting a sinkhole to an underground swallow hole

waterfall Almost vertical flow of a watercourse, caused by a sudden .change in the level of its bed.

swallow hole Deep hole connecting the ground surface to an underground gallery; it is caused by the collapse of the cave’s vault.

gour Small basins hollowed out by water.

column Crystalline rock formation that, results when a stalactite meets a stalagmite.

water table Vast expanse of underground water fed by rainwater filfering through the earth; it supplies springs and can be collected in wells.

subterranean stream Watercourse that flows through underground cavities.

stalagmite Crystalline rock formation caused by the evaporation of water droplets that fall on the floor of the cave.

dry gallery Underground corridor that forms when the water table drops.

resurgence Where an underground watercourse reappears at the surface after disappearing further upstream.

landslides Ground movements that vary in speed, depending on the slope's gradient, the nature of the soil and what triggers it.

creep

Very slow, imperceptible movement of earth along a slope, caused mainly by alternating wet and dry periods. mudflow

Sudden flow of mud along a slope; it occurs when torrential rains quickly saturate the soil.

earthflow

The upper section of a sloping water-soaked terrain that collapses, forming a tongue of land the length of the slope. 47

(

GEOLOGY

watercourse

EARTH

I Natural flow of water that varies in size, depending on the ground slope and the number of tributaries.

brook Small watercourse that is a tributary of a river or a lake. spring Point where underground water rises to the surface; it may be the source of a watercourse.

glacier Mass of ice resulting from the accumulation and compression of snow; it moves under its own weight. river Natural watercourse fed by numerous smaller streams; it empties into a larger river or the sea.

plain Vast, relatively flat expanse of land, lower than the surrounding landscape; its valleys are wide and shallow.

valley Elongated depression shaped by a watercourse or glacier and bounded by the slopes of the urrounding land.

river Natural watercourse fed by numerous smaller streams; it empties into a larger river or the sea.

alluvial deposits Sediment (mud, sand, gravel, pebbles) transported and then deposited by a watercourse.

oxbow Meander in which only a narrow neck of land remains between the two parts of the watercourse.

delta distributary Channel that a river or stream follows near its mouth; several arms, separated by alluvial deposits, form a delta. floodplain Level surface bordering a watercourse; it is subject to periodic flooding. sea idy of saltwater at some niand, it IS not as deep as

waterfall Almost vertical flow of a watercourse, caused by a sudden change in the level of its bed.

lake Body of water completely surrounded by land; it varies in size and depth.

effluent Watercourse from a lake or glacier.

gorge Deep narrow valley bounded by steep or very sheer slopes, carved out by a watercourse.

affluent Watercourse that flows into a larger watercourse or a lake.

confluent roint wn6r6 two or moro watercourses meet.

meander Sinuosity created by a watercourse following a gentle slope.

delta Section of the coastline where sediment builds up at the mouth of a river, divided into several arms.

lake Body of water varying in size and completely surrounded by land.

I 48

glacial lake

volcanic lake

tectonic lake

Lake that fills a basin dug out by a glacier, whose meltwater then forms the lake.

Lake that fills the crater of an extinct volcano.

Lake that occupies a natural basin resulting from a collapse of the Earth’s crust.

oxbow lake

oasis

artificial lake

Crescent-shaped lake formed when a river changes course by flowing across the neck of the oxbow.

Desert zone made fertile by the presence of underground or surface water.

Lake created when a dam is built on a watercourse.

GEOLOGY

wave Undulation caused by the wind on the surface of a sea or lake. |

crest

The highest point of a wave.

wave height

EARTH

shore

wave length

Horizontal distance between two successive crests or troughs.

breaker

High wave that breaks on the coast.

Strip of land where the sea meets the land.

Vertical distance between the crest and the trough.

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Maximum depth beneath which wave action is no longer perceptible.

still water level

Level of the water surface in the absence of waves.

trough

Lowest point of the wave.

foam

sand bar

Accumulation of sediment at the bottom of the sea, close to the shoreline; it is sometimes exposed at low tide.

Whitish froth that forms on the water surface when a wave breaks.

ocean floor Part of the Earth’s surface beneath the seas and the oceans; its topography is highly variable. continental rise continental slope

submarine canyon

Slope of a few degrees that extends from fhe continental shelf; it is 660 to 6,600 feet deep.

Deep valley that is frequently the extension of a river; it ends in a sediment buildup.

Gently sloping section of the continental margin; it connects the continental slope to the abyssal plain.

abyssal plain

Zone located at a depth of 6,600 to 20,000 feet; it covers most of the ocean floor. sea level

mid-ocean ridge

continent

Mean water level observed for a given duration (day, month, year); it is used as a reference to define coastal teatures and calculate the • elevation of topographical elements.

Group of underwater mountain chains criss-crossing the oceans; it is formed by an outpouring of magma.

A collective term for the vast andmasses and their submerged margins...

abyssal hill

Rounded underwater rise of low -■elevation.

continental margin

Underwater extension of the continent; it comprises the continental shelf, the continental slope and the continental rise. continental shelf

Section of the continental margin extending from the coast of the continent to the continental rise; its depth is no more than 660 feet. seamount

guyot

Isolated mountain of volcanic origin featuring a pointed summit.

Ancient volcano whose summit has been cut off by erosion and then submerged.

island arc

String of volcanic islands formed when two tectonic plates meet.

magma

trench

Molten rock and gas under very high pressure that can reach extremely high temperatures.

Extremely deep elongated depression bordering a continent or island arc; it occurs when one tectonic plate moves under another.

volcanic island

Volcano whose summit rises above sea level.

GEOLOGY

ocean trenches and ridges Trench: very deep, elongated cavity bordering a continent or an island arc; it forms when one tectonic plate slides beneath another Ridge: underwater mountain range that criss-crosses the oceans and is formed by rising magma in a zone where two plates are moving apart.

EARTH

Aleutian Trench Trench (25,600 feet) extending from Alaska to the Kamchatka Peninsula: It results from the Pacific Plate sliding beneath the North American Plate. : : :

North America Its area (9.3 million miS represents about 16% of the world’s land: the Central American isthmus is an extension of North America.

Europe Western extremity of the vast Eurasian continent that, by convention, is separated from Asia by the Ural Mountains: it covers a relatively small area.

Africa Continent that represents about 20% of the world’s land; two-thirds of its surface lies north of the Ryukyu Trench Equator. Characterized by very hot Trench (24,629 feet) located near the climates, Mediterranean in the north Ryukyu Islands; it marks the boundary between the Philippine and south, tropical and arid elsewhere. Plate and the Eurasian Plate.

Mid-Atlantic Ridge Ridge about 7,000 mi long, located in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean; some of its mountains reach the surface, forming islands such as Iceland.

Asia The largest and most populous continent, Asia represents 32% of the world's land; it is dominated by imposing mountain ranges.

Japan Trench Trench (27,929 feet) located east of Japan, on the boundary between the Pacific Plate and the Eurasian Plate: this zone is marked by intense seismic activity.

Kuril Trench Trench (34,587 feet) located northeast of Japan; it results from the Pacific Plate sliding beneath the •Eurasian Plate. Mariana Trench Cavity located near the Mariana Islands, where the Pacific Plate and the Philipplm Plate converge; It Is the world’s deepest -trench (about 36,000 feet). Philippine Trench Trench bordering the eastern Philippines, reaching depths of 34,578 feet; it results from the Philippine Plate sinking beneath the Eurasian Plate. Java Trench Trench located south of Indonesia, between the Australian-Indian and the Eurasian Plates; it is the deepest point in the Indian Ocean (24,440 ft). Kermadec-Tonga Trench Cavity located north of New Zealand, where the Pacific Plate meets the Australian-Indian Plate: it reaches depths of 35,702 feet. Australia The world's largest island (3 million miO is sparsely Inhabited in spite of its size; because of its isolation, Australia’s wildlife is unique.

; :

East Pacific Ridge Ridge that marks the boundary between the Pacific and Cocos Islands plates to the north, and the Pacific and Nazca plates to the south.

Pacific-Antarctic Ridge Mountain range separating the Pacific and Antarctic plates: it joins the eastern Pacific Ridge off the coast of South America. Peru-Chile Trench Trench (26,460 feet) bordering South America; the world’s longest trench (3,700 mi), it is located on the boundary between the Nazca Plate and the South American Plate.

I 50

South America Represents about 12% of the world’s land and is linked to North America by Central America; its features include the Andes in the west and plains and plateaus in east and central regions.

i i ; j

Southwest Indian Ridge Ridge separating the African and Antarctic plates; it joins the MidIndian and Southeast Indian ridges off the coast of Madagascar. Puerto Rico Trench Trench located oft the coast of Puerto Rico, on the boundary between the South American and Caribbean plates: it features the deepest point in the Atlantic Ocean (27,493 feet).

;

Southeast Indian Ridge Ridge separating the Antarctic Plate from the Australian-Indian Plate; its topography is more regular than the topography of the Southwest Indian and Mid-Indian ridges.

Mid-Indian Ridge Mountain range in the middle of the Indian Ocean that separates the African and Australian-Indian plates.

GEOLOGY

common coastal features Area where the land meets the sea; its features vary depending on climate, wind, sea and the type of rocks of which it is composed. |

cave Natural underground cavity that results from the slow dissolution and erosion of rock by water. \

EARTH

river estuary Mouth of a river that is influenced stack by the tides; it forms an indentation Needle-shaped column resulting in the coastline that varies in width and denth from the collapse of an arch.

dune Accumulation of sand shaped by the wind. lagoon Shallow expanse of seawater separated from the sea by a ridge of sand or a barrier island.

^ , natural arch Arch hollowed out ot a headland by the sea.

beach Accumulation of sand or pebbles along a coast.

sand island Exposed summit of a sand deposit formed near or occasionally far from a shoreline. tombolo rocky islet Ridge of sand joining an island to the Small island made of rock, shoreline.

cliff Steep rock face shaped by a sea.

headland Tapering strip of land jutting into the sea.

barrier beach

Usually narrow ridge of sand or pebbles bordering the shoreline.

delta

Section ot the coastline where sediment builds up at the mouth of a river, divided into several arms.

skerry Rock tip just above the surface of the water.

spit Elongated ridge of sand or pebbles extending into the water.

examples of shorelines Shoreline: strip of land where the sea meets the land.

shore cliff

fjords

Steep rock-faced shoreline shaped by the sea.

Deep glacial valleys tilled with seawater and cutting into the shoreline.

atoll

Ring-shaped coral-reef island enclosing a laooon and often a central island.

lagoon Shallow expanse of water separated from the sea by a coral reef.

rias

Coastal valleys that are filled by the sea and get shallower inland.

GEOLOGY

desert

EARTH

I Hot region where aridity (less than 4 in of annual rainfall) is such that plant and animal life is almost nonexistent.

butte Rocky hill shaped by erosion, with steep sides and a flat summit; it is smaller in area than a mesa... sandy desert Desert where minuscule grains of rock (sand) form dunes by wind action.

mesa Isolated plateau with a flat summit and very steep sides; it features a layer of rock that is resistant to erosion.

needle Tapering pointed column of rock shaped by the wind.

rocky desert Most common type of desert, where rock fragments fracture due to temperature variations between night and day.

wadi . Often dry watercourse that is subject to sudden flooding in the event of rain.

palm grove Zone where palm trees are planted.

saline lake Lake characterized by high salt content due to considerable water evaporation and the concentration of dissolved mineral salts.

oasis Desert zone made fertile by the presence of underground or surface water.

examples of dunes Dune: accumulation of sand transported by the wind, found in deserts and along coasts.

crescentic dune Moving crescent-shaped dune whose arms extend in the same direction as the wind.

complex dune Star-shaped dune that forms where winds blowing in various directions meet.

parabolic dune Crescent-shaped coastal dune whose arms point into the wind; vegetation often keeps it in place.

longitudinal dunes Narrow elongated dunes that form when the wind blows in two convergent directions.

transverse dunes Dunes that form perpendicular to the direction of the wind.

chain of dunes Dunes aligned in the same direction, parallel to the wind.

METEOROLOGY

profile of the Earth’s atmosphere Atmosphere: layer of air that surrounds the Earth and is composed mainly of nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (21 %); its density decreases with I altitude. * EARTH

temperature scale

altitude scale

space probe Unmanned craft launched in the direction of a celestial body in the solar system for purposes of studying it. exosphere The outermost region of the atmosphere, where low-density gases disperse into space. artificial satellite Observation spacecraft placed in orbit around the Earth.

Hubble space telescope Telescope placed in orbit above Earth’s atmosphere (370 mi), making it possible to observe the universe as never before.

500 km 310 mi

thermopause Thin transition layer between the thermosphere and the exosphere.

space shuttle It orbits at an altitude of about 250 mi. thermosphere Layer that absorbs a large portion of solar radiation, leading to a steady increase in its temperature.

aurora Luminous phenomenon that occurs at high altitudes near the Earth’s poles. shooting star Luminous trace produced when a meteorite burns up as it enters the Earth’s atmosphere. airliner Commercial aircraft that makes regular flights of variable duration, depending on the distance covered; it flies at altitudes of 39,000 feet.

ozone layer Layer of gas that absorbs a large part of the Sun’s ultraviolet rays.

-lOO’C 80 km ■-150"T”50mi'^

mesopause Thin transition layer between the mesosphere and the thermosphere.

Mt Everest The world’s highest peak rises to an elevation of 29,035 feet.

mesosphere The atmosphere’s coldest layer, where temperatures decrease with altitude.

supersonic jet Aircraft whose cruising speed is faster than the speed of sound; it flies at altitudes of 62,000 feet. cloud Fine droplets of water or ice crystals suspended in the atmosphere. sea level Average height of seawater observed for a given time (day, month, year); it is used as a reference point to define coastal features and measure land elevations.

0°C

50 km 32“ F"''30'mi'

-60 “C -75 "F

15”C 60°F

15 km 10 mi

stratopause Thin transition layer between the stratosphere and the mesosphere. tropopause The boundary between the troposphere and the stratosphere; its altitude varies depending on the season, ground temperature, latitude and atmospheric pressure.

stratosphere Elighly stable layer of air where temperatures increase with altitude due to the absorption of solar radiation by the ozone layer.

troposphere The most dense layer, which produces most of the meteorological phenomena and where temperatures decrease with altitude. 53

METEOROLOGY

seasons of the year

EARTH

I Periodic climate changes over the course of a year; they are a function of the Earth’s inclination toward the Sun and its rotation around it.

spring Season between the vernal equinox and the summer solstice.

vernal equinox At the equinoxes, day and night are of equal length; the vernal (spring) equinox is on March 20 or 21 in the Northern Hemisphere.

winter Season between the winter solstice and the vernal equinox.

winter solstice Shortest day of the year; it tails on December 2f or 22 in the Northern Hemisphere.

summer solstice Longest day of the year; it falls on June 21 or 22 in the Northern Hemisphere.

summer Season between the summer solstice and the autumnal equinox.

autumn Season between the autumnal equinox and the winter solstice.

autumnal equinox At the equinoxes, day and night are of equal length; the autumnal (fall) equinox is on September 22 or 23 in the Northern Hemisphere.

meteorological forecast I Scientific method that makes il possible to forecast atmospheric conditions in a particular region for a given period. ■

weather satellite Observation spacecraft that studies the atmosphere and transmits data to Earth, making it possible to forecast the weather on the ground.

data processing Data from weather stations and satellites is centralized and processed with a view to forecasting weather and producing maps.

aircraft weatherstation Aircraft equipped with meteorological observation instruments; it reports on the state of the atmosphere at various altitudes.

buoy weatherstation Buoy equipped with an automatic weather station that transmits data about atmospheric conditions on the water.

weather radar Instrument that detects the presence and movement of clouds and precipitation.

ocean weather station Ship equipped with meteorological observation instruments that report on atmospheric conditions on the oceans.

weather map Map representing atmospheric conditions observed in a region at a given time. I 54

sounding balloon Pressurized balloon equipped with measurement instruments used to collect atmospheric data (up to an altitude of 20 mi), which it then transmits to the ground by radio signal.

land station Collective term for the facilities and instruments required to perform meteorological observations at ground level.

METEOROLOGY

weather map Map representing atmospheric conditions observed in a region at a given time.

wind direction and speed

isobar Curve connecting the points on the Earth's surface that have the same atmospheric pressure.

EARTH

barometric pressure Measurement of the force that air exerts at a given point on the Earth’s surface; it is expressed in lillibars.

low-pressure center Zone characterized hy relatively low pressure that increases as a function of distance from its center... precipitation area Zone in which atmospheric water content condenses and falls from the clouds in liquid or solid form. trough Elongated zone in which atmospheric pressure is relatively low.

type of the air mass Air mass: a vast moving body of air; it takes on the climatic characteristics of the region lying helow it

high-pressure center Zone characterized by relatively high pressure that decreases as a function of the distance from its center.

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station model Method of representing information collected by an observation station on a weather map using symbols and numbers. type of high cloud Type of cloud observed at altitudes higher than 20,000 feet.

wind speed Wind speed is indicated by barbs and pennants whose values must be added. air temperature Sensation of heat or cold (°F) measured using an open-air thermometer shielded from direct sunlight.

type of middle cloud /Type of cloud observed at altitudes between 6,500 and 20,000 feet. station circle Circle on a weather map that represents an observation station; displayed around the circle is the information collected by the station.

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sea-level pressure Reference pressure that corresponds to the pressure observed at sea level; it is expressed in inches of mercury.

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sky coverage Proportion of the sky covered with cloud.

wind direction Wind direction is indicated by the position of the wind shaft.

present state of weather Type of precipitation (present weather) noted at the moment of observation.

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-6 temperature of dew point Temperature (°F) at which water vapor in the air begins to condense; it is used to calculate humidity in the air.

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type of low cloud Type of cloud observed between ground level and an altitude of 6,500 feet.

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barometric tendency Variation in atmospheric pressure during the three hours preceding observation.

pressure change Positive or negative value that corresponds to the difference between the pressure reading and sea-level pressure: it is expressed in inches of mercury. 55

METEOROLOGY

international weather symbols I standardized map symbols used to record observations from meteorological stations all over the world.

EARTH

wind Displacement of air caused by variations in pressure between two regions of the atmosphere.

calm Symbol indicating the absence of wind.

shaft Symbol of a wind blowing at a speed lower than 3 mph.

wind arrow Symbol that uses the position of the shaft to indicate wind direction and the number of barbs and pennants to indicate wind speed.

half barb Symbol of a wind blowing between 3 and 8 mph.

barb Symbol of a wind blowing between 9 and 14 mph.

pennant Symbol of a wind blowing between 55 and 60 mph.

fronts Contact surface between two air masses with different temperatures and pressure.

surface cold front Front consisting of a cold air mass that touches the ground and displaces a warm air mass.

surface warm front Front consisting of a warm air mass that touches the ground and displaces a cold air mass.

occluded front A composite front that forms when a cold front overtakes a warm front, which it pushes to a higher altitude before joining another cold front.

upper cold front Front of a cold air mass that does not touch the Earth's surface and slides over a colder air mass.

upper warm front Front consisting of a warm air mass that does not touch the ground and slides over a colder air mass.

stationary front Front that moves very slowly owing to the parallel movement of hot and cold air masses.

sky coverage Proportion of the sky covered with cloud.

very cloudy sky

cloudless sky

clear sky

slightly covered sky

overcast sky

cloudy sky

obscured sky

clouds stratus Gray cloud forming a continuous veil that is similar to fog, though it never touches the ground; it can trigger light precipitation.

Fine droplets of water or ice crystal suspended in the atmosphere; the World Meteorological Organization classifies them according to 10 types.

I 56

altostratus Gray sheet that can completely cover the sky but allows the Sun to be seen without a halo phenomenon; it can trigger heavy precipitation.

cirrus Cloud in the form of wisps or separate strips; it usually appears in advance of a depression.

cumulonimbus Very imposing cloud that can reach a thickness of 6 mi and whose base is very dark; it can trigger violent precipitation.

nimbostratus Cloud in the form of a dark layer sufficiently thick to block out the Sun; it triggers continuous precipitation.

cirrostratus Whitish layer that can completely cover the sky and that creates a halo around the Sun.

cumulus Fair-weathercloud with very clear contours; it has a gray, flat base and a white top with rounded protuberances.

altocumulus Cloud composed of large white or gray flecks that sometimes form parallel layers; it foreshadows the arrival of a depression.

cirrocumulus Cloud formed of white or gray fleci or strips, often arranged in rows.

stratocumulus Gray and white cloud arranged in more or less continuous rolled layers; it does not usually trigger precipitation.

METEOROLOGY

international weather symbols

► sandstorm or dust storm

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tropical storm Low-pressure zone accompanied by precipitation and winds between 37 and 74mph.

hurricane Tropical cyclone comprised of a low-pressure zone accompanied by violent precipitation and winds between 74 and 185 mph.

light intermittent rain Rain: precipitation of water droplets produced when the air temperature is higher than 32°F.

light intermittent drizzle Drizzle: uniform continuous precipitation of water droplets that fall very slowly and are befween 0.008 and 0.02 in in diamefer.

moderate intermittent rain

moderate intermittent drizzle

* *

moderate intermittent snow

thick intermittent drizzle

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heavy intermittent snow

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lightning Brief but intense luminous phenomenon caused by an electrical discharge between two clouds or between a cloud and the ground.

heavy thunderstorm Storm with winds higher than 57 mph, hail or heavy rain.

heavy intermittent rain

a A

examples of kitchen knives

The shape and size of kitchen knives vary depending on their use and the type of food for which they are intended.

I m

cleaver Knife with a wide rigid blade heavy enough to break bones.

cook’s knife Knife with a wide range of uses, from cutting large pieces of meat to chopping fresh herbs.

ham knife Knife with a ridged blade used to cut whole cooked ham. paring knife Miniature version of the cook’s knife, it is used to clean, scrape and slice small pieces of food.

filleting knife Knife with a long pointed blade used for separating fish into fillets. carving fork Fork used to hold a piece of meat in place when it is being cut into portions. boning knife Small pointed knife with a tapered blade used to separate the meat from the bones.

grapefruit knife Knife used to detach citrus fruit pulp.

peeler Its pivoting blade follows the contours of the fruits and vegetables it is used to peel.

sharpening steel Cylindrical steel rod with narrow grooves used for honing a knife edge.

sharpening stone Abrasive stone used to sharpen knife edges.

oyster knife Double-edged knife with a guard used to open oyster shells by severing the muscle that holds them closed.

butter curler Utensil with a serrated hook that creates butter curls when scraped ar.rnss cold buffer.

cutting board Made of plastic or wood and used tor cutting up foods.

zester Knife whose blade curves at the end and has five small cutting holes; it is used to remove thin strips of rind from citrus fruits. groove

Furrow where cooking juicescollect. 229

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KITCHEN

kifciien utensils for opening

FOOD AND KITCHEN

Instruments that remove lids, caps or corks from containers in order to provide access to their contents.

can opener Tool used to open cans by cutting along the inside edge of the lid.

bottle opener Instrument used to remove caps from bottles.

wine waiter corkscrew Instrument with a screw and a lever that open wine bottles by leverage, a blade for cutting the hood around the top, and a bottle opener.

lever corkscrew Instrument with a screw and two wings that rise as the screw penetrates the cork; they then act as levers to open the bottle.

for grinding and grating Instruments that can reduce food to fine particles, shavings, powder, purees, etc.

mortar Hemispheric receptacle made of marble, porcelain or hardwood in which certain foods can be ground with a pestle.

nutcracker Tongs used to break nutshells and release the kernel inside.

meat grinder Instrument with a knife and interchangeable disks used to grind meat; the perforations in the disks determine the size of the grind.

pestle

Usually heavy instrument whose short handle extends into a head; it is used mainly to grind seeds, dry ingredients and garlic.

garlic press Utensil used to finely crush garlic cloves.

nutmeg grater Small conical grater used to reduce nutmeg seeds to a powder. 'm

grater Instrument used to reduce food such as vegetables, cheese and nuts into fine particles or a powder.

* A,

pusher Bent part of the handle that presses the piece of cheese against the drum.

citrus juicer Instrument used to extract juice from citrus fruits, usually lemons or oranges.

rotary cheese grater Instrument used to grate cheese by scraping it against the teeth of a ' rotating drum.

crank Angled lever that makes the drum rotate.

drum Cylindrical part of the utensil thatgrates the cheese.

handle Part enabling the user to hold the grater and exert pressure on the pusher.

{

pasta maker Instrument that can roll out and cut pasta dough into different shapes with its removable blades.

I 230

food mill Instrument used to reduce cooked fruit and vegetables to a puree, the consistency of which depends on the disk used.

slices vegetables in different ways, depending on the blade used.

KITCHEN

kitchen utensils

for measuring Instruments designed to measure the volume or weight of ingredients, food temperature, and cooking or preparation time.

measuring spoons The bowls on these spoons correspond to an exact quantity of an ingredient, and are used to measure it.

measuring cups Receptacles used to measure the exact quantity of an ingredient.

candy thermometer Thermometer that is placed in hot liquid sugar mixtures to measure their exact temperature.

measuring cup Graduated container with a pouring spout used for measuring liquids. meat thermometer Thermometer inserted into a roast to check its degree of doneness.

measuring beaker Graduated container used to measure dry and liquid ingredients.

kitchen timer Device used to measure a period of time; once that time has elapsed, the timer rings.

oven thermometer Thermometer that is placed inside an oven to check the exact temperature.

egg timer Device with two glass vials, one of which is filled with sand; the flow of the sand between the vials measures a precise time period.

kitchen scale Instruments used to weigh dry ingredients (e.g., flour, sugar, rice),

for straining and draining Instruments used to filter dry or liquid foods, or to remove the liquid used to wash, blanch, cook or fry certain foods.

mesh strainer Instrument used to sift dry ingredients or filter liquid ones.

funnel Cone-shaped instrument ending in a tube used to pour liquid into a narrow-necked container. muslin Cloth woven into a fine loose mesh and used to strain creamed soups and sauces so they become finer and smoother.

colander Instrument used to drain food.

fry basket Metal mesh receptacle designed to hold foods during frying and drain them afterward.

chinois Finely meshed cone-shaped strainer used to filter broth and sauces, and to reduce food to a puree.

sieve Strainer made of woven nylon, metal or silk strands and attached to a wooden frame; it is used to strain dry and liquid ingredients.

salad spinner Apparatus that uses centrifugal force to remove water from freshly washed lettuce leaves. 231

FOOD AND KITCHEN

instant-read thermometer Digital thermometer that, when inserted into a roast, instantly indicates the meat’s internal temperature.

KITCHEN

kitchen utensils i

baking utensils Baking: refers to the production of cakes, cookies and other usually sweet comestibles made from cooked dough, pastry or batter.

FOOD AND KITOHEN

icing syringe Fitted with interchangeable nozzles that are filled with icing, it Is used to decorate baked goods and molded desserts.

pastry cutting wheel Device used for cutting dough; the indented wheel gives it a fluted edge.

pastry brush Device with silk or nylon bristles at one end, used to coat, brush or glaze pastries, or to grease baking pans.

sifter Device used to sieve flour; it has a spring-loaded handle that moves the flour about and makes it lighter.

cookie cutters Hollow metal molds used to cut dough into soft shapes that will be retained after baking.

pastry bag and nozzles Leakproof bag into which interchangeable nozzles are inserted; it is used to decorate dishes, baked goods and molded desserts, or to make pastries.

mixing bowls Round containers of various sizes used to prepare or mix food and ingredients.

baking sheet Rectangular pan with low sides, usually made of aluminum, used for baking cookies, cakes and other pastries that do not require molding.

removable-bottomed pan Metal baking pan whose bottom, and sometimes its side, come apart so the contents can be removed more easily. \ 232

muffin pan Baking pan with indentations used to give muffins their distinctive shape.

pie pan Metal pan used to make a pie crust and to bake a pie in the oven

eggbeater Mechanical device with two whisks activated by a crank handle; it is used to beat liquid and semiliquid ingredients,

whisk Utensi! made of several curved and intersecting steel wires used to blend, beat or whip liquid and semiliquid ingredients.

dredger Container with a perforated lid used tor sprinkling food with flour, sugar or grated cheese.

pastry blender Utensil used to blend fatty ingredients with flour.

rolling pin Wooden cylinder that rolls freely between two lateral handles; it is used to roll oht pastry.

souffle dish Deep porcelain dish that prevents the rising souffle from overflowing as it cooks.

charlotte mold Deep metal pan shaped like a pail and used to cook a cream-based sweet dessert surrounded by biscuits.

quiche plate Metal baking pan with a scalloped edge that makes the crust of the quiche more attractive.

cake pan Relatively deep metal baking pan with enough room to allow the cake to rise.

KITCHEN

kitchen utensils set of utensils Main kitchen utensils, often matching, stored in a stand.

draining spoon Large elongated slightly concave spoon with perforations; it is used to remove small pieces of food from their cooking liquid.

FOOD AND KITCHEN

ladle Spoon with a deep bowl and a long handle: it is used to decant liquid or semiliquid tood.

spatula Long blade of variable width used to turn food over during cooking.

skimmer Large round slightly concave spoon with perforations; it is used to skim broth and sauce, or to remove tood from its cooking liquid.

potato masher Utensil used to manually puree cooked truits and vegetables.

turner Utensil used to handle cooked food without breaking it.

miscellaneous utensils

larding needle Tool used to insert strips of lard, ham or truffles into cuts ot meat.

Stoner Tongllke device used to remove stones from olives and cherries without damaging the flesh.

melon bailer Spoon used to cut small round pieces trom the flesh of fruits or vegetables.

trussing needle Tool used to thread pieces of string through poultry or to tie a roast,

apple corer Utensil used to remove the core from apples and pears.

kitchen shears Multipurpose utensil used for cutting fresh herbs, trimming meat and vegetables.

snail tongs Utensil used to hold snail shells so the snail can be extracted,

snail dish Has several Indentations for holding snails when they are served.

ice cream scoop Spoon used to remove a serving of ice milk or ice cream from a container.

tongs Utensil used for holding, turning and serving food.

poultry shears Utensil used to cut poultry into pieces. vegetable brush Utensil used to clean certain vegetables, such as potatoes.

tasting spoon Wooden spoon consisting of two bowls joined by a shallow groove used to take and taste liquids.

tea ball Hollow sphere that holds dried tea leaves during steeping.

spaghetti tongs Two-armed utensil with teeth at the end that facilitate serving long strips of pasta.

egg slicer Device that uses taut steel wires to siice a hard-boiled egg.

baster Utensil with a graduated tube and a rubber bulb; it is used to suck up cooking liquid and drizzle it over the meat. 233

KITCHEN

cooking utensils I utensils used for cooking food, especially in the oven or on the stove. tajine Varnished earthenware dish with a cone-shaped airtight iid used in northwestern Africa to cook an eponymous dish.

wok set Cooking utensil native to Asia used for rapidly cooking tood in very little fat. rack -Half-moon-shaped grating used to drain or set aside food.

FOOD AND KITCHEN

lid Removable part that covers the wok during cooking.

wok Large cone-shaped frying pan; food collects at the center of the • rounded bottom, where the heat is most intense.

burner ring ■ Metal base used to balance the wok over the burner or hot plate.

fish poacher Oblong receptacle that has a rack and a cover; it is used to cook whole fish. rack Pertorated sheet; the hooks allow it to be lifted so that, once cooked, the fish can be drained and removed.

fondue set Utensil designed to prepare and serve various kinds of fondue, such as meat, cheese or chocolate.

fondue pot Container with one or two side handles used tor cooking fondue.

stand Metal base designed to hold the--" fondue pot and the burner.

lid • Removable part that covers the fish poacher during cooking.

burner Compartment containing a flammable liquid that keeps the fondue pot warm throughout the meal.

dripping pan Slightly concave rectangular pan used to roast meat or to catch the meat’s cooking juices.

terrine Container with a perforated lid that allows steam to escape; it is designed for cooking recipes with or without jelly.

pressure cooker Stock pot with a screw-on, airtight lid designed to cook food rapidly using pressurized steam. pressure regulator Device maintaining the pressure at a constant level. safety valve Device that regulates escaping 'steam when the stock pot is under pressure.

I 234

roasting pans Somewhat deep large-capacity utensils used to roast meat in the oven.

KITCHEN

cooking utensils

stock pot Container used for cooking large quantities of food in a liquid.

FOOD AND KITCHEN

Dutch oven Somewhat deep stock pot used for cooking food in a liquid.

couscous kettle Double container in which steam from the broth in which the food in the bottom part is simmering cooks and flavors the semolina In the top part.

steamer Utensil comprising two saucepans; the steam from the boiling water in thebottom one cooks the food in the top one.

egg poacher Device used to poach eggs by placing them in indentations in a tray suspended over a hot liquid.

saute pan Similar to a frying pan but with a straight edge, used to cook food in fat, over high heat.

small saucepan Deeper than a frying pan, this utensil is used to simmer or braise dishes.

diable Utensil composed of two skillets of porous clay that fit tightly together; It Is used for braising food.

pancake pan Round thick-bottomed skillet with a shallow edge that allows a spatula to loosen and flip the pancake.

steamer basket Perforated receptacle that Is placed in a saucepan above the water level and filled with food to be steamcooked.

double boiler Utensil comprising two saucepans; the bottom one contains boiling water, which cooks or heats the food in the top one.

saucepan Low-sided receptacle commonly used to heat liquids or cook food in a liquid. 235

KITCHEN

domestic appliances I Domestic appliances operating on electricity. hand mixer Electric appliance comprising two beaters and a motor unit used to beat or mix liquid or semiliquid food.

for mixing and blending Appliances used for stirring, for blending several ingredients together or for changing the appearance of an ingredient. blender Electric appliance comprising a motor unit with a container on fop, in which raw or cooked food is mixed, crushed or pureed.

beater ejector Button pressed to remove the beaters. cap Part that gives the container an airtight seal.

FOOD AND KITCHEN

container Glass jug in which food or ingredients are placed.

speed selector Device for selecting the speed at--" which the beaters rotate. beater Device used to beat or mix food; the beaters are inserted into--"" cogwheels that turn in opposite directions.

cutting blade -Propeller blade that mixes or grinds food as it turns.

handle Part used to pick up and handle the ' mixer.

motor unit Part containing the motor and the various circuits making the appliance work. push button Buttons used to start the appliance and select blade speed. hand blender Electric appliance with a handheld motor unit: less powerful than the blender, it is used for mixing liquids and grinding soft foods.

heel rest Part on which the mixer rests when it is not in use.

table mixer Electric appliance comprising a powerful motor unit, two beaters and a stand used to beat or mix liquid or semiliquid foods. beater ejector Button pressed to remove the beaters.

speed control Device for selecting the speed at which the beaters rotate.

beater Device used to beat or mix food: the beaters are inserted into cogwheels that turn in opposite directions. tilt-back head The motor unit rotates on an axis so the beaters can be lowered into the bowl and lifted out ofit.

motor unit Part containing the motor and the various circuits making the appliance work.

blending attachment Part containing the rotating blade that mixes or grinds food.

mixing bowl Round container of various sizes used to mix food in. turntable Enables the mixing bowl to be rotated so the contents will be beaten or mixed uniformly.

stand ■ Base that holds the mixing bowl and the tilt-back head.

beaters Instruments used to mix, beat or knead liquid or semiliquid foods.

four blade beater All-purpose beater used to mix, beat or whisk various ingredients.

I 236

spiral beater Beater used primarily to mix and knead light dough.

wire beater Beater used to mix, emulsify or beat many different ingredients or to incorporate air into a mixture.

dough hook Beater used to mix and knead dough.

KITCHEN

domestic appliances

food processor Electric appliance comprising a motor unit, a blade and a set of disks used for cuffing, chopping, slicing, grating, mixing, kneading, etc.

for cutting Appliances used primarily for separating elements into small parts or portions.

pusher Device that pushes food into the bowl.

feed tube Conduit in which food is placed. disks Blades that can replace the cutting mechanism to grate or mince food.

O O

lid Removable part covering the bowl.

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z a TT

blade ■Propeller blade that mixes or grinds food as if furns.

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handle ■ Part used to pick up and move the bowl.

speed selector Device used for controlling the rotation speed of the blade or disks.

bowl Container in which food or ingredients are placed.

spindle Shaft that transmits the motor's movement to the blade or disks.

motor unit Part containing the motor and the various circuits making the appliance work. electric knife Electric appliance with a blade that has a back-and-forth motion used to facilitate cutting a piece of meat.

power cord Flexible electric wire housing the leads connecting the appliance to the electric circuit..

for juicing Device designed to extract juice from fruit, especially citrus fruit, when pressure is exerted upon it.

citrus juicer Electric appliance designed to extract the juice from citrus truit, .•■■'■'

reamer Device upon which the fruit half is placed and which reams it as it turns. strainer Part of the juicer that catches the seeds and the pulp.

bowl with serving spout ■ Container that collects the juice; it has a pouring spout. motor unit Part containing the motor and the various circuits making the appliance work. 237

KITCHEN

domesticaiiDliances

I for cooking

! Appliances that bring raw food into contact with a heat source in order to cook them.

microwave oven Appliance that generates highfrequency waves to quickly heat or cook food.

door Movable part that closes the-microwave oven. clock timer Displays either real time or the -programmed cooking time.

FOOD AND KITCHEN

sensor probe Instrument that is inserted into food and used to check internal temperature and monitor cooking.

latch ■ Device that opens the door when pushed.

probe receptacle Place where the sensor probe's--plug is connected.

control panel Panel containing the programming keys.

window Thick window for looking inside--- ' the oven.

waffle iron Appliance comprising two indented piates, each one covering a heating element; it is used to cook waffles or grill food. handle Part used to raise and lower the lid.

plate Indented cooking surface thaf, because it is attached to the inside of the lid, can be raised and lowered. temperature selector Device used to regulate plate- ., temperature.

deep fryer Container with a heating element that raises the temperature of fat high enough to deep-fry food.

handle Part used to open or close the microwave oven door.

,.-lid Movable part that closes the waffle iron.

hinge Jointed part that makes it possible to raise and lower the lid.

plate Indented cooking surface designed to receive waffle batter or food intended for grilling.

toaster Appliance with heating elements that toast slices of bread.

lever Spring-loaded device that lowers the carriage holding the bread slices.

bread guide Metal grating for holding bread slices in place.

basket Wire mesh container with a detachable handle designed to--hold foods during frying and drain them once cooked. rack Notched device used to raise or lower the-., basket.

temperature control Device used to regulate cooking temperature.

timer Device used to monitor cooking -. time.

thermostat Device used to regulate fat temperature. signal lamp Light indicating when the desired temperature has been reached.

I 238

slot ■ Opening in which the bread slice is placed.

filter - Device that absorbs the steam from hot fat.

lid Removable part that covers the deep fryer during cooking.

handle Part used to pick up and move the toaster.

KITCHEN

domestic appliances raclette with grill Appliance with covered heating elements used to melt cheese or grill meat and side vegetables. electric steamer Electric appliance comprising two dishes resting on a water-filled base; it is used to steam food separately.

FOOD AND KITCHEN

cooking plate dish Ribbed cooking surface covering Small shallow nonstick container used for cooking individual the heating elements; it is used for grilling food. servings of food.

base Stand supporting the raclette with grill; it contains the heating elements that cook the food. cooking dishes Containers that have a perforated base so the food they contain can be steamed.

insulated handle rrt used to pick up and move the grill without burning oneself.

water level IndicatorDevice thaf indicafes the water level in the appliance’s reservoir.

indoor electric grill Electric appliance comprising a metal grill and a heating element used to cook food,

signal lamp Light indicating that the heating element has been turned on.

timer Device used to monitor cooking time.

bread machine Electric appliance used to raise and bake bread dough. lid Movable part that closes the bread • machine. drip pan Container into which the cooking juices drain.

cooking surface Metal grill on which the food is cooked.

adjustable thermostat Device used to regulate baking temperature.

control panel Panel containing the programming keys.

window Thick glass through which the ^ bread dough can be seen inside the mold. griddle Electric appliance comprising a cooking surface and used for grilling food.

detachable control Device used to regulate grill temperature and that can be detached from the unit.

loaf pan Container for the bread dough, which, once baked, will become' bread.

grease well Hole through which cooking juices drain.

239 I

KITCHEN

miscellaneous domestic appliances

I can opener Tool used to open cans by cutting along the inside edge of the lid.

pierce lever Device connected to the blade that the user presses down so it pierces the can lid.

magnetic lid holder ■Part that holds the lid once it has been removed from the can.

cutting blade ■ Knife thaf separafes fhe lid from fhe can.

FOOD AND KITCHEN

coffee mill Appliance that uses a rotating blade to finely grind coffee beans or other items, such as spices.

drive wheel '■•Cogwheel that helps rotate the can so the lid can be removed.

lid Removable part that covers the-" coffee mill when it is in use.

blade Instrument used to grind coffeebeans or other items.

on-off button Device that turns the appliance on, or off.

motor unit Part containing the motor and the various circuits making the appliance work. kettle Container with a heating element used to boil water. whistle Device that produces a sound when steam from the boiling water passes through it.

handle ■ Part used to pick up and move the kettle.

signal lamp - Light showing that the appliance is on.

spout Small tapered projection used to--' pour the boiling liquid.

juicer Appliance that uses centrifugal force to extract the juice from vegetables and fruit, except citrus fruits, which must be reamed.

body ■Part of the kettle that holds the water to be boiled.

base Stand supporting the kettle: it contains the heating element that boils the water.

pusher •' Device that pushes the fruits or vegetables into the appliance. ice cream freezer Appliance comprising a freezer bucket in which revolving paddles make sherbet and icecream. motor unit Part containing the motor and the various circuits making the appliance work. cover ■ Movable part that covers the freezer bucket during food preparation.

handle ■Part used to pick up and move the ice cream freezer. freezer bucket Container designed to keep its contents cold.

I 240

lid Movable part that covers the juicer when it is in operation.

strainer Device that allows only the fruit or vegetable juice to pass through.

feed tube ' Conduit into which fruit or vegetables are placed to extract their juice. motor unit Part containing the motor and the various circuits making the appliance work.

bowl Container into which the juice drains.

KITCHEN

coffee makers utensils used lo brew coffee; each of the various models produces coflee that has a distinctive flavor.

Neapolitan coffee maker Coffee maker that is placed on a heat source to boil the water; it is then turned over so the boiling water filters through the ground beans into the serving compartment.

automatic drip coffee maker Electric coffee maker that allows hot water to drain into a paper filter containing the ground beans, and coffee to drip into the carafe below. lid

Removable part covering the reservoir and under which the basket is located.

reservoir

Container holding the water to beheated.

basket

water level

Removable container that holds the filter with the ground beans.

Indicates how many cups of coffeecan be made.

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O 0 □

carafe signal lamp

Container with a spout into which the coffee drips and that is used to pour it.

Light showing that the appliance ison.

> Z

□

on-off switch

Button for turning the device on oroff. espresso machine Electric coffee maker that allows hot water to deforced under pressure through the ground beans.

warming plate

Surface used to keep the coffee warm.

n 1 vacuum coffee maker Coffee maker that brews coffee by causing the water to pass through the ground beans twice.

steam control knob

Device used to regulate the steam coming out of the nozzle. upper bowl

on-off switch

Compartment into which the brewed coffee rises and from which it drains into the lower bowl as the heat source cools.

Button for turning the device on or off.

tamper

Tool used to pack the ground beans into the filter.

filter holder

Removable part with a handle into which the metal filter containing the ground beans is inserted.

drip tray

stem

Compartment into which excess liquid drains.

Conduit through which the hot water rises. lower bowl

Compartment from which boiling water rises under pressure into the upper bowl, passing through the ground beans; the brewed coffee drains into it for serving.

water tank steam nozzle

Device that emits steam used tofoam milk.

plunger Coffee maker that allows hot water to be poured over ground beans; once the grounds have steeped, the plunger is depressed to push the grounds to the bottom of the carafe.

Reservoir where the water is kept before it is required for heating.

percolator Electric coffee maker that allows the hot water to rise several times through a tube to percolate through ground beans.

espresso coffee maker Coffee maker that allows boiling water from the lower compartment to be forced through the ground beans into the upper compartment. spout

Tube-shaped part through which--.., the coffee is poured.

signal lamp

Light showing that the appliance is on. 241 I

244 1

Location

247 1

Elements of a house

250

How a house and its surrounding features are

Structure of a house

)

—

situated on a lot.

25B 1

Heating

261

Various devices fueled by wood, gas, oil, coal or electricity used for heating a house.

I 242

Air conditioning [

262 |

Regulates and maintains the temperature and humidity of the rooms of a house.

Plumbing

f Set of pipes and facilities distributing and evacuating water in a house.

Structure built as a dwelling and equipped to provide a comfortable and secure life for people,

i Electricity

276

Set of all the components allowing this form of energy to be used in a dwelling.

House furniture Collection of furniture, domestic appliances, accessories and lighting fixtures furnishing a dwelling.

243

LOCATION

exterior of a house I View of a house on its site with the components of its exterior structure.

ornamental tree Tree planted for decorative purposes.

patio Outdoor area adjacent to the house that is often paved and adapted for ourdoor dining.

gable Upper triangular section of a wall supporting the sides of the roof.-

HOUSE

vegetable garden Plot of land for grow/ing edible plants.

gable vent Opening in the side of a gable for ventilation.

property line

shed Structure used for storing garden equipment.

grade slope Inclination joining two different levels of the lot.

garden path Walkway bordered by plants.

borderGarden trimming the side of a structure or pathway.

dormer window Small window built into the roof of-'" a structure to let in light.

gutter Open pipe at the bottom of the roof" collecting rainwater and channeling it to the downspout.

downspout Vertical pipe through which rainwater flows.

I 244

garage Structure used for parking vehicles.

LOCATION

exterior of a house

skylight

lightning rod

Window protruding through the roof to ventilate and iiluminate the room beiow.

Metal spike attached to the roof; it protects the house by conducting lightning to the ground.

chimney pot

Topmost part of the chimney; it is -covered by a piece of metal.

chimney

-Part of the heating system that protrudes from the roof.

roof

House covering that protects it from the elements; it rests on the frame.

HOUSE

cornice

■Extended section of a roof protecting the wall from rain.

steps

Outdoor staircase ending in a landing that leads to the house entrance.

basement window

site plan

Opening in the wall of the bottom floor to let in light and air.

Graphical representation of the horizontal projection of a lot.

hedge

Bushes planted in a row to demarcate a lot.

lawn

Land covered by short thick grass requiring regular mowing.

flower bed

Grouping of flowers and decorative shrubs.

sidewalk

Pedestrian walkway bordering a street. porch

Covered part of a house entrance protecting the door and people from the elements. driveway

245

LOCATION

pool I Man-made basin designed for swimming.

above ground swimming pool

skimmer

HOUSE

Device filtering out debris from the surface of the water.

filter

Device removing and absorbing impurities from the water. pump

upright

Device circulating the water through the skimmer to the filter before returning it to the pool.

Vertical part bracing the rim and walls of the pool.

wall

Vertical side enclosing the pool.

in-ground swimming pool diving board

Spring-held board providing momentum for jumping oj diving. ’main drain

underwater light

Opening covered by a grate; it is used to channel water to the filter or to drain the pool. ladder

Light embedded in the wall; it illuminates the pool underwater.

Used by swimmers to get into or out of the diving well.

water.

246

ELEMENTS OF A HOUSE

exterior door The exterior door comprises a moving part, the leaf, plus a frame. It provides access to and egress from the house. |

cornice entablature

Protruding molding that rests horizontally across the entablature, protecting the parts beneath it from the rain.

- Level set of woodwork covering the doorway.

header

Level trame part enclosing the upper part ot a door’s opening. HOUSE

top rail

Level piece of wood at the top of the door.

jamb

Protruding part of a door’s framew/ork on each side of the opening.

panel

Flat surface bordered by molding; it is often recessed.

mullion

shutting stile

Vertical piece of wood joining the top and lock rails.

Vertical part of the door on which the lock and doorknob are mounted.

lock rail

lock

Level piece of wood in the middle of the door.

Device mounted on the door allowing it to lock by using a key. doorknob

middle panel

Device mounted on the door allowing it to open.

Long narrow panel placed horizontally.

hanging stile

Vertical part of the door to which the hinges are attached. hinge

Cylindrical metal part bent at an angle; it supports the door and allows it to swing.

bottom rail

Level piece ot wood at the bottom of the door.

— • :

weather strip

threshold

Sloped strip ot wood allowing water to flow away from the door.

Surface forming the bottom part of the door opening.

247

[

ELEMENTS OF A HOUSE

lock I Device mounted on the door allowing it to lock by using a key. general view

lock -Device mounted on the door allowing it to lock by using a key. dead bolt Part whose end is inserted into a strike plate to lock the door when activated by a key.

HOUSE

escutcheon Thin plate fastened to the door with openings for the lock’s rose and ring. rose . Decorative plaque with an opening in the center allowing the doorknob to turn.

faceplate Thin plate fastened to the edge of the door with an opening through which the bolt passes. latch bolt Part whose beveled end is activated by a doorknob; it catches automatically in a strike plate when the door is closed.

doorknob ■ Knob in the form of a lever used only for latch bolt locks.

tubular lock Lock whose knobs activate a latch bolt and is locked by pushing a button: it is used for interior doors.

outside knob Knob located on the outer side of the door.'

nut Hollow cylinder of metal whose lining is threaded to screw onto a corresponding bolt.

spindle Extended part that manipulates the bolt when turned.

rose Decorative plaque with an opening in the center allowing the doorknob to turn.

inside knob Knob located on the interior side of the door; it contains a push-button.

push-button Button that activates the locking mechanism when pushed.

bolt Metal threaded peg ending in a head: it screws into a nut.

latch bolt Part whose beveled end is activated by a doorknob; it catches automatically in a strike plate when the door is closed. faceplate Thin plate fastened to the edge of the door with an opening through which the bolt passes.

I 248

ELEMENTS OF A HOUSE

lock mortise lock Lock fitted into a door whose dead bolt provides greater security; it is used especially on exterior doors.

cylinder Part that contains the lock mechanism.

stator Fixed part of the lock mechanism interacting with the grooves in the key to make the rotor turn.--

spring Elastic piece of metal that, by pressing against the cotter pin, prevents the rotor from turning if ..the key's grooves do not match. cotter pin Piece of metal that, by aligning itself to the key’s grooves under pressure from the spring, enables the rotor to turn.

Metal part whose unique grooves activate the lock. rotor Rotating part of a lock mechanism that a unique key can turn in order to draw the bolt.

cylinder case Flollow part of a lock into which the locking mechanism is fitted.

HOUSE

keyway Orifice complementing the shape of the key and through which the rotor is fitted. Protruding cylindrical part on the door into which the key is inserted.

strike plate Metal part fixed to the door frame and fitted with an opening to a cavity into which the bolt is inserted.

dead bolt Part whose end is inserted into a strike plate to lock the door when activated by a key.

faceplate Thin plate fastened to the edge of the door with an opening through which the bolt passes.

window Opening in a wall fitted with glass to let in light and air.

head of frame Upper level part of the window frame.

casing Protruding border surrounding the sash frame of the window.

jalousie Exterior panel composed of horizontal strips protecting the window from the sun or rain while allowing air to pass through.

structure

top rail of sash Level piece of wood at the top of the movable part of the window. casement Movable window panel, with or without glass, that swings on hinges.

muntin Small jamb or crosspiece holding a window pane in place.

hanging stile Vertical part of the frame to which the 'hinges are attached; it allows the window to open.

pane Small glass plate in a window or... door.

sash frame Eixed frame encasing the movable part of the window.

hook Curved part holding the jalousie or shutter in place.

shutter Exterior panel made of solid wood protecting the glass portion of the window.

weatherboard Sloped strip of wood allowing water to flow away from the window. stile tongue of sash Vertical part of the frame with a rounded side that tits into the stile groove of the sash.

sill of frame Lower level part of the window sash frame.

hinge Small metal part pivoting on a gudgeon to let the casement swing.

stile groove of sash Vertical part of the frame with a concave groove; the stile tongue of the sash fits into it.

249

STRUCTURE OF A HOUSE

main rooms

elevation Vertical representation of the projection of the house. third floor

Floor immediately below roof containing rooms or an unfinished part ot the house.

second floor

Part of the house defined by a floor and a ceiling; it is located above -the first floor.

first floor

HOUSE

Part of the house closest to ground -level. basement

Part of the house that is 'underground or partially so; it lies under the ground floor.

first floor Part of the house closest to ground level.

patio door

Window at ground level whose sliding panel serves as a door. glassed roof

kitchen

Room where meals are prepared. dinette

Large glassed surface forming the walls and roof.

Part of a kitchen reserved for eating meals.

pantry

Storage place tor food not needing refrigeration.

dining room

sitting room

Room in which various activities take place, such as reading and watching television

Room designed and furnished for eating meals and receiving dinner guests.

laundry room

fireplace

Room where laundry is washedand dried.

Decorative brick installation for burning fires.

half bath

living room

Small room consisting of a toilef and a sink.

Room designed and furnished fc receiving visifors.

guard

Set of bars and a handrail bordering the stairs or the open' side of a landing.

Corridor or passage providing access to other rooms. stairs

frontdoor

Structural component enabling movement between floors of a house or other structure. vestibule

Entry room for the house.

I 250

closet

Space designated for storing clothes, hats, umbrellas and so forth.

steps

Outdoor staircase ending in a landing that leads to the house entrance.

STRUCTURE OF A HOUSE

main rooms loft An upper room or space immediately the roof.

study

.Room intended for intellectual work; it usually contains a worktable. railing

•Handrail at support level bordering the open side of a room.

master bedroom, cathedral roof

The largest room for sleeping. This one is enclosed by a high ceiling having two slopes.

stairwell skylight

Window protruding though a roof to ventilate and illuminate the stairwell. HOUSE

bathroom skylight

Window protruding though a root to ventilate and • illuminate the bathroom.

second floor Part of the house defined by a floor and a ceiling; it is located above the first floor.

bedroom

wardrobe

Room for sleeping.

Closet for storing clothes. bathtub

Sanitary fixture for taking baths; it is shaped like a deep, elongated basin.

bedroom

Room for sleeping

walk-in wardrobe

Large closet for storing clothes; it -is big enough to enter.

bathroom

Room designed for personal hygiene; it is equipped with running water and sanitary fixtures. walk-in closet

toilet

Closet for storing clothes.

Sanitary fixture for disposing of bodily waste; it comprises a toilet bowl and a tank.

landing

atform at the top of a set of stairs roviding access to rooms on that floor.

stairs

railing

■ail at support level bordering the open side of a room. master bedroom, cathedral ceiling

■ The largest room for sleeping. This one is enclosed by a high ceiling having two slopes.

guard

Set of bars and a handrail bordering the stairs or the open side of a landing.

balcony window

Window at floor level whose sliding panel serves as a door.

stairwell

Space designed to accommodate stairs.

bathroom

Room designed for personal hygiene; it is equipped with' running water and sanitary fixtures.

balcony

shower

Sanitary fixture for washing the body under a spray of water.

window

Opening in a wall fitted with glass to let in light and air.

Platform protruding from a house and opening onto a room by a door or a balcony window; it is bordered by a handrail.

251

[ I

STRUCTURE OF A HOUSE

frame Assembly of members that consists of the load-bearing structure of a building and that provides stability to it.

double plate Level double member attached to the top ends of the studs; it also supports ceiling joists and rafters.

tie beam Beam forming the hip of a sloped roof and against which the rafters rest.

rafter Diagonal frame member of a sloped roof resting against the tie beam and the double plate; it supports the roof.

ceiling joist Level member to which the ceiling sheathing is attached; for a sloped ceiling, it is usually attached to the rafters. sheathing Wall covering attached directly to the frame serving as a base or support upon which to nail other facings.

gable stud Vertical member of a frame transferring the roof’s load to the double plate.

subfloor Planks or plywood laid on floor joists; the floor covering is in turn laid on it.

header Level member at the top of a window opening; it also transfers the vertical loads it supports to the contiguous gable studs. HOUSE

strut Member placed between two studs to keep them evenly spaced and to increase stability and strength.

windowsill Level member at the bottom of a window opening. sill plate Member anchored to the top of the foundation wall; the floor joists and the end joists rest on it.

stud Vertical member used in walls to support the double plate and to which the wall covering is attached. girder Especially strong level member transferring the load above it to its supporting wall. ledger Level member located along a girder and supporting the ends of the floor joists.

brace Vertical or diagonal member used to strengthen the studs and to keep them from deforming. bridging Structure composed of two members forming an X and placed between the joists to reinforce them and keep them from deforming. end joist Member perpendicular and attached to the floor joists at their ends to form the exterior framework.

252

foundation Part of the wall located below ground level and wider than the wall itself, which it supports; it is usually made of cement. footing Spread-footing section supporting the foundation wall; it is usually made of cement. corner stud Strong stud located at the corner of the frame.

foist Level member resting on a ledger and a sill plate and intended to support the floor.

STRUCTURE OF A HOUSE

roof truss Assembly of members composed of a triangular substructure to form the frame of a sloped roof; it supports the roof, |

king post

Vertical member supporting the tie beam and joining the principal rafters to the ridge beam. principal rafter

side post

Diagonal member ot a roof truss; it functions as a ratter.

Small vertical member supporting the principal ratter.

ridge beam

strut

Level member at the base ot a truss upon which the side posts and the king post rest; these in turn support the principal ratters.

Diagonai member supporting the principal rafter, joining it to the junction ot the king post and the ridge beam.

foundation Work done on-sIte in cement or masonry; It supports a structure's load and transfers it to the ground, thus providing stability. | sheathing

Wall covering attached directly to the frame serving as a base or support upon which to nail other tacings.

wall stud

Vertical member used in walls to support the double plate; the facing is attached to it.

baseboard

Plank ot wood protruding trom the base of a wall; it covers the joint between the floor and the wall. molding

insulating material

Finishing molding attached to the baseboard where it meets the floor; its cross-section is a quarter circle.

Material impeding heat loss to the outdoors or the cold trom entering. subfloor

wood flooring

Planks or plywood laid on tloor joists; the floor covering is in turn laid on it.

A room’s decorative tloor covei made ot wooden squares or str ,.of wood.

brick wall

Exterior racing ot a frame usually composed of blocks made from baked clay. sill

Level member to which the bottom ends of the studs are attached.

floor joist

Level member resting on a ledger and a sill plate and intended to support the floor.

foundation

Part of the wall located below ground level and wider than the wall itself, which it supports; it is usually made of cement.

end joist

Member perpendicular and attached to the tloor joists at their ends to form the exterior framework.

gravel

Bed of small stones absorbing smaller particles found in water to prevent them from blocking the drain; it also keeps the drain in place.

sill plate

Member anchored to the top of the foundation wall; the floor joists and the end joists rest on it.

drain tile-

Perforated pipe draining water from the soil; it also protects the foundation from frost and pressure caused by wet soil.

footing

Spread-footing section supporting the foundation wall; it is usually made of cement. 253

STRUCTURE OF A HOUSE

wood flooring

A room's decorative floor covering made of wooden squares or strips of wood.

wood flooring on cement screed Wood flooring that is supported by a layer of cement.

wood flooring on wooden structure Wood flooring that is supported by a subfloor made of wood.

floorboard

Small piece of wood that forms decorative panels when assembled with others of the same type.

Strip of wood that forms a pattern when assembled with others.

HOUSE

subfloor

Planks or plywood laid on floor, joists: the floor covering is in turn ’ laid on it.

insulating material

Layer under the cement screed that dampens impact noises; it is usually made of felt or cork.

cement screed

glue

Cement layer ensuring the evenness of the room’s floor.

Adhesive used to fix the wood flooring to the cement screed.

joist

Level member resting on a ledger and a sill plate and intended to support the floor.

wood flooring arrangements Strip flooring and parquetry are vehicles for creating various artistic patterns.

overlay flooring strip flooring with alternate joints Wood flooring with floorboards of different Wood flooring with floorboards of lengths laid parallel; its joints are distributed identical lengths laid parallel; its joints randomly. are offset by half a length from one row to the next.

herringbone parquet Wood flooring of rectangular wood strips of equal lengths laid one against the other to form an angle of 45°.

herringbone pattern Wood flooring of equal lengths whose joints meet at 45° to 60° cuts.

Chantilly parquet Wood flooring composed of a border and of compartments positioned at right angles to it. Inspired by the Chateau de Chantilly in France.

Versailles parquet Wood flooring composed of a border and of compartments positioned diagonally in relation to it. Inspired by the Chateau de Versailles in France.

inlaid parquet Wood flooring of parquetry assembled in a checkerboard pattern. basket weave pattern Wood flooring of parquetry creating a woven effect.

Arenberg parquet Wood flooring composed of a border and of different geometric figures. Inspired by the Chateau d'Arenberg in Belgium.

textile floor coverings I Textile floor coverings, such as rugs and pile carpets, are comfortable and attractive, and dampen impact noise. rug Piece of thick heavy fabric usually having a nap and covering a section of the floor; it is removable.

pile carpet Piece of thick heavy fabric attached to and covering the entire floor of a room. pile

Visible surface of a carpet made of ---■ raised fibers that are cut or looped.

•rtf: S'--

underlay

Covering placed beneafh the pile. carpet to make walking more comfortable and to dampen noise. I 254

•

tackless strip

Small Strip of wood covered with ' tacks and nailed or glued to the perimeter of the room; the pile carpet is fastened to it.

STRUCTURE OF A HOUSE

stairs structural component enabling movement between floors of a house or other structure. |

goose-neck guard

Set of bars and a handrail bordering the stairs or the open side Ota landing.

cap

Adornment tor the top of a newel post.

Decorative detail at the end of a handrail. handrail

Top part of a guard for gripping when climbing or descending a ..-staircase.

landing

Platform between two flights of - stairs or at the top of a staircase. closed stringer

HOUSE

Diagonal piece of notched wood supporting steps and risers and enclosing their ends. flight of stairs

Set of steps lying between two floors, two landings or a floor and a landing. open stringer

i i i

Diagonal piece of wood cuf to fit the steps and risers and supporting the ends of fhe steps at the banister.

starting step

Bottom step in a flight of sfairs.

step groove

Width of the staircase. between two successive risers, excluding the nosing. baseboard

Plank of wood protruding from the base of a wall; it hides the joint between the floor and the wall.

banister

Small piece of wood supporting the handrail and providing safety.

newel post

Strong post at the top or bottom of a staircase supporting the handrail

step Part of a staircase composed of a tread and a riser.

HEATING

wood firing Creates heat by burning wood; nowadays, heating with wood is usually reserved as a backup. fireplace Masonry structure topped with a chimney and open in front: burning wood emits heat that is reflected from the inner hearth.

hood

Part of a fireplace located above the •mantel: it hides the chimney and allows the smoke to escape to the outdoors.

mantel shelf

Level top part of a fireplace’s •mantel. corbel piece mantel

HOUSE

Piece protruding from a jamb or wall: It supports the mantel of a fireplace.

Part of the fireplace protruding over the hearth, lintel

jamb

Horizontal crosspiece above the hearth and supporting the mantel.

Vertical facing making up the side of the hearth and supporting the upper parts of the fireplace.

frame

Metal piece around the edge of the fireplace opening.

firebrick back

Vertical facing making up the back of the hearth.

base

Pedestal protecting a room’s floor from the heat produced by the fireplace. inner hearth •

Part of a fireplace where combustion takes place. woodbox

Part of the fireplace where wood is •stored. slow-burning stove Closed heating device: the amount of air entering the tire box is controlled to slow down combustion. chimney connection

Pipe connecting the stove to the chimney or to another stovepipe to evacuate the smoke.

smoke baffle

Device directing the smoke toward -the chimney connection.

warm-air baff

Device forcing heated air to tf front of the stov

loading door

Airtight glass door sealing the fire • box.

hot-air outlet

firebrick

Vents in the side of the box through which heated air is returned to the room.

Brick that can withstand very high temperatures without deforming. handle

box

Rigid metal casing of the stove.

fire box

-Area of fhe stove in which the wood is burned. air inlet control

Handle controlling the mechanism for regulating the amount of air entering the fire box. I 25B

I :

HEATING

wood firing

fire irons

chimney Channel through which smoke and combustion gases from a heating device are evacuated while ensuring the free flow of air.

Tools used to grasp and move burning wood, revive the fire and collect the ashes. rain cap

Part covering the top of a chimney to protect it from wind and rain.

storm collar

Part protecting the watertightness of the flashing by diverting water runoff. HOUSE

flashing

Part located where the exterior of the chimney joins the roof; it protects against water seepage.

ceiling

ceiling collar

Part fitted around a section of the chimney to protect combustible materials in the floor, ceiling and roof from the heat. pipe section

broom Tool for cleaning the hearth and sweeping the ashes into the shovel.

poker Tool for poking the embers and logs in order to stir up the fire.

shovel Tool for collecting the ashes.

log tongs Tool for grasping and moving logs and embers.

Sections of stovepipe forming the chimney are joined in various ways: they are screwed, welded or fitted into collars.

ceiling collar

Part fitted around a chimney at certain points to protect combustible materials in the floor, -ceiling and roof from the heat.

floor

andirons Metal supports placed in the hearth for cradling the logs; they allow air to circulate during combustion.

log carrier Basket for carrying firewood and storing it near the fireplace.

capped tee

T-shaped pipe joining a heating device to the chimney stovepipe.

fireplace screen Device placed in front of the fireplace opening to protect the floor from sparks. 257

HEATING

forced warm-air system In this type ot system, air is heated in a turnace and blown by a tan through a network of ducts to the rooms ot a dwelling.

branch duct

Duct, usually made of sheet metal, 'carrying the hot air toward the registers.

hot-air register

Adjustable grill located at the end of a duct through which hot air is distributed throughout a room.air return

HOUSE

Duct directing air from a room back to the furnace to be reheated.

damper

Mechanism for regulating the volume of air passing through a' duct.

'furnace

Device creating heat and blowing ■■■the air through the duct system.

wall stack section

plenum

Vertical duct carrying hot air upward toward the registers on the upper floors.

Joining duct between the furnace and the hot-air distribution system.

elbow

Connection or part of a duct for altering the direction of the hot air.

mam duct

Duct that leaves the turnace and carries hot air toward the branch ducts.

electric furnace Device using electricity for creating heat and blowing it through the duct system.

types of registers Registers are located at the ends of the ducts and are fitted at the bottom of a wgJI, in a floor or near the celling. hot-air outflow

Duct directing hot from the furnace to the rooms.

air return

Duct directing air from a room back to the furnace to be reheated.

plenum

Joining duct between the furnace and the hot-air distribution system. heating element

baseboard register Adjustable grill located at the^end of a duct through which hotair is distributed throughout a room.

Electric device heating the air before distributing it through the ducts.

electric conm

Device connecting the i furnace to the dwelling’s!

wall register Grill at the end of an air-return duct, which returns a room’s air to the furnace.

blower motor

Device transforming electric energy into mechanical energy to drive another device, blower

Device blowing the hot air out of the furnace.

access panel

Removable panel for accessing the furnace’s components.

I 258

ceiling register Grill at the end of a duct through which a room’s air is drawn to mix it with the forced hotair.

HEATING

forced hot-water system Water heated in a boiler tiows up to the radiators, where it releases its heat to the ambient air; the water then returns to the boiler to be reheated. radiator branch supply pipe

Device transferring heat obtained trom the passage of hot water to the ambient air.

Pipe carrying the hot water to the radiators one floor above.

branch return pipe

Pipe carrying the cooled water to the main return pipe one tioor below.

main supply pipe

Pipe carrying the hot water to the radiators.

expansion tank main return pipe

Reservoir tor absorbing water expansion; it keeps the water pressure in the system steady.

Pipe carrying cooled water to the boiler.

HOUSE

boiler

Device in which water is heated before being distributed to the radiators.

circulating pump

Device moving water throughout the network ot pipes and radiators.

oil burner Device for mixing a flammable substance (heating oil) with air, then blowing and Igniting this mixture in a boiler’s fire pot.

nozzle

Tube through which the heating oil passes to be pulverized into tiny droplets; upon exiting, it mixes with air. electrode assembly

boiler Device in which water is heated before being distributed to the radiators.

The mixture of heating oil and air Is lit by an electric spark arcing''-., between two electrodes.

ignition transformer air tube

Cylindrical part covering the nozzle and the ignition electrodes; it joins the burner to the fire pot.

heat control

Mechanism controlled by fluctuations in temperature; it can be set to automatically switch the burner on or off.

pressure relief valve chimney

Channel through which combustion gases are evacuated.

Mechanism for releasing pressure by letting off excess water or steam.

Device that changes the voltage of an electric circuit in order to produce a spark between two electrodes.

oil supply line

electric motor

Tube injecting heating oil into the burner and toward the nozzle,-

Device transforming electric energy into mechanical energy to drive another device. Device blowing air out of the burner to mix with the heating oil mist.

box

• Rigid metal casing for the boiler. insulation

- Material covering the sides of the boiler to reduce heat loss,

oil supply inlet

oil pump

Device compressing heating oil and directing it to the nozzle.

Tube carrying heating oil to the pump.

Aquastat

-Device regulating the water temperature.

column radiator Device consisting of vertical columns through which hot water circulates; the inherent heat is transferred to the ambient air.

heating element

-Conduit in which the water is heated.

covering grille

, radiator’s decorative cover. heat exchanger

.Set of pipes transferring the heat produced by combustion to the water.

bleeder valve

Mechanism for releasing air that occasionally accumulates at the' top of the radiator.

draft hole

Peephole for viewing the inside of the fire pot.

airtube burner

Cylindrical part covering the nozzle Device for mixing a flammable and the ignition electrodes; it joins substance with air, and fanning and the burner to the fire pot. igniting this mixture in a boiler’s lire pot.

fire pot

Part of the boiler where the combustion of air and heating oil takes place after they pass through the burner.

column

Vertical tube through which thewater flows. hot-water outlet -

Valve for draining the water from the radiator.

regulating valve

Device for regulating the volume of water circulating through a radiator.

259 {

HEATING

heat pump

I Device exchanging heat between two environments of different temperatures; it can either heat or cool a house dependinq on how the I circuit is set. ’ circuit breaker supply duct

Mechanism automatically cutting oft the power supply In the event of' overload.

Duct carrying forced hot air ■ (heating mode) or cool air (cooling mode) into the house. indoor unit

fan

Part of the pump that, depending on the - setting, either transfers outdoor heat into the house (heating mode) or transfers heat from the indoors to the outdoors (cooling mode).

Propeller-shaped blades drawing in outdoor air (heating mode) orexpelling indoor air (cooling mode).

refrigerant tubing

outdoor unit

Conduit circulating a refrigerant, thus enabling the heat transfer.

Part of the pump in which, depending on the setting, the outside air is tapped (heating mode) or the indoor air is cooled (cooling mode).. HOUSE

electric connection

Conduit connecting the heat pump to the dwelling's electric system. compressor

Device compressing the refrigerant to the desired pressure.

refrigerant tubing

auxiliary heating

electric baseboard radiator Device using electricity to heat air by drawing it in at its base and releasing it at the top by convection.

thermostat

Mechanism that, by sensing changes in temperature, will automatically switch the radiator on or off.

fin

Projecting metal rib attached to the heating element; it increases the heat-emitting surface area.

deflector

fan heater Device in which the air is heated by electric elements and diffused by a fan.

Part directir the heated air toward the room,

convector Device that, by convection, draws air through its base, heats it inside, then diffuses it through a grille on the top.

outlet grille

■Grille through which the heated air is diffused in the room. oil-filled heater Device made of tubes that circulate oil heated by electric elements.

casing

Rigid metal box protecting the heater.

260

radiant heater Device producing heat from a heating element and diffusing it in the form of light waves.

AIR CONDITIONING

air-conditioning appliances These appliances help make a house comfortable by cooling, filtering and humidifying or dehumidifying the ambient air

dehumidifier Device that lowers the humidity level in a room’s air by cooling it.

motor Device transforming electric energy into mechanical energy to drive another device.

front grille Perforated panel through which the air enters a room.

blade Part whose long flat surface moves the ambient air when it rotates.

water level

bucket Tank collecting the water droplets formed from the cooled air.

choosing key Button for confirming the selected time and temperatures programmed.

i I I !

air purifier Device drawing air in from a room to filter it by removing its pollutants before returning it.

room thermostat Mechanism that, by sensing changes in temperature, can be set to automatically switch the heating or airconditioning or off in a room or house. cover

housing arrow key Button for changing the ' programmed time and house temperature. programming control Button for regulating fhe thermostat according to the schedule chosen.

control panel Panel containing the controls for operating the humiditier.

desired temperature Desired temperature of the ambient air.

temperature control Knob for selecting the desired temperature.

pointer Metal needle attached to the thermometer showing the ambient temperature. actual temperature A built-in thermometer shows the current temperature of the room in which it is located.

humidifier Device that increases the humidity level in the air of a room.

vaporizer Device blending air with a fine mist of water before blowing it into the room.

water tank Reservoir containing the water to be vaporized in the room.

air filter Device that absorbs dust ■suspended in the air. vaporizing grille ■ Perforated panel dispersing the humidified air.

water level

room air conditioner Device installed in a window tor cooling and circulating the air in a room.

hygrometer Device measuring the amount of humidity in a room’s air.

evaporator blower Device drawing in warm air from the room, directing it over the cold evaporator coils and then returning it to the room.

fan motor Device transforming electric energy into mechanical energy to drive a device; in this case, the fan.

casing

condenser coil Tube in which the hot refrigerant dissipates the room’s heat to the outdoors.

louver Device directing cool air into the room.

humidity

thermostat Mechanism that, by sensing changes in temperature, will automatically switch the air conditioner on or off.

vent Grate through which outdoor air is drawn inward.

blower motor Device transforming electric energy into mechanical energy to drive a device; in this case, the fan.

fan control Knob for regulating the rate of air flow. temperature

function selector Knob for regulating the temperature and the fan speed.

condenser fan Propeller-shaped tan drawing outdoor air through the vents and over the hot condenser coils to cool them.

control panel Panel containing the controls that operate the air conditioner.

grille Grille through which the heated air is diffused in the room.

evaporator coil Tube carrying refrigerant that absorbs the room’s heat.

2B1

HOUSE

programmable thermostat Electronic device tor keeping a house or a room at a certain temperature; it can be programmed to follow a schedule. display Screen showing digital data (time and temperature).

ceiling fan Device whose rotating blades draw the warm air in a room upward in summer or push it downward in winter.

rod -... Cylinder linking the fan to the ceiling and housing the electric wires.

humidistat Mechanism that, by sensing changes in humidity, can be set to automatically switch the humiditier on or ott.

PLUMBING

plumbing system I In a house, there are four plumbing systems enabling water to circulate: hot and cold water distribution, pipe ventilation and wastewater evacuation.

mam circuit vent

Vertical pipe vented directly outdoors that allows air to circulate throughout the draining circuit; it also vents sewer gas.

[uui vein

Point of entry for outside air into the main circuit vent.

toilet

Sanitary fixture for disposing of bodily waste; it comprises a toilet bowl and a tank.

circuit vent

Allows air to circulate and maintains constant pressure throughout the entire draining circuit.

sink

Sanitary fixture in the form of a basin; it is used for washing.

HOUSE

double sink

Fixture consisting of two basins having a water supply and equipped with a drain; it is used in a kitchen ora laundry room.-.

bathtub

Sanitary fixture for taking baths; i / is shaped like a deep, elongated c basin.

drain

Pipe that uses gravity to carry wastewater from a fixture to a branch.-.

shower and tub fixture

Device for mixing hot and cold water for the -bath or shower.

waste stack

overflow

Pipe through which wastewater is discharged and carried to the building sewer.-

Drainpipe for draining off a fixture’s overflow when the water level reaches a certain level. trap

hot-water heater

U-shaped pipe beneath a fixture • containing a quantity of water to prevent sewage gases from escaping.

Device producing sanitary hot water for washing and bathing; it consumes gas or electricity.,. main cleanout

branch

Metal part screwed to the drain that can be removed if the drain needs to be unplugged.-

■ Pipe draining wastewater from the fixtures to the waste stack. fixture drain-

supply line

pipe carrying waste from a toilet to the branch.

Pipe delivering cold drinking water to a house’s plumbing system; it is an extension of the water service pipe.

hot-water riser

Vertical pipe carrying hot water to house’s upper floors.

shutoff valve

Valve for shutting off the water supply to the entire house.-

cold-water riser

water service pipe

Vertical pipe carrying cold water to a house’s upper floors.

Pipe connecting a public water-''' supply to the house. water meter

Device for gauging the amount of water consumed by a household.

ventilating circuit

^ Set of interconnected pipes allowing air to circulate in the circuit.

I 2B2

floor drain

Hole at the end of a pipe carrying overflow water to the main drain.

draining circuit

m Set of interconnected pipes allowing wastewater to drain into the building sewer.

building sewer

washer

Drainpipe carrying wastewater from the waste stack to the sewage system or septic tank.

Household appliance that washes clothes automatically.

cold-water circuit

Set of interconnected pipes distributing cold drinking water throughout a house.

hot-water circuit

■ Set of interconnected pipes distributing hot water from a hot-water heater.

PLUMBING

pedestal-type sump pump Device removing water from a pit dug in the ground in order to evacuate it to a sewer or septic tank.

switch

Mechanism allowing the pump motor to be activated when the float reaches a preset level.

pump motor

Device transforming electric energy into mechanical energy to drive another device.

check valve

Valve with a toggle preventing water from backing up into the sump.

grounded receptacle

Device for supplying electricity and ensuring the transfer of the current to the ground in the event of device malfunction; it prevents electrocution.

discharge line

Pipe through which the pump evacuates the sump water to a sewer or septic tank.

float clamp

Metal part keeping the float line in place.

HOUSE

sump

Pit in which water runoft is collected in the event the basement floods.

float

Moving part connected to the shutoff switch; it rises with the water level and activates the pump.

septic tank Underground system in which sewage is treated and dispersed. tank

Wastewater settles and sewage decomposes naturally in the first compartment. Water then flows into the second compartment.

building sewer

Drainpipe carrying wastewater from the waste stack to the sewage system or septic tank.

distribution box

Device spreading water evenly through the network of drains. gravel

Bed of small stones absorbing smaller particles found in water to prevent them from blocking the perforated pipes; it also keeps the perforated pipes in place

leach field

Land containing perforated pipes through which the water infiltrates the ground.

perforated pipe

Perforated pipe through which water drains in order to filter through the gravel and then into the soil. 2B3

PLUMBING

bathroom I Room designed for personal hygiene; it is equipped with running water and sanitary fixtures.

portable shower head sliding door

shower head

Panel or panels of a door sliding horizontally along a set of tracks.

Perforated device through which water flows underpressure.

overflow

Movable handle equipped with a perforated shower head; it is used especially for rinsing hair.

Drainpipe for draining off a fixture’s overflow when the water level reaches a certain level.

shower stall spray hose

faucet

Enclosed space in which a sanitary faciiity allows one to wash one’s body under a spray of water.

mirror

Polished glass surface reflecting light and returning images.

HOUSE

Flexible pipe allowing the shower head to be moved.

Device stopping or starting the flow of hot or cold water, as well as regulating its flow rate.

stissue holder

tub platform

;

toilet tank

bidet

Reservoir storing water used to flush the contents of a toilet bowl.

Low sanitary fixture shaped like a toilet bowl and used for bathing private parts. toilet

Sanitary fixture for disposing of bodily waste; it comprises a toilet bowl and a tank.

I 264

Raised floor section leading to the bathtub.

seat cover

Part covering the toilet-bowl opening,

sink

Sanitary fixture in the form of a basin; it is used for washing.

bathtub

Sanitary fixture for taking baths; it is shaped like a deep, elongated basin.

■ i

i :

soap dish

vanity cabinet

Furniture where one grooms oneself; it is equipped with a countertop and usually contains drawers.

^ towel bar

PLUMBING

toilet Sanitary fixture for disposing of bodily waste; it comprises a toilet bowl and a tank.

flush handle Mechanism that one lowers in order to tiush out the contents ot the toilet; it activates the trip lever.

overflow tube Drainpipe for draining off a fixture’s overflow when the water level reaches a certain level. trip lever Mechanism that, when activated by the flush handle, pulls up the lift chain, letting the water flow from the tank into the toilet bowl.

refill tube Pipe carrying water from the cold-water supply line to the toilet bowl.

float ball Movable device that, when dropping with the water level, opens the valve; when the water level rises again, it shuts the valve.

tank lid.

HOUSE

lift chain Connector composed of a series of metal links that, when pulled up by ••the trip lever, opens the tank ball.

ball-cock supply valve Mechanism allowing or stopping the flow of water into the tank; it is activated by the float ball.

seat cover Part covering the toilet-bowl opening.

seat Seat pierced with a hole; it can be raised or lowered.

tiller tube Pipe carrying water from the cold-water supply line to the toilet tank.

tank ball Plug that, when raised by the lift chain, lets the water in the tank flow into the ■ toilet bowl; it then sinks, allowing the tank to refill. valve seat shaft Watertight device into which the tank ball is inserted to allow the tank to refill.

toilet bowl Hollowed-out part of the fixture in which water flushes waste out through the trap.

conical washer-' Watertight seal inserted in the toilet bowl opening to prevent the water from escaping. cold-water supply line' Pipe carrying water to the toilet.

shutoff valve Device for shutting off the supply of water to the toilet.

trap Part of the toilet holding a certain amount of water so that sewage gases cannot escape from the draining circuit.

waste pipe Pipe through which wastewater is discharged and carried to the building sewer.

wax seal Gasket inserted between the toilet trap and the waste pipe to prevent water from leaking into the room.

265

PLUMBING

water-heater tank I Device producing sanitary hot water for washing and bathing; it consumes gas or electricity.

electric water-heater tank

cold-water supply Inlet pipe for cold water to the tank.

HOUSE

anode rod Magnesium-coated electrode protecting the tank from the corrosive effects of the water. high-temperature cutoff Mechanism cutting off the flow of electric current when the temperature of the water exceeds a set' value.

upper thermostat Device that senses changes in temperature and automatically switches the upper heating element on or off. ■

hot-water outlet Outlet pipe for hot water flowing into the hot-water circuit.

pressure relief valve Device tor lowering the pressure inside the tank by releasing excess hot water.

upper heating element Coated electric resistor immersed in the upper part of the tank to heat the water.

access paneltank Insulated reservoir in which hot water is stored; it is usually cylindrical and enameled or glazed.

insulation ■ Material placed between the tank and the outer walls of the hot-water tank in order to'reduce heat loss. electric supply Point where the hot-water tank connects with the household circuit. overflow pipe Pipe through which water escapes when maximum pressure is exceeded.

lower thermostat Device that senses changes in temperature and automatically switches the lower heating element on or oft.

lower heating element Coated electric resistor immersed in the lower part of the tank to heat the water.

drain valve Device for emptying water from the tank.

I 2B6

PLUMBING

water-heater tank

gas water-heater tank

hot-water outlet Outlet pipe for hot water flowing into the hot-water circuit.

outer jacket Metal casing protecting the tank.

flue hat Device reducing the amount of air withdrawn by convection.

pressure-relief valve Device for lowering the pressure inside the tank by releasing excess hot water. HOUSE

overflow pipe Pipe through which water escapes when maximum pressure is exceeded.

insulation Material placed between the tank and the outer walls of the hot-water tank in order to reduce heat ioss. cold-water supply line Inlet pipe for cold water to the tank.

flue Channel through which combustion gases are evacuated.

glass-lined tank Insulated reservoir protected against corrosion by an enamel or glaze coating. I

reset button Mechanism allowing the burner to be manually restarted. gas cock Mechanism cutting off the gas supply when the water reaches the desired temperature. control box Box containing the set of controls that measure temperature and operate the burner.

temperature control ... Device for setting the temperature. thermostat Mechanism controlled by fluctuations in temperature; it can be set to automatically switch the burner on or off.

drain valve Device for emptying the water from the tank. gas burner - Combustion device for an air-gas mixture.

267

PLUMBING

faucets I The double-handle faucet controls the flow of hot and cold water; the single-lever faucet mixes the hot and cold water and controls their * flow. stem faucet Device stopping or starting the flow of hot or cold water, as well as regulating its flow rate.

handle When turned, raises or lowers the spindle, allowing the water to be turned oft or on.

packing nut Metal part allowing the packing to be tightened against the washer.

packing Gasket preventing the spindle trom leaking.

washer Part inserted over the spindle that fits into the body of the faucet.

spindle Metal unit that provides the link between the handle and the stem washer.

HOUSE

stem holder Bracket for the stem washer. spout Curved end out of which water flows.

thread Helical grooves at the end of the spout to which an accessory, such as an aerator, can be attached.

valve seat Part against which the stem washer presses to prevent leakage.

disc faucet Type of faucet fitted with two perforated discs that regulate the water’s flow and its temperature.

handle Lever for controlling water flow and the mixture of hot and cold water. bonnet Decorative part covering the body of the faucet; the handle turns on it.

spout Curved end out of which water flows.

seal Washer protecting a water inlet trom leaking. water inlet Tubular section through which water enters the faucet.

stem washer Stopper attached to the bottom of the spindle. When inserted into the valve seat, it blocks the inflow of water; when raised, it allows the water to flow.

ball-type faucet Type of faucet fitted with a perforated ball that regulates both the flow of water and its temperature.

cylinder Part fitted with two discs; one activated by the handle, the other stationary.

aerator Device fitted with a screen and attached to the spout; it aerates the water and prevents splashing.

escutcheon Plate for covering and protecting water-intake pipes.

handle Lever for controlling water flow and the mixture of hot and cold water.

cartridge faucet Type of faucet fitted with a perforated cartridge that regulates both the flow of water and its temperature.

spout Curved end out of which water flows. bonnet Decorative part covering the body of the faucet; the handle turns on it.

handle Lever for controlling water flow and the mixture of hot and cold water.

uai LI luyc

aerator Device fitted with a screen and attached to the spout; it aerates the water and prevents splashing.

body Part covering the faucet’s mechanism.

packing retainer ring Plastic part inserted into the body to keep the washer on the bail and to prevent leakage in the faucet.

washer Part wedged between the packing retainer ring and the ball assembly to prevent leaking.

valve seat Gasket preventing the water inlet ■ from leaking. spring Elastic metal part that is kept under pressure to hold the valve seat in’ place.

0-ring Circular gasket, usually made of rubber, preventing water from leaking from the base of the faucet. I 2B8

cover Decorative part capping the top of the handle.

ball assembly Perforated part letting water enter; it also mixes the hot and cold water.

When its stem is raised by the handle, its lower end is lifted out of the seat to let water flow...

spout Curved end out of which water flows.

cartridge stem Unit activated by the handle that drives the rotating movement of the cartridge.

retaining ring Plastic part inside the faucet body keeping the washer in place. aerator Device fitted with a screen and attached to the spout; it aerates the water and prevents splashing.

body Part attached to the faucet’s ring and serving to hide the cartridge.

0-ring Circular gasket, usually made of rubber, preventing water from leaking from the base of the faucet.

PLUMBING

fittings Transition fittings are used for joining components made of different materials, whereas fittings are used to join components of the same | material. examples of transition fittings Transition fittings aliow tubes of different materials to be joined. steel to plastic The tubes are joined by a threaded tube for the steel end. and by compression coupling or, fora plastic end, by gluing.

copper to steel The tubes are joined by a threaded tube on the steel end, and by union or compression coupiing on the copper end.

copper to plastic The tubes are joined by union or compression coupling,

examples of fittings Fittings are used to join two or more pipes, a pipe to a device, or a pipe to a cap or plug.

Fitting joining two pipes so that the pipe can bypass an obstacle.

Fitting joining three pipes, one of which is perpendicular to the other two.

trap U-shaped pipe beneath a fixture containing a quantity of water to prevent sewage gases from escaping.

Fitting joining three pipes, one of which is obligue to the other two.

HOUSE

cap Plug inserted into the end of a pipe to ciose it off.

li U-bend Fitting joining two pipes in order to change their direction by 180°.

threaded cap Plug screwed onto the end of a male threaded pipe to close it off.

hexagon bushing Fitting with a hexagonai head. It joins two pipes of different diameters: one pipe is screwed onto the male end, and the other into the female end.

flush bushing Fitting joining two pipes of different diameters. The larger pipe screws onto the male end and the smaller pipe screws into the female end.

90° elbow Fitting for joining two pipes in order to change their direction.

nipple Threaded fitting having two male ends; it is used to join two pipes of the same diameter.

45° elbow Fitting for joining two pipes in order to change their direction by 45°.

pipe coupling Threaded fitting with twofemaie ends; it is used to join two pipes of the same diameter.

reducing coupling Fitting joining two pipes of different diameters in order to reduce the diameter of a pipe run.

square head plug Cap screwed into the end of a threaded female pipe to close it off.

mechanical connectors

union Formed by using a nut to tighten a maie union nut in a female union nut; leakage is prevented by placing a gasket where the two tubes meet.

Pipes joined using nuts and threaded metal parts; a gasket is inserted to tighten them, thus preventing ieakage.

union nut

Threaded on the inside so that a male union nut can be screwed into it.

ring nut

Part that enables a male union nut to be screwed into a female union nut.

I union nut

. compression fitting Threaded part into which two tubes can be inserted; they are made watertight by a gasket tightened with a nut.

Threaded on the outside so it can be inserted into the female union nut.

gasket

Fiexible washer placed where two tubes meet to prevent leakage.

pipe B

pipe A

nut

Metal part that screws onto the fitting so that the gasket can be tightened on the tube.

connector Threaded part joining two pipes.

pipe B

pipe A

gasket

Washer made of metal or rubber compressed against the pipe to prevent leakage in the fitting.

flare joint Threaded part over which two tubes having beil-shaped ends can be tightened by a nut.

pipe B

pipe A

connector Threaded part joining two pipes.

tube end Flared end of a pipe.

269

PLUMBING

examples of branching I Branching: the way in which an appliance is hooked up to a house's plumbing system. garbage disposal sink

Appliance used in a kitchen, sometimes with two basins, that is fed by water and equipped with a drain and a garbage disposal unit.

handle Lever controlling the flow and mixture of hot and cold water.

spray head Flexible faucet with a perforated spout, used especially for rinsing.

single-handle kitchen faucet Device acting as both faucet and hot and cold water mixer.

HOUSE

spout assembly Curved end out of which water flows. sink Water-fed basin equipped with a drain; it is indispensable for cooking and cleaning tasks.

escutcheon Plate for covering and protecting water-intake pipes.

compression coupling Tightening of a gasket on a tube by using a nut.

strainer body Part equipped with an orifice and located at the bottom of the sink, allowing water to flow out. rubber gasket Gasket preventing leakage between the strainer body and the sink.

spray hose Supple tube allowing the spray head to be moved.

locknut Part for tightening the joint between the draining circuit and' the end piece.

■supply tube Pipe carrying water from the supply line to the faucet.

strainer coupling Part for tightening the joint,, between the strainer body and the end piece.

garbage disposal unit Electric device for grinding table scraps into fine particles so that running water can flush them down the drain.

drain Pipe joining the strainer body with-'' the tee.

shutoff valve ' Device allowing the flow of water to the sink to be shut off.

trap U-shaped pipe beneath a fixture containing a quantity of water toprevent sewage gases from escaping.

hot-water supply line

cleanout Part screwed into the trap that can be removed in case it needs to be unblocked.

cold-water supply line

trap coupling Movable part joining the trap with the tee.

I 270

PLUMBING

exanriijles of branching

washer Household appliance that washes clothes automatically.

air chamber Prevents banging in the pipes (water hamnner) caused by pressure when a faucet is shut off. flexible rubber hose Supple tube carrying water to the washer.

shutoff valve Device for shutting off the supply of water to the washer.

cold-water supply line

tee Shaped like a T, it joins three pipes, one of which is perpendicular to the other two.

washer Household appliance that washes clothes automatically.

HOUSE

hot-water supply line

house drain Pipe using gravity to move the wastewater from the washer to the drain.

standpipe Pipe through which wastewater is discharged and carried to the ■ building sewer.

drain hose Flexible tube through which the washer pump expels wastewater to the standpipe.

dishwasher Appliance designed to automatically wash and dry dishes. drain hose Pipe collecting wastewater from the dishwasher and carrying it to the drain. dishwasher Appliance designed to automatically wash and dry dishes.

air chamber Prevents banging in the pipes (water hammer) caused by pressure when a faucet is shut off.

waste tee Shaped like a T, it joins three pipes, one of which is perpendicular to the other two.

hot-water supply line

cold-water supply line

shutoff valve Device for shutting off the supply of water to the dishwasher.

271

(

ELECTRICITY

distribution panel I Set of devices forming the junction of the public electricity grid and the electric circuits of a dwelling.

knockout

bonding jumper

Partially cut-out metal part that can be removed if needed in order to attach a supplementary cable to the panel.

Screvi/ inserted into the metal box of the panel allowing it to be connected to the neutral hot bus bar.

240-volt feeder cable

Cable consisting of three wires, one neutral and two live, conducting an electric current from the grid to the distribution panel.

| i

main breaker

Mechanism controlling the supply of electricity to the hot bus bars; it allows the current to all the dwelling’s circuits to be cut.'.,.

connector

Device for screwing the electricconnection conduit to the panel box.

double circuit breaker

Protection device for a 240-volt circuit that, in the event of overload, is released and thus cuts oft electricity to the circuits.-.,

main power cable

Live wire conducting the electric current.

single circuit breaker

ground bond

HOUSE

Protection device fora 120-volt circuit that, in the event of overload, is released and thus cuts off elecfricity to the circuits.-.,.

- Links the bonding jumper to the neutral hot bus bar. , 240-volt circuit

Composed of two lives wires, one neutral wire and one grounded wire: this allows electricity to reach devices requiring a lot of power. 120-volt circuit

Composed of one live wire, one neufral wire and one grounded wire; it allows electricity to reach a small appliance or a light. neutral service wire

Wire having no electric charge that, via - the neutral hot bus bar, returns the current from domestic circuits to the grid.

ground fault circuit interrupter

Device reducing the risk of electric shock in a humid place in the event of an accidental leak of current to the ground.

hot bus bar ^

neutral wire

- Conductive part of the panel into which the breakers for each circuit are plugged.

Wire having no electric charge that, allows the current to return to the distribution panel and the grid.

ground

ground/neutral bus bar

Receives the current from the neutral grounded wires of fhe various circuits and conducts them tothe neutral service wire and the ground connection.

plastic insulator

Plate made of nonconductive material preventing the hot bus bars from coming in contact with the back of the panel.

terminal

Part of fhe ground/neufral bus bar fo which a neutral wire and the ground wire of a circuit are attached.

Part connecting the neutral hot bus bar 'that allows the current from the circuits’ neutral wires to be transferred to the neutral service wire.

ground connection

ground wire

Metal conductor attached to the ground wire in order to ground the entire circuit.

Wire conducting the current from the ground/neutral bus bar to the ground connection in the event of a short circuit.

examples of fuses Fuses: electric connection devices devised for interrupting the current in the event of electric overload by melting one of its components.

I 272

cartridge fuse

plug fuse

knife-blade cartridge fuse

Having a maximum capacity of 60 amperes, it protects a circuit of 240 volts.

Having a maximum capacity of 30 amperes, it screws in like a lightbulb and protects a circuit of 120 volts.

Having a capacity of 60 to 600 amperes, it protects the main electric circuit,

ELECTRICITY

network connection Set of equipment and conductors allowing a customer's electric installation to be connected to the public grid, |

customer’s service entrance

supply point

The customer's portion of the electric hookup: from the service box to the connection point.

Place where the customer’s service entrance is connected to the lowtension distribution line.-.

connection point phase conductor

Place where the customer’s electric hookup Is connected to the electric grid.

Live wire conducting the electric current.

medium-tension distribution line

Overhead electricity-distribution lines with tension between 750 and 50,000 volts; Its conductors are located at the top of the poles.

neutral conductor

Conductor of a distribution line that, connected to a neutral point of the grid, returns the current.--... low-tension distribution line ..

ground wire-

HOUSE

Overhead electricity-distribution line with a maximum tension of 750 volts; Its conductors are located under the transformer.

Metal conductor inserted into the ground ensuring that accidental electric leakages are conducted to the earth. distributor service loop

Set of conductors extending the distribution line to the customer's connection point. electricity meter-

Device measuring the consumption of electricity by a dwelling.

main switch

Mechanism allowing a dwelling's current to be cut off.

service box

Metal box containing the main switch.

distribution panel

fuse

Set of devices forming the junction Electric connection device devised of the public electricity grid and the for interrupting the current in the event of electric overload by electric circuits of a dwelling. melting one of Its components.

electricity meter: Device measuring the consumption of electricity by a dwelling. |

full-load adjustment screw cover

Screw adjusting the rotation speed of the disk so that ■ it corresponds to high consumption, such as in large appliances requiring a great deal of electricify.

dial register

disk

Metering system measuring a dwelling’s electricity consumption expressed in kilowatt hours (kWh).

Aluminum plate that turns as the current •flows through the meter; the number of times it rotates is proportional to the amount of electricity consumed.

nameplate

Plate bearing the various features of an elecfric meter.

light-load adjustment screw

consumer number

base

Screw allowing the rotation speed of the disk to be adjusted so that it corresponds to light consumption, such as from a lamp, toaster or ceiling fan. 273 I

ELECTRICITY

contact devices I Examples of components that connect a device to an electric circuit. European plug End part of an electric wire equipped with pins that are inserted into the socket contacts of an outlet to establish contact.

American plug End part of an electric wire equipped with blades that are inserted into an outlet to establish contact.

clamp

Metal part used for fastening a • device’s wire to the plug. pin

Cylindrical metal part that establishes electric contact when inserted into the corresponding outlet.

switch plate Protective plate covering an outlet or, in this case, a switch.

blade

Elat metal part inserted into the slot of an outlet to establish electric contact.

grounding socket

Device connecting a circuit's ground wire, which allows the current to be conducted to the ground connection in the event of a short circuit. terminal

HOUSE

cover

Part covering the internal components of a plug.

grounding prong

Device connecting a circuit’s ground wire, which allows the current to be conducted to the ground connection in the event of a short circuit.

Part to which an electric wire’s conductors are attached.

switch Mechanism allowing the current in an electric circuit to be established or interrupted.

outlet ' electrical box Device connecting an electric Box housing the electric circuit that conducts the current to connections in order to protect the an electric device when a plug is part of the dwelling’s frame upon inserted. which it is mounted.

European outlet Device fitted with sockets connecting an electric circuit to an electric device when the plug is inserted into it.

dimmer switch Switch for varying the brightness of a lighting installation.

grounding prong

Device connecting a circuit’s ground -■-wire, which allows the current to be conducted to the ground connection in the event of a short circuit. socket-contact

plug adapter Electric accessory adapting a plug to an outlet of a different configuration.

''Hole intended to receive a plug's pin and establish electric contact.

incandescent lamp Lamp in which a filament heated by an electric current produces light rays.

luiiydicii’iiaiuycii mnifj

Lamp that is brighter and lasts longer than a traditional incandescent lamp, but that lets off more heat.

inert gas

Gas inserted in the bulb to slow down evaporation of the filament. filament

Very thin metal wire, usually made of tungsten, emitting light rays when an electric current passes through it.

filament support

Metal wire holding the filament.

button

End of the stem: the filament ---supports are attached to it.

support

Metal wire holding the filament.

-tungsten filament

lead-in wire

Very thin metal wire emitting light rays when an electric current passes though it.

Electric conductor carrying the current to the filament. stem

inert gas

Button support. heat deflecting disc-

Metal disc placed at the entrance of a lamp’s neck to protect the pinch and the base from the heat. exhaust tube

Glass tube used to empty the air from the bulb and then to fill it with inert gas before it is sealed. I 274

pinch

Part in which the lead-in wires are attached.

bulb

Gas sealed in a glass envelope into which the luminous body of a lamp is inserted.

Gas inserted in the bulb to slow down evaporation of the filament; iodine or bromine are added as they combine with the tungsten at high temperatures.

electric circuit

Lamp component allowing the electric current to circulate through the tungsten filament.

base

Metal end of a lightbulb inserted into a socket to connect it to the electric circuit.

contact

Metal part that establishes electric contact between the base of a lightbulb and the socket.

Metal end of a lightbulb inserted into a socket to connect it to the electric circuit.

ELECTRICITY

■igh:ing

lamp socket Device composed of a socket, its protective components and a switch.

parts of a lamp socket

bayonet base Base fitted with two short metal pins so that it can be placed in the corresponding socket.

bulb Gas sealed in a glass envelope into which the luminous body of a lamp is inserted.

screw base Base fitted with a screw pitch so it can be inserted into the corresponding socket. HOUSE

cap Component fitting onto the outer shell and covering the upper end of a lamp’s socket.

socket Device into which a lamp’s base is inserted in order to connect it to the electric-supply circuit and to keep it in place.

insulating sleeve Component protecting the outer shell from the heat.

energy-saving bulb Bulb whose electricity consumption is lower and its life longer than an incandescent bulb.

fluorescent tube Tube in which the electric current produces ultraviolet radiationconverted into visible light by a layer of a fluorescent substance.

bulb Gas sealed in a glass envelope into which the luminous body of a lamp is inserted. tube retention clip Part into which the fluorescent tube is inserted to connect it.■-

outer shell Decorative component covering the socket and the Insulating sleeve.

mounting plate Plate on which the lamp’s working devices are attached.

electronic ballast Device stabilizing the electric current, ensuring that the light switches on instantly, without blinking.

housing letal end of a lightbuib inserted ito a socket to connect it to the

fluorescent tube Tube in which the electric current produces ultraviolet radiation converted into visible light by a layer of a fluorescent substance.

electrode A device placed at each end of the tube; an electric discharge arcs between the two of them.

phosphorescent coating The tube’s internal coating: it is composed of phosphate particles that convert ultraviolet rays into visible light.

lead-in wire Electric conductor carrying thecurrent to the filament.

bulb Long glass cylinder enclosing the components of this type of tube and diffusing light.

exhaust tubeGlass tube used to empty the air from the bulb and then to fill it with inert gas before it is sealed. pinch Part in which the lead-in wires are attached.

n base id of the tube equipped with two ns that, when inserted into the icket, connect the tube with the ectric circuit.

tungsten-balogen lamp Lamp that is brighter and lasts longer than a traditional incandescent lamp, but that lets off more heat.

pin , Cylindrical metal part that '■'establishes electric contact when inserted into the corresponding outlet. mercury A small amount of vaporized mercury, added to the gas, emits ultraviolet radiation during the electric discharge.

gas The lube is filled with an inert gas under low pressure, with mercury added.

pin Cylindrical metal part that establishes electric contact when inserted into the corresponding outlet. I

275

HOUSE FURNITURE

armchair

Chair consisting of arms, a back and legs.

palmette Decorative pattern shaped like a stylized palm leaf.

parts

rinceau Decorative pattern, painted or carved, usually composed of curved plant elements.

patera - Decorative pattern shaped like a rose or a star.

arm Side of the armchair supporting the ■ arm on both sides of the seat.

volute Decorative pattern carved at the ends of the arms.

arm stump Vertical member supporting the arm and fastening it to the apron of the seat. base of splat Part of the splat joining it to the apron of the chair.

HOUSE

splat Armchair member supporting the back.

seat Level part of the armchair for sitting upon.

cockleshell Decorative pattern shaped like a shell.

acanthus leaf Decorative pattern characterized by a series of carved leaves whose rounded top is in relief.

cabriole leg Small stile supporting the seat, curved outward toward the top and inward toward the bottom. apron Wooden part surrounding and supporting the seat and into which the legs are fitted.

scroll foot Carved ornamental foot of the armchair.

examples of armchairs

Wassily chair Armchair with a tubular metal frame and whose back and seat are made of leather.

meridienne Sofa with an irregular back joining two arms of different heights.

sofa Long upholstered armchair that seats several people.

I 276

director’s chair Wooden armchair with a canvas back and seat that folds up in the middle.

rocking chair Armchair with curved runners to rock on.

cabriolet Wooden 18th-century armchair with a curved back and'armrests that curve outward. ^

recamier Long lounge chair on which one can recline, equipped with an upholstered headrest and back, the latter extending only a part of the length of the chair.

club chair Large deep upholstered armchair, usually made of leather.

bergere Upholstered armchair with a cushioned seat.

love seat Sofa that seats two people.

chesterfield Upholstered quilted sofa whose arms are the same height as its back.

HOUSE FURNITURE

side chair Seat consisting of a back and legs but no arms. | parts

ear

Top end of a chair's stile. top rail

Horizontal member located at the top of the back. back

cross rail

Part of the chair supporting the back.

Horizontal member located in the center of the back.

seat

Level part of the chair for sitting upon.

stile

Part of a chair supporting both theback and the rear of the apron. apron

HOUSE

Wooden part surrounding and supporting the seat and into which the legs are fitted.

support

Grouping that supports the seat, composed of the legs, spindle and apron.

spindle

Horizontal member joining two of the chair’s legs.

rear leg-

Bottom end of the stile completing the chair's support.

front leg

Bottom end of the front part the support.

stacking chairs

rocking chair

Chairs designed to be placed one atop the other for storing.

Chair equipped with curved runners to rock on.

examples of chairs

tolding chair

chaise longue

Chair whose seat and legs fold up for ease of storage and carrying.

Folding chair upon which one can recline.

seats Furniture designed for sitting.

ottoman

bench

banquette

Low upholstered seat having neither arms nor back.

Long narrow unupholstered seat with or without a back, seating several people.

Bench with an upholstered seat.

footstool

Seat with legs, having neither arms nor back, of various heights. bean bag cbair

Seat composed of an upholstered bag; it assumes the form of the human body.

step chair

Chair whose foldaway lower part can be pulled out to form a step.

bar stool

Seat with legs, having neither arms nor back, high enough so that a person can sit at the level of a bar.

HOUSE FURNITURE

table I Piece of furniture consisting of a level top supported by one or several legs and whose uses are numerous. gate-leg table Table equipped with a folding panel that can be raised to enlarge the tabletop surface,

examples of tables

drawer

Sliding compartment encased in a piece of furniture.

top

knob

Part attached to the drawer allowing it to open.

Level panel made trom a wide range ot material and forming the' top of a table.

extension table Table to which one or more extensions can be added to enlarge the tabletop surface.

top

Level panel made from a wide range of material and forming the top of a table.

drop-leaf

Panel that is lifted to enlarge the tabletop surface.

extension

HOUSE

Panel inserted at the end of the tabletop or between the two halves to enlarge the surface.

leg

stretcher

Stile supporting the tabletop.

Level part of the gate-leg.'

gate-leg

Pivoting leg supporting the drop-leaf.

apron

crosspiece

Member forming the frame and supporting the top, and in which the legs are fitted.

Stretcher joining the legs of a table to give it more stability.

nest of tables Set of tables of various heights designed to stack one atop the other.

serving cart Piece of furniture on which to place the dishes when the table is cleared.

storage furniture I Furniture serving to archive, support or protect various objects. armoire Tall piece of furniture enclosed by panels and equipped with shelves to store items such as linens, clothing and supplies.

frieze ■cornice

Ornamental molding above the cornice.

Set of protruding moldings across the top^of an armoire.

top rail

Horizontal wooden member located at the top of the frame.

door panel

Carved orpainted-Surface demarcated by a molding.

center post

Fixed center stile of an armoire’s frame. frame Set of stiles and rails comprising an armoire’s structure.

hanging stile

Vertical member of the frame to which the hinges are fastened.

diamond point

Decorative pattern whose embossment resembles the facets of a diamond.

lock

■Device mounted on the door allowing it to lock by using a key.

rail-

Flat section of the panel between two decorative relief patterns.

frame stile

Wooden member making up the sides of the frame. hinge

Cylindrical metal part bent at an angle: it supports the door and allows itto swing.

bottom rail

Horizontal wooden member located- -at the bottom of the frame. door Each of an armoire’s moving parts, acting as doors.

I 278

peg

foot

Wooden member, usually decorative, supporting the armoire.

bracket base

Lower part of the frame

Dowel made of wood or metal used for fastening various members.

HOUSE FURNITURE

compartment Compartment tor storing various objects.

linen chest

Low/ piece ot turniture shaped like a chest and closed by a lid.

shelf Level board on which clothes are stored.

secretary

dresser

Piece of furniture tor storing office supplies and stationery; it includes a drop panel serving as a writing table.

Piece of furniture for the bedroom equipped with drawers, used for storing clothes; it often has a mirror mounted on top.

HOUSE

closet Part ot an armoire equipped with a rod tor hanging clothes.

wardrobe

Piece of furniture in which one part is equipped with shelves and drawers for storing clothes and the other with a rod tor hanging them.

glass-fronted display cabinet

Piece ot furniture consisting of a buffet in the lower part and shelves for displaying dishes in the upper part.

drawer Sliding compartment encased in apiece of turniture. chiffonier

display cabinet

corner cupboard

Tall narrow piece of furniture equipped with stacked drawers for storing accessories and clothes.

Glass cabinet for displaying collectibles and knickknacks.

Piece of furniture designed to be placed in the angle formed by two walls.

buffet

Dining room or kitchen furniture for storing dishes, silverware and table linens.

liquor cabinet

Piece of furniture for storing liquor and the accessories used for making drinks. 273

^ 1

HOUSE FURNITURE

bed I Piece of furniture to stretch out on for resting or sleeping.

sofa bed

Sofa that can be converted into a bed.

futon

- Cotton mattress of Japanese origin. -a*

frame

HOUSE

Set of components forming the structure of the piece of furniture.

parts mattress cover

pillow protector

Plastic or fabric case that covers the mattress to protect it.

footboard

Fabric case that immediately covers the pillow to protect it.

Panel forming the end of the bed where the feet lie. headboard

Panel forming the end of the bed where the head lies.

bolster

Cylindrical cushion on which the pillow rests: it usually extends the entire width of the bed.

handle

leg

box spring

pillow

Solid piece of furniture with springs on the inside, covered in fabric and supported by a frame; the mattress lies on it.

Cushion intended to support the head.

Stile supporting the bed.

linen

Set of fabrics, blankets and pillows covering a bed.

comforter

Cloth case stuffed with down, feathers or synthetic material and often scatter cushion quilted: it is used as a cover or for Stuffed piece of fabric to lie against rlprnrati\/p niirnncpc

r\r Haonrotcs

sham

Decorative doth envelope covering a pillow that matches the bedcover.

n KQH

pillowcase

Cloth envelope covering a pillow.

fitted sheet

Piece of fabric whose corners and edges are designed to tuck snugly under the mattress.

flat sheet

■ Piece of fabric between the body and the blanket.

I 280

blanket

neckroll

Covering for the sheet made of various warm fabrics; it protects against the cold.

Ornamental cylindrical cushion.

valance

Strip of fabric, usually pleated, trimming the base of the bed.

HOUSE FURNITURE

children's furniture Furniture designed and adapted for young children.

booster seat Seat that, when set upon a chair, raises the child so that he or she can sit at table level.

playpen Bed that closes up, usually used when traveling.

back Part supporting the back. changing table Detachable shelf for tending to the various needs of the baby.

top rail Elevated part of the sides of the bed protecting the baby from falling.

changing table Piece of furniture equipped with storage space and a changing area. HOUSE

protects, but the child can see through it.

mattress Large stuffed cushion upon which the baby sleeps. crib Deep bed for a baby surrounded by bars, one side of which can be lowered; it is equipped with a mattress whose height can be changed.

high chair Elevated seat, closed in front by a removable tray, in which a baby sits for feeding. back 'Part supporting the back.

headboard End of the bed where the head of the baby is placed.

barrier Assembly of bars enclosing the

slat Vertical part of the barrier forming the sides of the bed.

tray Removable tray on which the child’s food is set down.

footrest Support for the feet.

caster Small wheels attached to the feet of the bed to facilitate moving it.

drawer Sliding compartment encased in a mattress Large stuffed cushion upon which the baby sleeps.

281

HOUSE FURNITURE

window accessories I Set of elements decorating a window.

HOUSE

indoor shutters Decorative wood panels placed in front of a window composed of adjustable horizontal louvers for controlling the amount of light entering a room.

glass curtain Curtain placed in front of a window, attached in various ways, in combination or separately.

valance Pleated or gathered strip of fabric hiding the curtain rod.

cottage curtain Curtain held to the side by a tieback, usually trimmed with a ruffle.

cafe curtain Curtain whose rod is located halfway up the window; it lets in light while providing privacy.

curtain Formal drapery placed in front of a window, often composed of several layers of curtains.

tieback Strip of fabric or rope holding back and supporting a curtain.

ruffle Pleated or gathered strip of fabric trimming the curtain border.

cornice Strip of fabric affixed to rigid canvas or cardboard: it covers and hides the curtain rod.

overdrapery Curtain covering another curtain.

holdback Part attached to the wall for hooking the tieback.

draw drapery Piece of decorative fabric sliding in front of a window to filter or block the light and provide privacy.

cord tieback Plaited rope serving as a tieback.

sheer curtain Curtain made of a light fabric that filters the light entering a room.

tassel Decorative end of a cord tieback.

HOUSE FURNITURE

window accessories examples of pleats I Pleats; creases in fabric giving volume to a curtain.

box pleat Pleat formed by two folds that meet in front and touch on the outside of the fabric, thus forming a hollow in the fabric.

inverted pleat Pleat formed from two pleats that meet on the reverse of the fabric.

pinch pleat Pleat formed from three pleats stitched together at the bottom to keep them together.

examples of headings

pleated heading Heading made of pleats spaced at regular intervals.

pencil pleat heading Heading whose small vertical pleats are shaped like tubes; they are made by pulling on two threads sewn through the fabric.

shirred heading Heading made of pleats created by pulling on strings inserted through a ribbon.

draped swag Strip of fabric placed in front of the curtain to hide the rod; it is arranged to form loose pleats.

examples of curtains The various types of curtains can create a particular atmosphere in a room.

crisscross curtains Curtains whose held-back sides form an overlap.

balloon curtain Curtain that is raised like a blind and whose pleats are gathered to make them puffy. 283

HOUSE

Headings; decorative pleated, shirred or draped parts at the top of the curtains.

HOUSE FURNITURE

window accessories poles Rods of various shapes and materials from which a curtain hangs. plain pole curtain pole

pole

Ornamental cylindrical rod, made of wood or metal: it supports a curtain that is opened by hand.

Smooth cylindrical rod.

ring

Cylindrical rod on which the rings Circular part sliding on the rod and slide. drawing the curtain.

fluted pole

Cylindrical rod with grooves. end cap

block bracket

eyelet

HOUSE

Ornament attached to the end of the pole.

Small metal ring into which a hook is inserted to support a curtain.

single curtain rod

double curtain rod

Rectangular metal bar composed of two parts: one is inserted into the other in order to adjust the length.

Rod composed of two single rods, used to hang two curtains in front of the same window.

curtain track

Rectangular metal rod equipped with a track: the gliders that support the curtain move along it.

wall bracket

roller

Small metal wheel pulling the curtain along the^track.

ceiling bracket

track

Grooved metal rail along which the rollers move. bridge end stop

Metal part joining two track sections.

Metal part serving as a stopper at the ends of the track.

carrier hook

Metal part to which the curtain heading is attached. traverse rod

ring clip

Implement composed of two articulated prongs that grip the curtain in order to hang it.

Circular piece to take the hook supporting the curtains.

Part composed of a roller for ■moving the curtain along the track as well as a hooking device supporting the curtain.

Rectangular metal rod that adjusts to the exact width of a window and along which the carriers move, activated by an operating cord. support. end bracket

master carrier

operating cord

Carrier attached to the operating cord: it pulls the other curtain carriers.

Narrow rope attached to the master carrier: it is used to open and close the curtains.

yoke

, Frame holding the pulley's spindle, pulley

overlap carrier

Master carrier that closes the two curtain panels one in front of the other.

tension pulley wheel

spring housing

Casing protecting the spring that keeps the cord and pulley under ‘ tension. I 284

Device equipped with a sheaved wheel around which the operating cord winds in order to pull the ■carriers.

fastening device

Part solidly anchoring the spring ■housing to the wall or floor.

HOUSE FURNITURE

window accessories blinds I Devices that roll or fold up, serving to filter or j block light and provide privacy.

roller shade round end pin

End of the roller serving as its axle; it turns in the bracket.

Shade with a roller containing a spring that causes the shade cloth to roll up.

roller

winding mechanism

Tube housing the spring; the shade cioth wraps around it.

Spring mechanism allowing the shade cloth to roll up and down.

bracket

Part into which the roller pin is inserted and that supports the shade.

.s/: ft “"ft flat end pin

End of the roller regulating the spring’s tension and its stopping mechanism.

shade cloth

Piece of vinyl or stiffened cloth dressing a window. batten

hem

coil spring

Shade cloth hem through which the batten is inserted.

Instrument that tightens as the shade cloth is lowered and that pulls it up as it relaxes.

HOUSE

Narrow flat wooden part that, inserted into the shade cloth’s hem, serves as support.

Venetian blind

drum tilt tube

Tube in which the drum rotates.

Cylindrical mechanism allowing the cord and laths to move.

Shade made of adjustable horizontal laths containing a mechanism for controlling its height and orientation.

lift cord lock

Mechanism keeping the shade at the desired height.

headrail

Grooved metal rod containing the shade’s mechanism and used to mount the blinds in front of a window.

lift cord

Double cord to control the shade’s height and keep it level. lath

Thin flat strips made of aluminum, wood or plastic, the constituent parts of the shade.

lath tilt device

Rod used tor pivoting the tilt tube. cord

equalizing buckle

System of strings controlled by the lath tilt device and the lift cord; it supports the laths, changes their tilt angle and raises them.

Part for adjusting the shade horizontally. tassel

Ornament at the end of the operating cord hiding the cords’ knots.

bottom rail

Bar that is heavier than the laths and serves as ballast to ease lowering the shade.

roman shade

Shade that forms layered pleats as it is raised by means of cords sliding through rings on the back of the cloth.

roll-up blind

Shade made of nonadjustable laths rolled up by a system of cords and pulleys. 285

HOUSE FURNITURE

lights I Fixed or portable devices designed and used to diffuse elecfric light.

ceiling fitting Light mounted directly on the ceiling. clamp spotlight Small portable spotlight with a concentrated beam; it can be mounted on furniture with a clamp.

hanging pendant Light designed to be hung from the ceiling.

halogen desk lamp Desk lamp of greater luminous intensity and longer duration than a traditional lamp but that emits more heat.

n 0 1

arm Articulated moving bar for adjusting the position of the lamp charlo

adjustable lamp Multidirectional light usually mounted on a worktable by an adjustable clamp. base Relatively heavy support for stabilizing the lamp..

on-off switch Button tor turning the device on or off.

arm Articulated moving bar for adjusting the position of the lamp shade.

» shade Opaque shield direfcting the lamp’s light onto the work surface.

spring Elastic metal coil for changing and mainfaining the position for the two' sections of the arm.

bed lamp Small reading light that can be mounted on the back of a book or the headboard of a bed.

adjustable clamp Mechanism in the form of a vise for mounting the lamp to the edge of’ the worktable.

shade Translucent screen directing the lamp’s light while decreasing its glare.

base The lamp’s flat-bottomed circular support that makes it stable.

floor lamp Portable lamp having a high stand that is placed on the floor.

I 286

stand Ornamental base of a lamp of various materials and shapes; it supports the socket while concealing the electric wires.

table lamp Movable light with a short stand; it is placed on furniture.

desk lamp Portable light equipped with an opaque shield that directs and diffuses the light onto the worktable.

HOUSE FURNITURE

lights

chandelier

Light suspended from the ceiling and consisting of several lamps.

bobeche Small ornamental cup placed at the base of the socket.

crystal drop Crystal ornament hanging from the bobeches.

HOUSE

crystal button Ornamental set of crystal drops arranged in a garland. column • Mounting that supports the chandelier’s branches.

track lighting

Device mounted to the ceiling to support spots and supply electricity to them. bar frame Part of the track fitted with two metal strips; the electric current passes through it. transformer Device adapting the electric current from the track to the spot’s voltage.

contact lever Device for-attaching the transformer and plugging it into the bar frame.

spot Small adjustable spotlight with a concentrated beam.

wall lantern

Exterior light mounted on a wall, consisting of a translucent or transparent cage containing a light source.

strip light

Device composed of a set of lights that are mounted on the same base.

post lantern

Exterior light having a high stand that is fixed to the ground; it consists of a translucent or transparent cage containing a light source. 287

HOUSE FURNITURE

domestic appliances I Domestic appliances operating on electricity.

steam iron

Electric appliance producing steam and used to iron fabric.

front tip

fill opening

Where water enters to til I the chamber.

body

Rigid casing covering and protecting the various working eiements of the appliance.

spray

Device for turning water into mist to dampen the fabric.

HOUSE

water-level tube

spray button

Button for switching between steam and dry ironing.

spray control

Device regulating the flow of steam.

fabric guide temperature control

Tabie showing the appropriate iron temperature for each type of fabric.

Device for regulating the iron’s temperature. soleplate

Flat metal part that presses the fabric, with orifices through which the steam escapes.

handle

heel rest

Part upon which the iron rests while not in use.

cord

Flexible electric wire housing the leads connecting the appliance to the electric circuit.

signal lamp

Light showing that the appliance is on.

vertical cord lift

Part keeping a section of the cord in an upright position in order to free up the ironing surface.

hand vacuum cleaner

Portable cordless appliance for vacuuming dust and dirt. locking button dust receiver

Mechanism keeping the dust receiver on the motor unit.

on-off switch

Button for turning the device on or off.

Receptacle holding the dust and dirt. recharging base

Electric base on which the vacuum cleaner rests to recharge the motor unit’s battery.

motor unit

■ Part containing the motor and the various circuits making the appliance work.

288

HOUSE FURNITURE

domestic appliances

upright vacuum cleaner Vertical one-piece vacuum cleaner that is steered by means of a handle-grip. on-oft switch Button for turning the device on or off. cylinder vacuum cleaner Electric appliance for vacuuming dust and dirt; it is equipped with wheels and a flexible hose. tool storage area Space for storing the cleaning tools.

hose Flexible pipe to which tools are attached.

locking device Mechanism for locking the flexible hose onto the pipe. HOUSE

bag compartment Space for housing the bag that collects the dust and dirt.

pipe Cylindrical rigid tube that moves the rug and floor brushes and other cleaning tools.

cleaner height adjustment knob Mechanism for controlling brush height depending on the thickness of the rug or pile carpet to be cleaned.

flexible hose Supple tube to which the pipe and cleaning tools are connected: it makes the appliance more manageable.

ventilating grille Perforated panel through which aspirated air, cleansed of dust and dirt, is expelled.

on-off switch Button for turning the device on or

tools Small accessories that one attaches to the end of the hose to vacuum dust and dirt.

brush Rotating instrument equipped with bristles tor dislodging dirt encrusted in the rug or pile carpet fibers. extension pipe Cylindrical tube inserted into the end of the pipe to lengthen it.

bumper Trim protecting the furniture if the .vacuum cleaner collides with it.

caster

handle

cord Flexible electric wire housing the leads connecting the appliance to the electric circuit.

hood Rigid casing covering and protecting the various working elements of the appliance.

rug and floor brush Accessory devised to vacuum dust and dirt from a rug, pile carpet or floor.

cleaning tools Small accessories that one attaches to the end of the hose to vacuum dust and dirt.

upholstery nozzle Accessory for vacuuming dust and dirt from fabric.

dusting brush Accessory for vacuuming dust from various surfaces.

crevice tool Accessory for vacuuming dust and dirt from hard-to-reach places.

tioor brush Accessory equipped with bristles to avoid scratching the floor while vacuuming. 289

HOUSE FURNITURE

domestic appliances range hood Ventilation appliance expelling or recycling air that contains cooking fumes and odors.

gas range Appliance for cooking food, equipped with gas-fed burners and an oven. grate Metal grille supporting the cookware over the burners. burner Device producing a flame in orderto cook food.

filter Device catching the cooking grease.

cooktop Surface of the range on which the burners are arranged.

burner control knobs Instrument for starting and stopping the supply of gas and for controlling its flow.

HOUSE

surface element Heating element on which cooking takes place.

terminal - Metal part making electric contact.

control panel Panel containing the programming - keys for the burners and the oven.

handle Part for opening and closing the oven door.

tubular element Spiral-shaped electric resistor that heats up as a current passes through it.

door

window Thick window for looking inside the oven.

oven Closed part of the range, equipped with an upper heating element (broiler) and a lower heating element, in which food is cooked or heated.

rack Metal grille for supporting cookware; its height is adjustable.

drawer---' Sliding drawer at the bottom of the range in which sundry cookware is stored. drip bowl Small container placed beneath the surface element to catch cooking spills.

trim ring Decorative part supporting the drip bowl and surface element.

backguard Vertical part across the back of the range containing the appliance’s various controls. timed outlet Electric-feed device for switching on an appliance at a preset time.

cooktop Surface of the range on which the elements are arranged.

rack Metal grille for supporting cookware; its height is adjustable. oven Closed part of the range, equipped with an upper heating element (broiler) and a lower heating element, in which food is cooked or heated. drawer Sliding drawer at the bottom of the range in which sundry cookware is stored.

I 290

lid Flat top that is lowered to cover the appliance’s cooktop when not in use.

oven control knob Instruments for turning on the oven and controlling the mode of cooking and temperature.

electric range Electric appliance for cooking food, equipped with surface elements or griddles and an oven. clock timer Multifunction timekeeping mechanism; it shows the time, times cooking duration, starts the oven at a preset time, etc.

signal lamp Light showing that a surface ..-element is on. • control knob Instrument for making or cutting electric contact and for regulating the intensity of the surface -elements'heat. control panel -Panel containing the programming keys.

surface element Heating element on which cooking takes place. cooktop edge Protruding edge along the sides of the cooking surface.

handle Part for opening and closing the oven door.

window Thick window tor looking inside the oven.

HOUSE FURNITURE

domestic appliances

chest freezer

lock

Large horizontal appliance for conserving food at a very lo\w temperature (0°F).

lid Moving part hermetically closing the freezer.

cabinet Large insulated compartment for storing food.

basket Removable container for storing food.

HOUSE

temperature control Device for selecting and maintaining the degree of coldness in the appliance. defrost drain Removable plug for draining defrost water.

refrigerator

Appliance with two compartments, one for keeping food cold and the other for freezing it. ice cube tray Container with compartments for making ice cubes.

doorstop Part that stops the door from opening too far.

freezer compartment Refrigerator compartment for freezing food.

freezer door

magnetic gasket ■ Rubber gasket keeping the doors watertight.

handle

thermostat control Knobs for regulating the refrigerator temperature. egg tray -Compartment for storing eggs.

switch ■ Mechanism switching on the refrigerator light when the door is opened.

butter compartment ■ Compartment with a pull-down door for storing butter.

meat keeper Compartment for storing meat. storage door Door with rows of shelves and ■compartments.

shelf channel Notched part to which the shelves attach.

■dairy compartment Compartment tor storing milk cartons.

refrigerator compartment , Compartment keeping food cold.

door shelf Adjustable removable shelf fitted with a rim.

glass cover Translucent shelf forming the cover--’ of the crisper. crisper Compartment maintaining optimal temperature for conserving fruits and vegetables.

guard rail Part keeping food in place when the door is opened or closed. shelf Metal removable support whose height is adjustable.

291

HOUSE FURNITURE

washer

Household appliance that washes clothes automatically.

water-level selector

temperature selector

control knob

- Device automatically controlling the selected wash cycle.

control panel

Panel containing the programming keys.

lid

■Moving part for closing the washer's tub.

backguard

Vertical part across the back of the washer on which the appliance's various controls are found.

agitator

Device stirring the laundry. tub rim

Protrusion that reduces splashing. cabinet

Enameled sheet-metal case covering and protecting the -appliance's various components. basket

Perforated drum into which the---laundry is placed. tub

Durable container into which the water flows.

lint filter

Device collecting fiber residue from fabric.----' ■

suspension arm

Metal struts supporting the tub. drain hose

Flexible pipe through which the washer's pump expels the wastewater to the dwelling's drain circuit.

transmission

Mechanism allowing the agitator and basket to turn at various speeds.-

motor

emptying hose

Device transforming electric energy into mechanical energy to drive another device.

Pipe through which the washer’s pump empties the water from the tub.

torque converter

Mechanism controlling and adjustingthe agitator and basket action.

leveling foot

Adjustable part for supporting the appliance and making if level. drive belt

Device using a system of pulleys to transfer fhe motor’s mechanical energy to the washer’s transmission.

292

spring

pump

Metal elastic piece attached to the suspension arm to reduce tub vibrations.

Device that evacuates wastewater from the tub and drives it into the drain hose.

HOUSE FURNITURE

electric dryer

Appliance for automatically drying laundry.

control panel temperature selector

Panel containing the programming keys. control knob

Device automatically controlling -the selected drying cycle. backguard

Vertical part across the back of the " dryer on which the appliance's various controls are found.

start switch

door switch

Mechanism stopping the drum’s rotation when the door is opened.

heating duct

Conduit in which air is heated and directed toward the drum.

door

vane

Part causing the laundry to tumble while drying. '! I

-4

drum

Cylinder whose rotation tumbles the laundry to dry it.

lint trap

Device collecting fiber residue from fabric.

fan

Device circulating the hot air in the drum.

■cabinet

Enameled sheet-metal case covering and protecting the appliance's various components.

leveling foot motor

safety thermostat

Device transforming electric energy into mechanical energy to drive another device.

Device interrupting the current it the heating element temperature is too high.

heating element

Adjustable part for supporting the appliance and making it level.

Electric resistor heating the air before it enters the drum.

293

HOUSE FURNITURE

domestic appliances control panel Panel containing the programming keys.

control knob

signal lamp

Device automatically controlling the selected wash cycle.

Light showing that the appliance is on.

push button

HOUSE

Button pressed to select the wash cycle.

air vent

Conduit for evacuating the steam during drying.

latch

Lever tor closing and locking the door.

dishwasher

Appliance designed to automatically wash and dry dishes.

wash tower

Mechanism spraying the dishes with hot water from the center of the appliance.

rack

Grillelike shelf in which the dishes are arranged.

insulating material

Material lining the dishwasher’s walls in order to reduce heat loss and noise.

spray arm

Rotating perforated arm spraying the dishes with hot pressurized water to clean them.-.

tub

-Durable container in which the ^dishes are washed and dried.

overflow protection switch

Mechanism halting the water feed if the water level exceeds the tub’s capacity.

slide

Mechanism supporting the basket and enabling it to slide.

hinge

Articulated fastener allowing the door to be raised and lowered.. water hose

detergent dispenser

Hot-water feed pipe to the dishwasher connected to the dwelling’s plumbing ..circuit.

Device that is activated by the control knob. and dispenses the detergent into the tub.

heating element

_ Submerged electric resistor that 'heats the water and dries the dishes. drain hose

Flexible pipe through which the ■dishwasher pump expels wastewater into the dwelling’s drain circuit. pump

Device routing the water under pressure to the spray arms and evacuating the tub’s wastewater into the drain hose.

gasket

Rubber seal keeping the door watertight.

leveling foot

Adjustable part for supporting the appliance and making it level.

rinse-aid dispenser

Device that is activated by the control knob and dispenses a rinsing agent into the tub.

cutlery basket

Grilielike container in which the cutlery is placed.

motor

Device transforming electric energy into mechanical energy to drive another device.

HOUSE FURNITURE

household equipment Objects used for cleaning a dwelling.

kitchen towel Piece ot cloth used to dry dishes, furniture and so on.

dustpan Instrument used to collect dust and dirt.

broom Instrument equipped with fibers attached to a handle for collecting dust and dirt.

mop Instrument equipped with fabric strips attached to a handle tor washing floors.

HOUSE

brush Utensil with fibers attached to a mounting used to scrub and clean block-..

fibers Relatively rigid fabric strands for scrubbing and cleaning. refuse container Container into which household trash is placed.

fibers Relatively rigid fabric strands forscrubbing and cleaning.

pail Container for carrying water used for household chores.

pouring spout

handle Part shaped like a semicircle for gripping the pail. 295

296

298

■-YOURSEL G A R D E N I N

Do-it-yourself

Gardening

Construction, installation or repair work carried out in

Activity whose main purpose is to create and maintain a pleasure garden or a vegetable garden.

a house without professional help.

DO-IT-YOURSELF

basic building materials I Components that, when assembled, form the structure of a building. brick Block of compressed baked clay, laid in rows with the help of mortar to form various masonry work, such as walls, partitions and chimneys.

DO-IT-YOURSELF AND GARDENING

solid brick Small brick, not perforated, used especially in building or covering various types of walls.

perforated brick Small brick with vertical holes, whose dimensions are usually no greater than 40% of the brick.

hollow brick Large brick, over 40% of which is composed of horizontal cells.

partition tile Hollow brick, usually worked with the help of plaster, used to build or line partitions.

brick wall

firebrick Brick that can withstand very high temperatures without deforming.

mortar Mixture of fine aggregates (pebbles, gravel, sand), water and a binder (cement or lime), used to join masonry components or to coat masonry after it is completed.

Stone Block of mineral matter, of irregular shape, used for masonry or as a facing.

flagstone Flat stone of irregular shape, used to cover floors and walls.

rubble Small block of rough or crudely carved stone, usually assembled with the help of mortar to build a wall.

cut stone Stone cut in regular shapes so that it can befitted without a joint or with very thin joints.

stone wall

concrete Material composed of aggregates (pebbles, gravel, sand) and water mixed together by a binder (cement or lime) that, after hardening in a mold, forms a substance that is resistant to compression.

concrete block Concrete component, solid or hollow, used mainly in the construction of masonry as a substitute for brick. I 298

prestressed concrete Concrete whose steel bars are stretched before cooling, creating a highly resistant and durable material; it is used to manufacture beams with long spans.

reinforced concrete Concrete reinforced by steel bars, often used in the manufacture of load-bearing units in a building.

steel Iron- and carbon-based metal, very durable, frequently used in structures.

DO-IT-YOURSELF

covering materials Materials covering a surface, usually for the purpose of protecting or decorating it. |

shingle Small wooden plank used to cover roofs and walls that are especially exposed to inclement weather.

tile Hard surface, usually made of baked molded clay, used as a covering for roofs.

gypsum tile Small molded-plaster component, solid or hollow, with holes on the sides; disused to construct and repair walls.

floor tile Small flat component of regular shape, made from various materials and used for covering floors and walls.

gypsum board Large panel made of a layer of plaster covered with paperboard, usually used as a finishing material on a dwelling’s interior walls.

insulating materials : Materials impeding the transfer of heat to the outside, or cold to the inside, of a building or a duct. |

pipe-wrapping insulation

molded insulation

foam-rubber insulation

blanket insulation

foam insulation

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tar paper Paper usually stapled directly to the roof or exterior walls, under the covering, In order to enhance Impermeability.

diamond mesh metal lath Metal grid used as a framework or support for plaster and other coatings.

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wood I Relatively hard, dense substance forming the trunks, branches and roots of trees. The wood of each species has distinct characteristics. section of a log

board Flat piece of wood less than 2 in in thickness, used in carpentry and created when a log is cut along its length.

log Cylindrical piece of wood obtained by cutting a tree trunk into .-sections.

board Flat piece ot wood less than 2 in in thickness, used in carpentry and-, created when a log is cut along its' length.

face side Surface of a piece of wood carefully finished fo be the visible side of a' piece of woodwork.

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grain Direction and arrangement of the fibers in wood. Astraightand--.. regular grain makes the wood easy to work with.

end grain Surface of a piece of woodcut against the grain. slab First or last cut to a log; it is round and includes the bark.

back Surface of a piece of wood not meant to be seen.

edge The two lengthwise sides of the board, which correspond to its thickness.

wood-based materials Materials obtained when a log is converted: also when various wood elements are assembled or agglomerated. Thin sheets of wood (veneer) of equal thickness, used for the manufacture of plywood.-..

multi-ply plywood Panel made from at least five layers, each glued to the other with their respective grains running perpendicular to the adjacent layer.

peeled veneer Thin sheet obtained from rotating a log on a peeling machine and applying a blade (lathe) to it.

bardboard Smooth and homogeneous board made when minuscule wood fibers are soaked in resin and pressed at a high temperature, I 30D

perforated bardboard

blockboard Panel mads ot two layers sandwiching a central part (core), which is made up ot wide slats glued side by side.

laminboard Panel made of two layers sandwiching a central part (core), which is made up of wide slats, or laminations, glued side by side.

plastic-laminated particle board Particle board with a melamine surface layer that is hard, smooth and easy to wash.

waterboard Panel made from wood chips mixed with glue, then pressed at a high temperature to bond them,

particle board Board made from sawdust mixed with glue, then pressed at a high temperature to bond them.

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carpentry: nailing tools Carpentry: working with wood to build simple furniture or carry out construction and renovation projects.

claw hammer

Cleaved-peen hammer much used in construction, for driving nails in and pulling them out.

handle-..

claw The cleaved peen can be used to extract bent or partially driven nails.

cheek The sides of the hammer head, between the claw and the face.

carpenter’s hammer

Hammer whose tapered peen is ideal for starting small nails; once they catch, the hammering can continue using the face.

eye Hollowed-out part of the hammer head into which the handle is' inserted.

ball-peen hammer

Perfect for driving chisels and punches, it has a spherical peen often used for flattening rivets and working metals.

ball peen Rounded part located opposite the face.

nail set

Tool used to push a nail completely into wood without damaging its surface. mallet

Large-headed hammer, often made of wood or rubber, used for directly striking materials or for hammering woodworking tools.

head Striking end of a mallet.

pry bar

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Tool serving as both nail remover and lever, especially to remove moldings or take apart nailed assemblies.

examples of nails

nail

Long metal part, usually with a head and a tip, used to attach or assemble various materials. head Flat surface that is struck when hammering a nail.

tack

Small wide-headed nail often used to affix carpets, fabric and other thin materials.

shank Long thin part between the head -and the tip whose length, diameter and shape vary according to the type of nail.

tip Pointed end whose function is to 'make it easier to drive the nail into the wood or other material.

spiral nail

masonry nail

Turns like a screw as it is hammered in; it reduces cracking and is hard to pull out.

Made of hardened steel, it can be hammered into masonry without breaking or bending.

common nail

finishing nail

cut nail

Sturdy wide-headed nail, used for general woodwork and carpentry.

The head, scarcely wider than the shank, can easily be hammered in and concealed; it is ideal for finishing work and moldings.

The flat shank and head do not harm fibers; it is used especially for laying wood flooring. 301

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face Flat surface used to drive a nail into amaterial.

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carpentry: screwing tools examples or rips

screwdriver Hand tool used for tightening or loosening screws and bolts by applying a rotating motion.

Tip: end part of the blade or bit; it adapts to the screw or bolt’s groove. shank

Metal part inserted into the screwdriver handle.

tip

aj=

End of the blade or bit that fits into the groove of the screw or bolt.

square-headed tip Tip whose end cut fits into a socket-head screw.

handle blade

T.--

Thin flat part forming the end of the shank.

spiral screwdriver Screwdriver with interchangeable bits fitted into a mechanism for screwing or unscrewing by simply pushing the handle.

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spiral blade

Thin flat part forming the end of the bit.

cross-headed tip Tip whose crisscross end fits into a crossheaded screw.

ratchet

Mechanism converting pressure applied on the handle into the rotation motion of the blade.

Mechanical instrument for setting the direction of rotation of the spiral and the blade (screwing or unscrewing).

flat tip Tip that fits into a screw's slot.

handle locking ring

chuck

The parts of the chuck that grip the tool to keep it firmly in place.

Device with jaws for attaching the bit or drill to the tool.

Blocks the spiral’s rotation allowing the tool to be used as an ordinary screwdriver. spring wing

The spring under the wing keeps it folded along the bolt as it passes cordless screwdriver Battery-driven screwdriver with interchangeable bits, used for tightening and loosening screws and bolts.

bit

Detachable shank rotated by the motor to screw or unscrew a part.

handle

tip

End of the blade or bit that fits into the groove of the screw or bolt.

toggle bolt Part composed of a bolt with wings that deploy inside the wall to ensure a solid fastening.

reversing switch

screw Metal part, composed of a head and a partially or completely threaded shank, used to secure fastenings and assemblies.

Switch for selecting the bit’s direction of rotation (screwing or unscrewing).

battery

Device that stores chemical energy while charging, then converts it to electric energy.

examples of heads

expansion bolt Part composed of a bolt in a sheath that bends when the bolt is inserted, then flattens out against the inside of the wall.

Head: broadened end of the screw, whose shape and.slot vary. head

- Broadened end of the screw, whose shape and slot vary. slot 4

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Notch in the head into which a corresponding screwdriver tip can be inserted. shank

flat head Slotted head becoming flush with the surface of the wood when completely embedded.

round head Slotted rounded head whose base is flat so that it presses against the wood or metal surface.

Nonthreaded part of a screw's shank. 4

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thread

Spiral protrusion on the shank’s surface, for driving the screw into a solid material by turning. I 302

one-way head Slotted head having two opposing quarters removed so that the screw can be turned one way only, making it very difficult to unscrew.

Phillips Head whose crisscross indentation keeps the screwdriver in the middle of the head, providing a very firm grip.

socket head Head with a square socket that varies in size.

oval head Slotted head topped with an ornamental spherical part that is not driven beneath the wood’s surface.

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carpentry: sawing tools

hacksaw Frame handsaw for sawing metal of varying thicknesses.

adjustable frame

coping saw Small handsaw with a trame, used for cutting out curves or delicate patterns in a piece of relatively thin wood.

Rigid metal mount keeping the blade under tension. Extendable, it can be adjusted for blades of various lengths.

keeping the (gpigiQ^^ (Q prevent it trom buckling.

grip handle

handle

The rotation of the handle regulates the tension of the blade on the frame. blade

It has very hard teeth; their thickness depends on the type of metal. blade

handsaw Very common manual saw, suited for straight cuts in boards or wood panels. back

Toothless edge of a blade.

handle

blade

Long and rigid but slightly flexible, it is designed for following a straight line.

compass saw Small handsaw used mostly to cut regular or curved openings in wood and panels. blade

Narrow and rigid, it can cut a piece of wood in a curve.

toe handle

Front end of a blade, usually narrower than the heel.

heel

Rear end of a blade, partially or completely encased in the handle. blade

It is set in a rigid frame, which is part of a movable device that moves the blade vertically and horizontally.

tooth

Small point forming the cutting part of the blade. Together, their number, shape and disposition vary depending on the intended use. hand miter saw Device consisting of a handsaw and a guide for cutting a piece at a precise angle.

handle

fence

■ Perpendicular plate on the surface bracing the piece to be cut.

miter box

■Grooved instrument for guiding the saw to make cuts at precise angles. end stop

Adjustable device against which the piece rests to keep it from moving.

miter latch

Device for locking the blade at the desired angle. miter scale

Graduated scale for regulating the blade precisely to the selected cut angle.

clamp

Instrument for locking a piece against the fence and the grooved surface. 303

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Thin, flexible and very straight, it can move at various angles to make irregular cuts.

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carpentry: sawing tools electric miter saw System composed of a circular saw and guiding device for cutting at a precise angle.

handle

blade guard Device covering the blade in order to protect the user’s hands and prevent sawdust from escaping.

dust spout Sawdust-ejection conduit, to which a collection bag can usually be attached.

blade - Thin metal disk with teeth; it rotates to cut pieces of metal or wood.

fence Perpendicular plate on the surface bracing the piece to be cut.

miter latch Device for locking the table and the blade in the desired position. ■m

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miter lock handle ■ When the miter-latch screw is disengaged, it allows the table to be pivoted to select the cut angle.

circular saw blade Thin metal detachable disk, adaptable for various types of circular saws. table Pivoting circular surface, fitted with a slot for the saw, to which is attached the structure supporting the blade.

tooth Small point forming the cutting part of the blade. Together, their number, shape and disposition vary depending on the intended use.

circular saw Portable electric saw with a circular blade: it is used for making straight cuts in various materials.

handle For optimal control of the tool, it is advisable to place one hand on the handle and the other on the knob handle. upper blade guard Fixed sheath covering the upper part of the blade to protect the user’s hands and prevent sawdust from escaping.

blade Thin metal disk with teeth; it rotates to cut pieces of metal or wood.

lower guard retracting lever For manually raising the lower blade guard.

blade locking bolt Part attaching the blade to its rotation axle. lower blade guard Retractable sheath covering the lower part of the blade, which lifts as the cut advances. rip fence Movable part, perpendicular to the surface, controlling the width of the' cut in the lengthwise direction.

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miter scale Graduated scale for regulating the blade precisely to the selected cut angle.

trigger switch Connection mechanism for starting or stopping the tool by squeezing with the finger.

tip End'Of the tooth whose composition depends on the nature of the material to ^ be cut.

height adjustment scale Regulates the blade’s height under the base plate, to control the depth of the cut.

motor

blade tilting mechanism Device controlling the base plate’s degree of inclination to the blade so that straight or beveled cuts can be made. knob handle Flandle for ease of guiding the tool while sawing.

blade tilting lock Mechanism for locking the blade at the degree of inclination selected, between 45° and 90°.

base plate Support plate for the tool, which rests on the surface of the piece to be cut.

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carpeiitry: sawing tools jig saw Electric portable saw whose blade has an up-and-down motion; it is used for making straight or curved cuts.

speed selector switch Device for controlling the rhythm of-.,^ the blade’s up-and-down motion.

lock-on button Device locking the switch in position to keep the saw working continuously during long or complex cuts.

trigger switch Connection mechanism for sfarting ^ or stopping the tool by squeezing with the finger.

handle

orbital-action selector Mechanism regulating the pendular motion of the blade. A slight or no pendular motion gives a better finish but takes longer. chip cover Protective cover preventing sawdust and fragments from flying toward the user or toward the cutting line.

power cord Flexible elecfric wire housing fhe leads connecting the appliance to the electric circuit.

base The tool’s support plate, which rests on the surface of the piece to be cut. It can be inclined to make beveled cuts. table saw Set composed of a table, a circular saw and guiding accessories, for making sfraighf or oblique cufs fo large pieces,

blade guard Device covering the blade in order to protect the user’s hands and prevent sawdust from escaping. table Flat surface supporting the piece to saw and the guiding accessories.

miter gauge slot Notch in the table in which the miter gauge slides. ■

table extension Part extending the table’s work--..., surface.

blade Thin metal disk with teeth; it rotates to cut pieces of metal or wood. rip fence Movable part, perpendicular to the surface, controlling the width of the cut in the lengthwise direction. rip fence guide Perforated part whose motion along a track keeps the guide parallel to the exact measure desired.

miter gauge Movable accessory for a transverse cut that positions a piece at a precise angle (between 45° and 90°), and guides it toward the blade.

rip fence lock Locking handle used to keep the guide still and parallel to the desired spot on the table.

blade lock handle Screw locking the blade in the height and tiltsettings.

switch

rip fence slot Groove containing the rip fence guide and making its slide parallel.

blade height and tilting mechanism Wheel that moves along an angle indicator (between 0° and 45°) and regulates the blade’s fieight and inclination.

rip fence rule Scale showing the distance between the parallel guide and the blade, and, therefore, the width ot the cut. 305

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blade It moves up and down but can also move from front to back, which increases the efficiency of fhe sawing.

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carpentry: drilling tools

I cordless drill-driver Battery-powered portable electric tool used to drill holes and to screw and unscrew.

keyless chuck Chuck with a regulating ring that automatically tightens the jaws on the tool's shank.

examples of bits and drills

speed selector switch Device for regulating the chuck’s rotation speed.

screwdriver bit Detachable tool inserted into the chuck and used for screwing and unscrewing.

While both are intended for drilling holes in various materials, the bit has a center point while the drill ends in a cutting-edge cone.

twist bit Bit with a spiral drill flute; itdril straight uniform holes andisve practical for inserting dowels.

shank Upper part of the bit, on which pressure from the chuck’s jaws is exerted. flute Groove in the body of the bit that removes debris from the hole while drilling.

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torque adjustment collar Ringlike part controlling the tool’s torsion power. Screwing needs lower torque than drilling.

battery pack Device that stores chemical energy while charging, then converts it to electric energy.

trigger switch Connection mechanism for sfarfing or stopping the tool by squeezing with the finger.

body Part between the shank and the lead screw. fluted land Cutting edge forming the edge of the land.

land Flat surface befween the flutes.

reversing switch Switch for selecting the bit’s or drill’s direction of rotafion (screwing or unscrewing).

battery pack Device that stores chemical energy while charging, then converts it to electric energy. electric drill Portable electric tool using variablespeed rotation to pierce holes and to drive drills and bits.

charger Electrical device for recharging the tool’s battery.

solid center auger bit Bit made up of a central shank encircled by a twist; it is very durable and especially designed for making deep holes. shank Upper part of the bit, on which pressure from the chuck’s jaws is exerted.

chuck key Part for tightening and loosening the chuck’s jaws.

nameplate Plate showing the name of the warning plate manufacturer, the serial number of the device and certain technical Plate providing certain safety characteristics (tension, power, etc.). precautions to avoid injuries caused by misuse of the tool.,

lead screw Threaded pointed end for centering the bit in the middle of the hole at the start of drilling.

twist Spiral protrusion around the bit's shank; it removes debris from the • hole being drilled. ■

switch lock Device locking the switch in position to keep the saw working for a prolonged period. housing..

chuck Device with jaws for attaching the bit or drill to the tool.

spur Up that covers the outline of the hole and removes debris, which is then pushed to the twist and ..disposed of.

trigger switch Connection mechanism for starting or stopping the tool by squeezing • with the finger.

lead screw Threaded pointed end for centering the bit in the middle of the hole at ■•the start of drilling.

pistol grip handle Part shaped like a pistol grip so the wrist remains straight while holding the tool. jaw The parts of the chuck that grip the tool to keep it firmly in place.

cable sleeve Protective casing around the cable to avoid twisting and prevent wear.

auxiliary handle Tubular handle providing a firm grip and stabilizing the tool while drilling. cable

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masonry drill The carbide and tungsten tip, hard and durable, is designed to drill through material such as brick, concrete and stone.

spade bit Bit designed for shallow holes of wide diameter; it has a long lead screw for positioning on the center of the hole.

twist drill Usually used to drill holes in metal or wood, it is the most common type of drill.

double-twist auger bit Bit made up of two opposing twists; if removes debris quickly as the hole is drilled.

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carpentry: driilirgtools hand drill

turning handle

Gear-driven hand tool, used mainly to drill holes in wood, soft metal and plastic.

Handle whose rotation turns the drive wheel, which in turn transmits the motion to the pinion and the chuck. side handle

main handle

In vertical drilling, it stabilizes the tool while the other hand rotates the turning handle.

In horizontal drilling, it stabilizes the tool while the other hand rotates the turning handle. jaw

drive wheel

■ Toothed wheel that meshes with the pinion, thereby transmitting its rotational motion.

The parts of the chuck that grip the tool to keep it firmly in place. pinion

chuck

drill

Device with jaws for attaching the bit or drill to the tool.

Detachable shankthat is inserted into the chuck, whose rotating motion drills holes in various materiais.

Small toothed wheel downshifting the turning handle's motion; each turn of the handle translates into at least three rotations of the chuck.

brace

Hand tool, made up of an angled crank and a pawl and ratchet mechanism, for drilling holes.

handle cam ring

Metal cylinder covering the crank above the pawl. crank

Angled shank whose rotation drives the chuck, by the agency of a pawl and ratchet mechanism.

chuck

,• Device with jaws for attaching the ' bit or drill to the tool.

front knob

Knob for holding and stabilizing the tool while the other hand turns the crank by using the handle.

The parts of the chuck that grip the tool to keep it firmly in place. ratchet

quill

Hollow end of the front knob in which the crank turns.

Toothed wheel having only one direction of rotation; it is kept in place by the pawl. drill press

pulley safety guard

Set made up of an electric drill and a table mounted on a column, for drilling holes of a given depth in succession.

Case protecting the pulleys and the belt linking the motor to the drill.

motor

switch

Button for turning the device on or off. feed lever

depth stop ■

■■ Lever activating a mechanism for lowering or raising the chuck.

Device regulating the chuck’s depth of penetration.

quill''

Hollow part in which an arbor supporting the chuck slides up and down.

table-locking clamp

Locking device used to keep the table at a desired height.

chuck

Device with jaws for attaching the bit or drill to the tool. column

Cylindrical post fixed into the base; it supports the tool’s table, motor and head.

table

Flat surface whose height is adjustable; it supports the piece to be drilled. base

Support on which the tool rests, which can be bolted down to ensure maximum stability.

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Movable part for turning the crank.

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carpentry: shaping tools

I random orbit sander Portable electric tool whose abrasive disk moves two ways (rotating and eccentric) to sand various types of surface.

angle grinder Portable electric tool used for grinding, polishing, shaping and more. power cord Flexible electric wire housing the leads connecting the appliance to the electric circuit.

spindle lock button Device preventing the spindle from rotating while the grinding wheel is replaced.

lock-on button Device locking the switch in position to keep the saw working for a prolonged period.

power cord Flexible electric wire housing the leads connecting the appliance to the electric circuit.

housing switch Button for turning the device on or off. side handle Flandle intended mainly for guiding the tool while ensuring maximum stability. DO-IT-YOURSELF AND GARDENING

grinding wheel Somewhat rigid abrasive disk mounted on a grinder’s spindle, whose roughness varies with the task (e.g., grinding, polishing, shaping).

wheel guard Metal shield partially covering the grinding wheel to prevent any accidental contact or, in case of breakage, to protect the user from flying pieces.

dust canister Receptacle collecting the dust drawn through the Sander's openings and the corresponding perforations in the sanding disk.

sanding pad Cushion to which the sanding disk is attached. Usually made of flexible material, it is used for sanding flat and curved surfaces. sanding disk Paper, usually perforated and selfadhesive, that fits the Sander's sanding pad.

grinding wheel Somewhat rigid abrasive disk mounted on a grinder’s spindle, whose roughness varies with the task (e.g., grinding, polishing, shaping).

sanding disk Paper, usually perforated and selfadhesive, that fits the Sander’s sanding pad.

sand paper Paper usually coated with glass powder, used by itself or mounted on a tool for smoothing.

trigger switch Connection mechanism for starting or stopping the tool by squeezing with the finger.

examples of bits Bits: detachable tools fitted with edges or abrasive parts; a router applies a rotating motion on them to mill a piece of work.

router Portable electric tool using rotating bits to mill moldings, grooves and wood joints. motor

head Flat top of the router; the tool rests on it when not in use.-

switch Button for turning the device on or off.

cord sleeve Protective casing around the cable to lessen twisting and prevent wear.

rounding-over bit Depending on the way it is positioned, it is a bit for rounding the edge of a piece of wood or for making a convex molding with a shoulder.

rabbet bit Bit for cutting an edge at right angles, used especially for making frames and for various cabinetmaking joints.

core box bit Bit usually used to mill grooves in wood in the shape of semicircles.

dovetail bit Bit for making cuts shaped like a dove's tail, often used in joining drawers.

cove bit Bit used especially for concave moldings or for cutting articulating joints for a gateleg table.

chamfer bit Bit for beveling edges at a 45° angle to create decorative edges and joints.

depth adjustment Device that regulates the depth of the bit, thus controlling the depth of the milling.

guide handle Used to hold and guide the tool.

collet Ring-shaped part for tightening or--" loosening the tool holder. base Support plate for the tool, which rests on the surface of the piece to be worked on.

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tool holder Device fitted with jaws tor attaching the bit to the router.

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carpentry: shaping tools plane Hand tool with a cutting blade, intended mainly for planing a wood surface or to give it a shape (e.g., beveled, chamfered).

wedge lever Lever for holding or releasing the assembly made up of the lever cap, blade and cap iron.

lateral-adjustment lever Device for aligning the cutting edge of the blade with the plane of the sole.

lever cap Part keeping the blade and the cap .■iron in place and underpressure.

handle

knob Handle for guiding and stabilizing the tool.

depth-of-cut adjustment knob Screw for controlling the motion of the blade in relation to the sole; this determines the depth of the cut.

toe Front end of the tool.

heel Rear end of the tool. blade Metal plate whose beveled edge constitutes the cutting edge of the plane.

frog-adjustment screw Screw adjusting the blade’s slant and, therefore, the width of the opening (mouth) that removes the shavings.

depth-of-cut adjustment knob Screw for controlling the motion of the blade in ^ relation to the sole; this determines the depth of the cut.

jointer plane The longest in the plane family, it is used for planing large pieces of wood and is not thrown off by bumps or indentations.

lever cap Part keeping the blade and the cap ...iron in place and underpressure.

knob Handle for guiding and stabilizing the tool.

sole Support plate, which lies on the surface of the piece to be planed.

heel Rear end of the tool.

cap iron Metal part in apposition to the blade; it breaks off the wood shavings to facilitate their removal.

toe Front end of the tool. rasp Hand tool made up of a metal blade whose tooth-covered surface can quickly rough out wood, metal or plastic.

handle

file Hand tool made up of a metal blade whose striated surface allows for pieces of wood, metal or plastic to be smoothed, altered or burnished.

tang Part of the blade extending into the handle, by which it is attached.

teeth Metal pointy protuberances making up the abrasive part of a rasp. Their widths vary depending on the use. wood chisel Hand tool with a metal blade whose end is beveled for woodworking.

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sole Support plate, which rests on the surface of the piece to be planed.

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carpentry: gripping and tightening tools

I pliers Hand tools with two movable jaws ot tixed or variable gaps, intended for gripping or clamping objects.

straight jaw ^ Jaw whose interior side is rectilinear tor grasping or clamping a flat, square or many-sided object.

slip joint pliers Pliers with curved jaws and ending in a straight part, adjustable to two widths of opening.

rib joint pliers Pliers with straight jaws, adjustable to several gap positions,

bolt Metal plug ending in a head and threaded for screwing into a nut; it forms the pliers’axle of articulation,'..

curved jaw Jaw whose internal side is rounded for gripping or clamping a round object.

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adjustable channel Set of notches that receive the bolt to change the jaws’gap.

handle Long part that, in concert with its twin, exerts pressure to open or close the jaws.

slip joint Pliers'articulating axle, which slides between two positions to change the jaws’gap.

nut Hollow cylinder of metal whose lining is threaded to screw onto a corresponding bolt. handle Long part that, in concert with its twin, exerts pressure to open or close the jaws.

locking pliers Used as pliers, wrench and vice, it has variable-gap jaws for gripping and clamping objects.

spring Tight when the handles are closed to lock the pliers, it resumes its shape when unlocked and the handles return to their initial position.

lever The pressure of the adjusting screw raises or lowers it, thereby controlling the jaws' gap.

adjusting screw Screw regulating the jaws' gap.

toothed jaw Striated straight or curved part that, with its twin, grasps or clamps an object. rivet Riveted assembly part that is the axle of articulation for the release lever.

release lever Lever for unlocking the pliers and releasing the grip.

washers Ringlike parts placed between a nut or a bolt and a part to be tightened; they distribute the stress.

flat washer Placed underneath a screw or the head of a bolt, it distributes the pressure while protecting the work surface. I 310

lock washer Slightly spiral-shaped washer, which acts as a spring to prevent screws from loosening.

external tooth lock washer Washer having protuberances on the outside so that a screw tightens securely and will not loosen,

internal tooth lock washer Washer having protuberances on the inside so that a screw tightens securely and will not loosen.

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carpentry: gripping and tightening tools wrenches Hand tools with fixed or variable openings, used

fixed jaw Upper branch of the fork, which is an extension of the tool’s handle. ■.

crescent wrench Wrench whose jaws’ gap is adjustable for gripping nuts, bolts or plumbing fittings of various sizes.

movable jaw Lower branch of the fork, whose gap enables the tool to adjust to the size of the object to be gripped.

tightening and loosening nuts and bolts, and 3ssembling and disassembling objects,

handle thumbscrew Small striated wheel controlling the movable jaw’s gap.

Wrench with two many-sided heads, designed mainly to tighten plumbing joints.

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ratchet box end wrench Wrench whose rings are fitted with a pawl, which limits the part’s rotation in one direction, and a ratchet, which can be rotated in the opposite direction

Wrench with two openings of different sizes, each having parallel jaws.

box end wrench Wrench that is usually bent and has two many-sided rings of different sizes; it grips the nut more firmly than the open end wrench.

Wrench with one forked end and one many-sided head, both ends are the same size.

ratchet socket wrench Wrench fitted with a pawl and a ratchet: the pawl sets the direction of rotation, while the ratchet lets the handle turn in the opposite direction over the socket.

bolts Metal plugs ending in a head and threaded so they can be tightly screwed into nuts to secure fastenings and assemblies. bolt Metal threaded plug ending in a head: it is tightly screwed into a nut to secure fastenings and

socket set Set made up of hollow cylinders of different sizes and interior profiles that fit onto a ratchet socket wrench.

nut Hollow cylinder of metal whose lining is threaded to screw onto a corresponding bolt.

head Widened end of the bolt, of various shapes and sizes,

nuts Metal parts with holes whose surfaces are threaded for screwing onto the corresponding bolts.

hexagon nut Most common nut; it has six sides for tightening with a wrench.

shoulder bolt Bolt whose head comprises a section of smaller diameter for concentrating the tightening pressure.

acorn nut Nut capped with a hollow dome that covers and protects the threaded end of the bolt.

wing nut Nut comprised of two protruding ends for tightening or loosening by hand.

threaded rod Elongated part whose surface has a spiral protrusion for screwing into a corresponding nut.

shoulder Cylindrical nonthreaded protrusion used as a bracket as the bolt is being tightened. 31 1

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carpentry: gripping and tightening tools

C-clamp Portable tool with a C-shaped frame, used for keeping objects from moving while working on them.

handle Sliding bar for tightening or loosening the adjusting screw, thereby spreading or closing the jaws.

fixed jaw Smooth or striated part against which the movable jaw presses an object.

vise Press with two jaws; it is attached to a worktable and used for clamping objects.

movable jaw Smooth or striated jaw that presses an object against the fixed jaw.

fixed jaw Smooth or striated part against which the movable jaw presses an object.

movable jaw Smooth or striated jaw that presses ,■ an object against the fixed jaw.

adjusting screw Threaded shank whose rotation is controlled by the handle; it moves the jaw toward or away from the piece to be clamped.

DO-IT-YOURSELF AND GARDENING

swivel head End of the tightening screw; it 'pivots to adjust to irregularly shaped objects.

handle Sliding bar for tightening or loosening the adjusting screw, thereby spreading or closing the jaws.

throat Opening made by the frame.

swivel lock Sliding bar clamping down the swivel base by locking it into the desired position.

adjusting screw Threaded shank whose rotation is controlled by the handle; it moves the jaw toward or away from the piece to be clamped.

bolt Threaded metal plug with a head that is tightly screwed into a nut to secure the vise to a work bench.

frame Rigid metal support in the shape of a C, having the fixed jaw on one end, while the other end contains a hole for the adjusting screw.

swivel base Rotating surface surmounting the fixed base, which allows the vise to turn 360°.

peg Detachable part inserted into one of the openings on the work surface to clamp an object between its jaws.

pipe clamp Large press comprising a metal pipe supporting a jaw and a tail stop.

fixed base The tool’s supporting block, usually bolted onto a work bench.

jaws The parts of the working surface that spread apart or close together to clamp one or more objects.

work bench and vise Small, usually folding, worktable whose top surface (tray) is composed of two adjustable jaws for clamping objects.

handle Sliding bar that adjusts the screw to slide the tail stop’s jaw up or down the pipe.

clamping screw Threaded shank whose rotation, controlled by the clamping lever, causes the jaw to slide along the pipe to or from the object to be clamped. Movable part for pressing more objects against the tail stop.

working surlace Large flat surface with two jaws forming a clamp, which supports the objects to be worked on as well as various tools and accessories.

crank Handle for regulating the jaws’ gap. The two ends of the jaws can be adjusted independently in order to clamp a part at an angle.

pipe Hollow cylinder of varying length, along which the jaw and the tail stop slide.

tail stop Movable jaw whose motion along the pipe quickly adjusts the tool to the length of the object to be clamped. locking lever Handle that fixes the tail stop at the desired position on the pipe.

footrest

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carpentry: measuring and marking tools

I bevel square Instrument whose movable arms are used for measuring or for marking an angle.

framing square Instrument, usually graduated, used for marking right angles and to check that joints and cuts are perpendicular.

spirit level Instrument fitted with tubes containing a liquid and an air bubble that, when placed between two points of reference, shows whether a surface is level, vertical or at 45°, chalk line Instrument consisting of a cord that rewinds into a case filled with chalk powder; it is used for marking straight lines.

tape measure Instrument for determining length made up of a graduated, flexible tape of variable length that rolls up inside a case.

tape lock Mechanism preventing the tape from rewinding, making iteasierto measure things.

crank handle Device for rewinding the line into the case containing the chalk powder.

scale Divisions of equal length marked on the tape and constituting the units of measurement.--.,.. hook Bent metal end of the tape that is hooked onto an object; it also makes iteasierto unroll the tape.

case Metal body enclosing the graduated tape.

tape Thin metal graduated band; it is narrow and flexible for measuring lengths.

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case Metal body housing the chalk powder and the line.

line Chalk-covered cord that is pulled between two points to mark a straight line, hook Curved metal end of the cord that can be attached to an object; it also makes unwinding easier.

carpentry: miscellaneous material tool box Rigid container, fitted with a cover and a tray, for storing and carrying tools. handle Pelt

tool belt Band worn around the waist, fitted with pockets and accessories for holding tools and instruments needed close at hand.

■tray Rigid detachable container, divided into compartments and usually used for storing hardware or small tools.

hammer loop Metal bracket for holding the head of a hammer.

pocket

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plumbing tools The purpose of plumbing is to install, maintain and repair a dwelling’s pipes and sanitary fixtures.

pipe threader Round part with teeth, mounted on a diestock, for creating a thread on the outside of a pipe by hand.

Teflon tape Flexible waterproof ribbon for covering threaded pipe joints to prevent leakage.

DO-IT-YOURSELF AND GARDENING

tube cutter Hand tool fitted with a cutting wheel for making straight even cuts to metal or plastic pipes.

tube flaring tool Hand tool composed of a clamp and a conical instrument that is inserted into a pipe to widen the end.

valve seat wrench Elbow-shaped key, usually having one square end and the other octagonal, used mainly for removing faucet seats.

pencil point tip

Detachable end in which the gas is burned, and whose shape produces a slender flame with a fine tip.

plumber’s snake Metal semirigid auger whose end is usually fitted with a hook or corkscrew; it is used for unblocking pipes.

disposable fuel cylinder

.Small interchangeable tank, filled with gas (usually propane or butane) supplying the burner.

soldering torch Portable tool operating on gas, for fastening parts using a finishing metal with a low melting point, such as lead. I 314

hacksaw Frame handsaw tor sawing metal of varying thicknesses.

plunger Rubber funnel-shaped instrument, attached to the end of a handle, for unblocking toilets, sinks and other drains.

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pkimbing tools wrenches Hand tools with fixed or variable openings, used for tightening and loosening nuts and bolts, and for assembling and disassembling objects.

strap wrench

Wrench whose strap acts as a jaw to grip objects that are difficult to access or whose surfaces must not be damaged.

chain pipe wrench

Wrench whose chain acts as a jaw for gripping large pipes and irregularly shaped objects.

masonry tools The purpose of masonry is to build and repair structures or to cover walls with brick, stone or concrete blocks.

caulking gun cartridge

Small replaceable reservoir, fitted with a nozzle and containing a malleable, adhesive caulking.

nozzle

Instrument using a piston mechanism for applying caulking to seal joints and openings.

Conical nozzle forming the end of the cartridge.

tip piston release

gun

Elbow-shaped shaft with a push stick (piston) that compresses the contents of the cartridge or releases the gun.

End of the nozzle through which the caulking is applied.

Open cylindrical instrument supporting a cartridge.

mason’s trowel

Tool with a trapezoidal blade, used mainly for spreading and smoothing mortar and concrete.

piston lever

Trigger controlling the forward motion of the cartridge.

bricklayer’s hammer

Hammer with a long, pointed peen, used for finishing brick and stone and for removing a damaged covering.

tang

Part of the blade extending into the handle, by which it is attached..,

hawk

joint filler

Plate with a short handle, used mainly to hold mortar, plaster and coatings when applying them to a facing.

square trowel

Tool whose fine blade is used to smooth noticeable joints in a facing.

Tool with a rectangular blade, usually used for smoothing plaster and small concrete surfaces.

315 I

DO-IT-YOURSELF AND GARDENING

pipe wrench

Wrench with notched jaws and adjustable opening for firmly gripping nuts, couplings and thickwalled pipes.

a telescoping handle, and pivot to open at variable positions; it is used for working in cramped spaces.

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electricity tools I The purpose of the electrical trade is to install, maintain and repair electrical wiring and devices in a place or building. multimeter Device for measuring, among other things, a conductor’s resistance, the voltage between two points and the strength of the current.

probe Metal tip connecting the multimeter to the circuit being tested.

housing

digital display Liquid-crystal screen displaying the reading taken by the device.

insulated blade

auto/manual range - Button for choosing between the automatic and manual gauge for each function.

data hold Function for keeping certain readings in memory.

DO-IT-YOURSELF AND GARDENING

voltage tester Screwdriver used for detecting an electric current in appliances, devices and lowvoltage circuits.

cord Flexible electric wire housing the leads connecting the appliance to the electric circuit.

selector switch Device for selecting the desired function and the appropriate gauge for the measurement.

insulated handle Part for gripping the tool, made from a material that prevents an electric current from passing through it.

input terminal Socket for receiving a probe’s cord.

neon lamp Small tube that lights up when the blade is in contact with a live conductor.

drop light Portable electric lamp protected by a guard and fitted with a long cord allowing it to be moved.

continuity tester Instrument for detecting short circuits and open circuits and for testing fuses. reflector Metal half sphere concentrating and directing the light from a lightbulb. bulb Glass envelope filled with gas, inwhich a luminous body is inserted.

receptacle analyzer Instrument for detecting any faults in the receptacle, such as grounding problems and crossed or unconnected wires.

guard Metal mesh protecting the. lightbulb while the drop light is being handled. convenience outlet Device connected to an electric circuit: it transmits the current to an ■ electrical appliance when its plug is inserted into the outlet.

handle

neon tester Instrument used for detecting the presence of an electric current in low-voltage appliances, devices and circuits.

high-voltage tester Instrument used for defecting an electric current in high-voltage appliances, devices and circuits

cord Flexible electric wire housing the leads connecting the appliance to the electric circuit.

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electricity tools multipurpose tool Pliers fitted with straight jaws, used especially for gripping, cutting and stripping electric wires. lineman’s pliers Pliers fitted with straight jaws that provide a powerful grip; they also include a wire cutter and jaws for pulling fish wire.

pivot

Pliers’axle of articulation, which allows the jaws to open and close.

jaw

Straight striated part that, with its twin, opens and closes to grip, twist or cut an electric cable, wire or other object.

wire cutter

Cutting edge for cropping an electric wire.

wire cutter

wire stripper

Part fitted with two cutting edges-' for cropping an electric wire.

Pliers'cutting notch, of various diameters, in which the end of an electric cable is clamped for stripping.

pivot

Pliers’axle of articulation, which-' allows the jaws to open and close. DO-IT-YOURSELF AND GARDENING

insulated handle

hammer Hammer with an elongated head and a tapered peen, for attaching small parts and nailing in cramped spaces.

Long part of the pliers, covered with a material preventing the tlow of electricity.

insulated handle

Long part of the pliers, covered with a material preventing the flow of electricity.

fuse puller Insulated pliers designed for handling cartridge fuses.

wire nut Hollow part inside which electric wires are connected.

cable ripper Tool with openings of various diameters for stripping a nonmetal electric cable or wire. cutter Knife with a curved blade used mainly for making incisions in the sheathing of a nonmetal electric cable or wire. adjustment wheel

Small striated wheel controlling the movement of the jaws so they adapt to the diameter ot the electric wire being stripped.

fish wire Metal wire ending in a hook, used mainly for running electric cables through walls.

needle-nose pliers Pliers with long narrow jaws for doing delicate work or accessing hard-to-reach parts.

wire stripper Pliers with adjustable cutting jaws tor removing the insulating sheathing from an electric cable or wire. 317

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soldering and welding tools I Welding joins two parts by fusing their edges, while soldering does so by fusing a finishing metal (solder) placed on the joint soldering gun Electric tool that is more powerful than a soldering iron; it uses finishing metal with a low melting point, such as lead, to join parts.

protective clothing

housing

tip

^ Case enclosing and protecting the device's mechanism.

Metal part forming the end of the gun, used to heat a solder.

heating element

pistol grip handle

Electrical resistor that quickly heats the tip. on-off switch

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cord sleeve

soldering iron Electric tool with a tip for heating a solder, used to join parts that can take only weak mechanical pressure.

Protective casing around the cable to lessen twisting and prevent wear,

Part shaped like a pistol grip so the wrist remains straight while holding the tool.

goggles

welding curtain Movable panel that stops the sparks and harmful light rays emitted while welding.

face shield

tip cleaners Fine metal needles of various sizes used for clearing the inside of a nozzle, head or burner.

striker Instrument producing a spark for lighting the gas emitted by a nozzle, head or burner.

hand shield friction strip

Abrasive surface on which a flint is struck to ■producea spark, flint

Small stone that is scraped against an abrasive surface to produce a spark.

arc welding Welding process in which the heat needed for fusing is provided by an electric arc between the electrode and the part to be welded.

electrode holder

electrode lead

gauntlet Fireproof article of clothing that covers the hand and wrist and takes the shape of the fingers.

electrode

Detachable metal pin; it conducts the current and produces an electric arc.

ground clamp

Tongs connecting the part to be welded to the work lead.

work lead

Cable returning the current to the arc welding machine.

I 318

arc welding machine

Device providing a current to the electrode: the current’s intensity depends on the nature of the parts to be welded and the electrode’s characteristics.

mitten Fireproof article of clothing entirely covering the hand and the wrist but leaving the thumb free.

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soldering and welding tools

cutting torch Burning acetylene produces a very hot flame that can cut through metals such as steel.

cuning oxygen handle Device directing the oxygen to the cutting tip, where combustion takes place.

oxygen valve Valve controlling the volume of oxygen introduced into the welding torch.

welding torch Torch for joining metal parts using a flame produced by burning gas.

mixing chamber Part of the torch where acetylene and oxygen are mixed. The proportion and flow of the gases, regulated by the valves, determine the flame’s properties.

acetylene valve Valve controlling the volume of acetylene entering the torch.

cutting tip End of the torch, whose opening produces a flame concentrated on the surface to be cut. working pressure gauge Dial-operated device whose needle shows the gas pressure at the outlet port of the pressure regulator.

head tube Detachable part conducting the gaseous mixture to the nozzle.

tip End of the head tube; combustion takes place where it opens.

soldering torch Portable tool operating on gas, for fastening parts using a finishing metal with a low melting point, such as lead.

pencil point tip Detachable end in which the gas is burned, and whose shape produces a slender flame with a fine tip.

cylinder pressure gauge Dial-operated device whose needle shows the gas pressure in the cylinder.

adjusting screw Screw for controlling the gas pressure at the regulator outlet port, which corresponds to the gas pressure at the inlet of the torch.

DO-IT-YOURSELF AND GARDENING

handle Rigid tube containing the conduits for the welding gas; it also makes the torch easy to handle.

pressure regulator Device placed at the outlet port of each cylinder; it lowers and stabilizes the gas pressure reaching the torch.

check valve Part for preventing gas from returning to the cylinder after passing through the pressure regulator.

oxyacetylene welding Welding process in which the heat required for fusion is provided by the burning of an acetylene and oxygen mixture in the end of the torch.

bottle cart ■Support for the welding material, on wheels for easy moving. pressure regulator Device placed at the outlet port of ■each cylinder; it lowers and stabilizes the gas pressure reaching the torch. oxygen cylinder ■ Oxygen is the gas used to make the acetylene burn.

flame spreader tip Detachable end producing a wide flame for covering a larger surface.

acetylene cylinder As acetylene burns at very high ■temperatures (6,000°E), it is used in steel and metal work, where a high temperature must be attained quickly. hose • Flexible tube bringing gas from the cylinder to the torch.

disposable fuel cylinder Small interchangeable tank, filled with gas (usually propane or butane) supplying the burner.

welding torch Instrument burning gas to produce a flame of a given shape and intensity; it is used to weld and cut metal.

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painting upkeep I The main purpose of this type of work is to apply paint, stain or varnish to a surface.

spray paint gun Pneumatic device atomizing paint onto a surface, giving it a smooth uniform finish.

nozzle Opening through which the paint flows; its size depends on the position of a conical part (pointer).

fluid adjustment screw Screw for controlling the maximum size of a pointer, thereby determining the amount of paint emitted by the nozzle.

air cap Part directing the compressed air toward the nozzle: here the air comes in contact with the paint jet, which is atomized.

air valve Movable part whose opening is regulated by the trigger; it lets compressed air into the gun.

trigger Device that controls the supply of both air and paint.

vent hole Opening through which the air enters the container to maintain the atmospheric pressure.

DO-IT-YOURSELF AND GARDENING

brush Natural or synthetic bristles attached to a handle, used for spreading paint, varnish or stain on a base.

spreader adjustment screw Movable part whose opening is controlled by a screw that controls the volume of air pushed into the air cap, thereby defining the size and shape of the paint jet.

air hose connection Threaded part receiving a flexible tube; it is connected to a compressor that allows the compressed air into the body of the gun.

container Reservoir for the paint, which is connected to the gun by a tube; here a low-pressure zone is created causing the liquid to be sucked in.

pump Machine drawing in ambient air and forcing it underpressure into the tank.

air compressor Machine compressing and storing the air that supplies a spray paint gun or other pneumatic tool.

handle

ferrule etal part clamped around the end of the handle to keep the bristles firmly in place. bristles Stiff hairs made from natural or synthetic materials; they are filled with paint, varnish or stain to apply them. scraper Instrument with a blade used to remove paint or varnish from a surface.

knurled bolt Bolt fastening the blade on the handle. blade Thin flat metal part that forms the cutting part of the scraper. handle

motor heat gun Electric device blowing very hot air, used mainly to soften paint and varnish to ease scraping them. handle

nozzle End of the tool through which a jet of hot air is forced by a fan. It is usually possible to attach various accessories to it,

air tank Container storing compressed air.

switch Device's start and stop button, regulating the intensity of the hotair flow. tray Container used with a roller; it has a deep area to hold the paint and a ribbed area for coating the roller cover with the amount of paint required.

wheel Circular instrument rotating around an axle so that the device can be moved. handle

paint roller Instrument fitted with a detachable handle for spreading the paint evenly on a large surface.

roller frame Metal pivoting structure inserted into the roller cover as support.

roller cover Detachable cylindrical part, covered with natural or synthetic fibers adapted to the nature of the product being applied.

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ladders and stepladders Movable devices of wood or metal, composed of rungs or sfeps and used to reach reiafively high areas.

foldaway ladder Articulating ladder ttiat can be folded up into a trap door.

extension ladder Straight ladder of adjustable height, made up of two superimposed planes that slide one on the other.

straight ladder hook ladder Ladder that leans against a wall, Straight ladder with one end having comprised of two parallel side rails fixed or detachable hooks to keep the joined by rungs. ladder in place on a structure.

I rung

Bar on a ladder that constitutes a

side rail

Part supporting rungs or steps.

locking device

Flook immobilizing the upper part of the ladder at the desired height by hooking onto a rung; it can also be released to lower the upper part.

pulley

Small wheel for maneuvering the hoisting cord.

rope ladder Suspension ladder whose side rails and rungs are made of cord.

DO-IT-YOURSELF AND GARDENING

ladder scaffold Movable structure made up of two vertical ladders and a work platform as well as wheels fitted with blocking devices.

hoisting rope

fruit-picking ladder Double ladder specially designed for picking fruit and for pruning and maintaining trees.

Rope that is pulled to raise andlower the upper part of the ladder.

antislip shoe

Part attached to the bottom end of the side rail to prevent slipping.

multipurpose ladder Ladder with several folds, which can be locked in a number of positions.

top

Flat top of a stepladder upon whicti ■ objects can be placed.

stepladder Small ladder, often folding, that is usually composed of three to six steps.

rolling ladder Movable ladder fitted with a platform and a safety rail: it can be moved on wheels equipped with blocking devices.

step stool Stool equipped with steps usually folding under the seat. platform ladder Small indoor ladder, usually folding, that comprises a small number of steps.

tool shelf

Flat folding surface upon which tools can be placed.

shelf safety rail

brace

Folding cross piece maintaining the gap between the two opposite side rails, thereby providing stability. step

Flat narrow surface that supports the feet when climbing, descending or standing.

Part serving as a support and protection barrier.

Flat folding shelf upon which objects can be placed.

platform

Wider step for standing on safely. frame

Parts supporting the steps and the platform of a platform ladder.

step rubber tip

Rubber part attached to the ends ot the frame to prevent slipping.

Flat narrow surface that supports the feet when climbing, descending or standing. 321

[

GARDENING

pleasure garden I Private plot reserved for cultivating ornamental plants where one strolls and relaxes.

ornamental tree Tree planted for decorative■ purposes.

climbing plant Plant growing upward using a nearby structure as support.

lantern Exterior light having a high stand that is fixed to the ground; it consists ■ of a franslucent or transparenf cage containing a light source.

pergola Small structure with horizontal girders supported by posts, used as a support for baskets or climbing plants.

hanging basket Hanging container for ornamental plants.

patio Outdoor surface of various sizes usually covered with flagstone.

DO-IT-YOURSELF AND GARDENING

shed Structure used for storing gardenequipment.

clump of flowers Grouping of flowers planted in a decorative manner.

hedge Bushes planted in a row to demarcate a lot.

fan trellis Wood, plastic or metal laths forming a decorative structure or a support for climbing plants.. bush Woody plant usually no taller than 3 ft.

lawn Short thick grass requiring regular mowing.

stake Stick for training a stem or for supporting a fragile one.

pond Small body of water, usually artificial, built for ornamental purposes.

paling fence Barrier made of aligned wooden planks to demarcate a lot.

flower bed Small plot of land adorned with plants, usually flowers.

rock garden Area of land strewn with ornamental rocks, among which plants grow.

I 322

path Walkway bordered by plants.

edging Row of sfones or other solid material demarcating a path.

flagstone Stone, marble or cement tile for covering a surface.

arbor Decorative doorway with rounded apex.

tub Container for ornamental or edible plants.

GARDENING

miscellaneous equipment

motorized earth auger Machine using a rotating bit to quickly dig holes of various sizes in the ground.

handle

Arm for guiding the auger and the bit.

control cable

Cable transmitting the motor’s energy to the bit’s clutch assembly.

auger bit

Detachable rotating part, with a twisted shank for digging holes.

motor

Device converting the combustion of' fuel and air into mechanical energy.

wheelbarrow Small one-wheeled handcart for transporting material such as supplies, tools, soil and debris. compost bin Container for decomposing organic waste from the garden and kitchen to produce fertilizer (compost).

handle

Arm for lifting and moving the wheelbarrow.

tray

Container designed to hold a load.

leg wheel

Part supporting the wheelbarrow when at rest.

Circular object rotating around an axle so that the wheelbarrow can be moved.

323 I

DO-IT-YOURSELF AND GARDENING

starting cable

Electric cable controlling thestarter.

GARDENING

seeding and planting tools

DO-IT-YOURSELF AND GARDENING

seeder Small shovel fitted with a distribution device for sowing seeds without touching them.

spreader Small handcart with a reservoir and distribution mechanism for evenly spreading seeds or fertilizer on an area.

bulb dibble Tool with a cylindrical container for removing a core of soil to create a hole in which plant bulbs or young plants are planted.

garden line Cord stretched between two stakes and used as a guide for marking straight furrows and edges for a border or a hedge, or for demarcating sections ofa vegetable garden.

stake Stick for training a stem or for supporting a fragile one.

I 324

GARDENING

hand tools Instruments used for working the soil in cramped spaces, such as a flower bed, small clumps, containers and baskets^

gardening gloves Article of clothing covering the hands to protect them when gardening.

trowel Small shovel used for digging a hole for planting or for removing a seedling.

DO-IT-YOURSELF AND GARDENING

small hand cultivator Tool with tines curved alright angles, usually used for loosening aerating and weeding the soil.

weeder Tool with a narrow blade for pulling up weeds with deep roots.

hand fork Tool eguipped with straight, somewhat flat tines, used mainly for loosening the soil.

325 I

GARDENING

tools for loosening the earth

DO-IT-YOURSELF AND GARDENING

shovel Tool used for digging holes and manipulating various objects, such as soil, sand and compost.

spade Tool with a flat or slightly concave blade, used mainly for turning over soil.

spading fork Tool with metal tines, which make it easier to loosen soil that is hard or contains many stones or roots.

hoe-fork Tool with a blade, which serves as a hoe, and tines; it is used especially for making furrows.

weeding hoe Tool with claws designed mainly for loosening and weeding soil.

I 326

lawn edger Tool with a semicircular blade for trimming the edge of the lawn, usually along a driveway, a patio or flower bed.

scuffle hoe Tool whose blade, more slanted that that of the draw hoe, loosens, weeds and aerates the soil; it is also used for harvesting root vegetables.

draw hoe Tool whose blade loosens, weeds and aerates the soil; it is also used to groom the soil around a plant.

tools for loosening the earth

hook

Tool with curved tines, used to handle fertilizer and compost, pull up root vegetables and loosen or weed the soil.

pick

Tool whose head is pointed on one end and has a cutting edge on the other; it is used to break up hard or rocky soil.

DO-IT-YOURSELF AND GARDENING

rake

Tool with tines perpendicular to the handle, for leveling the soil, removing pebbles and gathering debris.

hoe

Tool with a thick sturdy blade attached directly to the handle: it is used especially for loosening and weeding dense soil.

tiller

Motorized machine that uses its rotating tines to turn over and loosen the soil and mix fertilizer into it.

handlebar Arm tor steering the tiller.

Lever controlling the tiller’s motion an the tines’ rotation.

frame Metal structure of the tiller.

forward/reverse Mechanism for selecting the direction in which the tiller moves.

starter Hand-activated device pulling a cable to start the motor.

motor Device converting the combustion of fuel and air into mechanical energy.

tine .Cutting blade connected to a rotating axle; it digs into the soil to loosen if.

327

GARDENING

watering tools

I hose trolley Reel mounted on a cart, for transporting and storing a garden hose.

sprinkler hose Hose with small openings through which water flows; placed on the ground, it deeply waters large areas.

reel Spool for quickly rolling and .unrolling a garden hose.

DO-IT-YOURSELF AND GARDENING

garden hose Circularpipe, flexible br semirigid, •• conducting water from a tap to a watering device such as a nozzle, gun or sprinkler.

tap connector Threaded part receiving a hose connected to a tap.

trolley crank Handle for rolling up the garden hose on the reel.

hose nozzle Detachabid instrument attached to the end of a garden hose, for adjusting the shape and flow of the water spray.

tank sprayer Device with a tank and a wand that sprays fine droplets of water or treatment products on plants and soil. watering can Container fitted with a long neck, usuallpith a rose at its end, used for sprinkling plants with water or treatment products.

handle Part shaped like a semicircle for gripping the can. rose Detachable perforated part causing water or a liquid to pour in a shower.

I 328

GARDENING

watering ?ools

spray nozzle Watering gun with a wide head that contains small holes, used for watering flowers and delicate plants with a fine shower.

pistol nozzle Watering nozzle activated by means of a trigger flow switch.

arm Part attached to the sprinkler’s pivot for distributing water.

oscillating sprinkler Device with a bar containing multiple nozzles: It moves back and forth to spray water in the shape ot a fan over large areas.

metal arm Device that spreads water evenly to avoid puddles and splashing on the sides.-... nozzle Part with an opening through which the water spray is projected.

DO-IT-YOURSELF AND GARDENING

sprayer Small atomizer used mainly for spraying planf foliage and seedlings.

revolving sprinkler Watering device with rotating arms that distribute water inatull circle.

diffuser pin Device fragmenting the spray to vaporize the water.

impulse sprinkler Watering device whose single nozzle is mounted on a pivot that rotates in jerks, emitting a powerful spray to distribute water in a circle or arc.

deflector ■Device modifying the spray’s range.

hose connector Part receiving a garden hose. trip lever Ring-shaped part for adjusting the area to be watered (full or semicircle). sled Support for the sprinkler; it allows the device to be moved by pulling on the hose, which avoids treading on watered areas.

329 I

GARDENING

pruning and cutting tools

DO-IT-YOURSELF AND GARDENING

lopping shears Long-handled pruning shears used to cut medium-sized branches.

hedge shears Tool with two blades that articulate like scissors, for trimming hedges, borders or perennials.

pruning saw Handsaw with a straight or slightly curved blade, used to cut relatively large branches.

pruning shears Tool resembling large scissors, used mainly for cutting stems and ^ small branches.

grafting knife Small pointed knife, very sharp designed to make grafting cuts. sickle Tool with a crescent-shaped blade attached to a short handle, for cutting grass in areas that are inaccessible to a lawn mower.

pruning knife Small billhook for cutting small branches or performing various tasks requiring a light cut.

tree pruner Pruning shears mounted on a long pole whose blade is activated by a cord, for cutting hard-to-reach branches.

scythe Tool with a curved blade connected to a long handle with two grips, for cutting tall grass or in an area that is inaccessible to a lawn mower.

billhook Tool with a powerful hooked blade used especially to cut branches and undergrowth.

GARDENING

pruning and cutting tools hedge trimmer Portable electric tool with a toothed blade, for trimming hedges and borders. cord

Flexible electric wire housing the leads connecting the appliance to the electric circuit.

hand protector tooth

Each of the small points forming the cutting part of the blade; their spacing determines the finishing quality.

Part to protect the user from contact with the blade and to stop debris' from being thrown toward the user.

trigger

:hanical connection device for switching the tool on or off by pressing it with a finger.

Device transforming electric energy into mechanical energy to drive another device.

blade

Thin metal part using a back-andforth motion of the teeth to trim plants.

chainsaw Portable motorized saw with a cutting chain; it is manipulated with two hands to cut tree limbs, fell trees and saw wood.

antivibration handle air filter

Device that removes dust from the air entering the engine.

Auxiliary handle, insulated from the housing by rubber shock absorbers that dampen the vibrations produced by the tool.

chain brake

Part that is the machine's shield and release lever for stopping the chain in case of kickback or a false move.

security trigger stop button

Button for instantly stopping the engine.

Device blocking the accelerator control to prevent the chain from being activated accidentally.

guide bar bar nose

Front end of the guide bar.

Grooved metal blade along which the chainsaw chain moves.

handle

Part for gripping and handling the tool.

cutter link

chainsaw chain

Chain link on which a rounded cutting blade is mounted.

Chain equipped with cutter links, which move at high speed along the edge of the guide bar.

accelerator control

engine housing

starter handle

ffandle connected to a cable that is pulled to start the engine.

oil pan

Mechanism for starting, stopping and controlling the speed of the chain. fuel tank

Reservoir containing the fuel supplying the engine.

Reservoir containing oil for lubricating certain parts of the tool, such as the chain.

331 I

DO-IT-YOURSELF AND GARDENING

electric motor

GARDENING

lawn care

I lawn trimmer

Portable motorized tool, equipped

hand mower

Hand tool equipped with a rotating cutting cylinder, used for mowing the grass over a small area.

DO-IT-YOURSELF AND GARDENING

blade

Spiral metal part that, together with the other blades, forms the cutting cylinder.

speed rotation, cuts the grass. power mower

Motorized device using a rotating horizontal blade to cut grass over large areas. cutting cylinder

Part with several rotating blades that push the grass back against a fixed blade to out it.

ignition key

Part that is inserted into the ignition switch to start or stop the motor.

handle

Bar for moving and guiding the mower.

speed control

Mechanism for controlling the blade’s rotation speed and the motion of the mower.

safety handle

Lever controlling both the blade rotation and the wheel motion.

grassbox starter

Detachable container collecting the cut grass..

Hand-activated device pulling a .cable to start the motor.

motor

■ Device converting the combustion of fuel and air into mechanical energy.

filler cap

Cylindrical part plugging a tank's filler opening.

accelerator cable

■ Cable connecting the speed control to the motor. deflector

spark plug

Part deflecting the cut grass toward the grassbox. casing

Part supporting and covering a rotating blade for cutting the grass.

I 332

Instrument with electrodes that produce sparks that ignite the gaseous mixture in the motor’s combustion chamber.

GARDENING

lawn care

lawn rake Instrument equipped with flexible metal tines, arranged like a fan, used to gather dead leaves, cut grass or bits of debris on the lawn.

ignition key seat

Part for sitting while operating the vehicle.

Part that is inserted into the ignition switch to start or stop the motor.

cruise control lever

steering wheel

Circular instrument used by the operator tor steering the front wheels.

lawn tractor Small motorized vehicle upon which a mower deck is fixed, for cutting large expanses of grass.

mower deck lift lever

Mechanism for selecting the vehicle’s speed,.,

’ Lever for adjusting the mower deck's height.

brake pedal

Lever that the operator presses with the foot to activate the brake system......

hood

Lidlike partot the bodycoverim and protecting the motor.

rear wheel

Circular part rotating around an axle upon which a device rests; in ■■ this case, the rear of the vehicle. Its rear wheels are the driving force.

headlight forward travel pedal

Lamp on the front of the vehicle to light up the space in front.

Lever that is held down to let thevehicle go forward.

reverse travel pedal

Lever that is held down to let the vehicle back up.

deflector

projecting the cut grass to theside. front wheel mower deck

Mobile structure supporting and covering one or more rotating blades that cut the grass.

gauge wheel

Small adjustable wheel following the contours of the terrain to give a uniform cut over uneven surfaces.

Circular part rotating around an axle upon which a device rests; in this case, the front of the vehicle. Its front wheels guide the lawn tractor.

333 I

DO-IT-YOURSELF AND GARDENING

lawn aerator Roller fitted with points for puncturing the lawn in order to aerate it and facilitate the entry of substances such as water and fertilizers.

f I

33^

‘‘

Any object that covers the body to protect, conceal or adorn it.

335 I

elements of ancient costume I Examples of different articles of clothing characteristic of a period, country, condition or occasion. peplos In ancient times, a rectangle of woolen fabric wrapped around the torso and pinned at the shoulders, worn by Greek women.

toga Very long length of woolen fabric that Romans wrapped around themselves, draping it over the left shoulder and arm and leaving the right arm free.

fibula In ancient times, a pin or metal fastener used to secure clothing.

fold ■Part of the cloth folded over the belt to make it puff out.

CLOTHING

sinus Part of the toga that draped down over the left shoulder and went under the right arm, creating carefully arranged folds.

purple border In ancient Rome, the purple^border was worn by magistrates'and by boys until the age of 16.

stola Long full robe with or without sleeves and drawn in with a belt; it was worn by Roman women.

I 33B

palla Long rectangular piece of cloth, folded in half lengthwise and used as a cloak by Roman women.

chlamys In ancient times, a rectangle of woolen fabric pinned on one shoulder: it was worn by soldiers next to the skin or over a chiton.

chiton Tunic worn by Greek men and women in ancient times, made of two rectangles of linen sewn together to form a tube and belted at the waist.

elements of ancient costume

short sleeve Half sleeve covering the upper arm and extended by another half sleeve of various shapes.

floating sleeve Sleeve characterized by a long sometimes ankle-length panel falling from the elbow.

sleeve Part of the garment covering the arm; it can be of various shapes and lengths.

vertical pocket Pocket cut along the grain of the fabric.

fringe Strip of material with hanging threads used to decorate the border of clothing.

CLOTHING

cotehardie

In the 14th century, the cotehardie was a kind of low-cut fitted surcoat with long sleeves left open from the elbow.

corset

Tight-fitting undergarment with stays that appeared in the 18th century; women laced it up under their dresses to shape their waists and hold in their stomachs.

dress with crinoline

A19th-century dress worn over several underskirts, including a full one made of horsehair.

caraco jacket Close-fitting bodice with sleeves, cut off at the hip and buttoned in front; it appeared in the second half of the 18th century.

underskirt

From the 16th century, the underskirt was a short skirt worn under other skirts; by the late 18th and 19th century, it had become a skirt revealed by an open-fronted dress.

ruffle Funnel-shaped lace cuff with two or three flounces. shawl

In fashion since the 19th century, the shawl is a sguare, rectangular or triangular length of fabric used by women to cover their shoulders

stomacher Decorative triangle worn under the bodice of the dress.

bustle Underskirt with a semicircular wire hoop at the back to support the skirt and draw it away from the body.

surcoat

dress with panniers

dress with bustle

Worn over a tunic by men and women from the 13th to the 15th century; the women's was very long, with greatly enlarged armholes, which were often decorated with fur.

Dress that appeared in the mid-18th century; it was worn over an underskirt with two hoops that made it puff out at the hips.

Dress that appeared about 1870; it was worn over a bustle; which gave fullness to the back of the skirt. 337

[

elements of ancient costume

cape Very full coat of variable length that covered the body and arms; it had no sleeves or armholes and sometimes had a hood and slits for the arms. justaucorps Long garment for men that was close-fitting and slightly flared at the bottom. It was initially worn as a military uniform; after 1670 it became an item of civilian clothing.

waistcoat Worn since the end of the 18th century, the waistcoat is tight and sleeveless; the front is buttoned and made of quality material while the back is made of lining.

vest In the 17th and 18th centuries, the vest was worn under the justaucorps it hung straight and had two pockets with flaps and tight sleeves.

cuff Reverse side of the sleeve or a strip of material added to the end of a 'Sleeve and folded back.

CLOTHING

jacket Padded and belted male garment worn between the 14th and the 16th century, based on the doublet; the belt created folds below the waist and the sleeves widened at the shoulders.

breeches Tight knee-length pants that appeared in the second half of the 17th century.

breeches Tight knee-length pants that appeared in the second halt of the 17th century. doublet Tight padded garment with a belt and sleeves; it was worn by men from the 14th to the 17th century.

wing Piece of fabric added to the armhole to accentuate the width of the shoulder.

hanging sleeve Long sleeve, slashed at the elbow so.thearm could extend out of it.

houppelande Long full ceremonial garment (man's coat or woman's dress) worn at the end of the 14th century and in the early 15th century.

trunk hose Shorter version of braies and a forerunner of breeches, trunk hose were worn from the 16th to the 17fh century; they puffed out and were gathered above the knee.

braies Full pants that were characteristic of Gallic attire; they were pulled in at the waist with a belt and tied at the ankle with straps.

338

eiements of ancient costume

tricorne Men’s hat with a brim folded into three points and a relatively flat crown; it was worn in the 17th and 18th centuries.

heeled shoe In the 17th century, the heeled shoe had a large tongue decorated with a bow or a buckle.

bicorne Men’s hat with a brim folded into two points; it replaced the tricorne after the French Revolution,

hennin In the 15th century, a high cylindrical women’s headdress that was covered in expensive fabric; a transparent veil of medium length hung from it.

crakow Shoe characterized by a disproportionately long toe; it was in fashion from the end of the 14th through the 15th century.

collaret Piece of delicate, pleated or gathered fabric that adorned the neck of a dress; its shape varied greatly from one period to another.

fraise Stiff pleated collaret worn by men and women from the late 16th century to the beginning of the 17th century.

gaiter Cover for the top of the shoe and the lower part of the leg; it was held in place by an understrap and fastened at the side with buttons or hooks.

traditional clothing Examples of clothing that have characterized different regions for a number of generations.

turban Headgear worn by men in the eastern Mediterranean region and southern Asia and made from a strip of fabric encircling the head.

boubou Full garment made from a length of fabric folded in two; it is worn by black African men and women.

caftan Long full garment, often richly decorated; it is worn by men as ceremonial attire in the eastern Mediterranean region.

loincloth Piece of fabric or woven plant fibers that is worn around the waist by certain peoples of South America, Africa and Oceania.

fez Skullcap of white or red woolen fabric, usually bearing a tassel; it has long been the traditional Turkish headgear.

339

headgear I Item of attire used to cover, protect or adorn the head.

felt hat Soft hat with a dented crown that is adorned with a wide ribbon; it is made from a single piece and has a brim of uniform width.

men’s headgear

hatband Wide silk ribbon decorating the base of the crown.

crown Part of the hat that fits on top of the head.

CLOTHING

binding Strip of fabric running along the-.,, edge of the hat.

brim Part of the hat encircling the base of the crown.

bow Point where the ends of the hatband are tied to trim the hat.

boater Stiff straw headgear with a flat brim of uniform width and an oval crown circled with a ribbon; it was worn at the end of the 19th century.

skullcap Small round cap covering only the top of the head.

garrison cap Elongated brimless headgear with a soft flexible crown; it is worn over the brow and takes the shape of the head.

hunting cap Thick soft cap with a peak and ear flaps, which give protection against the cold.

top hat Stiff silk headgear with a high cylindrical crown circled with a ribbon and a narrow brim that is turned up at the sides; it was worn toward the end of the 18th century.

ear flap Flap that covers the nape of the neck and the ears to keep them warm; it can be turned up and held in place on top of the head.

cap Brimless, somewhat soft headgear that appeared at the end of the 19th century; it has a peak and a flat crown.

peak Part that juts out over the eyes to protect them. I 340

derby Headgear primarily for men that appeared at the end of the 19th century; it is made of stiff felt with a circular rounded crown and an upturned narrow brim.

shapka Fur hat that is native to Poland; it has ear flaps that can be turned up and tied on top of the head.

panama Soft headgear from the end of the 19th and the early 20th century; it is made from woven jipijapa leaves and has a dented crown circled with a ribbon.

headgear

pillbox hat Small low, round or oval toque worn perched on top of the head or pulled down.

women’s headgear

cartwheel hat Headgear in fashion from the early 20th century, made of straw or light fibers with a large soft brim of uniform width.

cloche Hat of the 1920s and‘30s with a cylindrical crown and a narrow brim.

toque Brimless headgear made of fabric or fur, with a cylindrical crown and a flat top that fits snugly on the head.

gob hat Headgear made of soft light material that is worn over the brow and fits snugly on the head; the brim can be worn down to shade the face.

CLOTHING

turban Headgear made of a long strip of fabric, wound around so that it covers the entire head but leaves the forehead uncovered.

crown Part of the hat that fits on top of the head. southwester Waterproof headgear with a narrow brim that widens over the nape of the neck to protect it from inclement weather.

brim Part of the hat encircling the base of the crown.

. , , balaclava

unisex headgear

beret Soft brimless headgear with a round flat crown that sometimes puffs out; it fits on the head by means of a simple hemmed rim ora narrow headband.

Headgear worn by members of both sexes.

stocking cap Woolen headgear made from a cylindrical piece that is folded over for double thickness, sewn at one end and decorated with a pompom.

341 I

shoes I Items of attire that protect and support the foot, covering the ankle and leg to varying degrees. men’s shoes lining

shoelace

parts of a shoe

Fabric or leather facing that protects and finishes the inside of the shoe.

Narrow cord of fabric or leather, flat or round, that is threaded through eyelets or hooks to tighten the shoe.

tongue cuff

Extension of the vamp that prevents the fastening system from rubbing against the foot: it is lifted when the shoe is put on.

Strip of fabric or leather inside the shoe, running along the edge of the' lining.

vamp

Part of the shoe that covers the .■front of the foot.

heel grip

Part of the lining that makes it easier to put the shoe on or holds the heel of the foot inside the shoe, depending on the type of shoe.

stitch

Visible stitching that both embellishes and reinforces the shoe.

quarter

Back part of the shoe that surrounds the heel of the foot and extends over the instep to reinforce it.

•» a • ' -

outside counter-

CLOTHING

part of the quarter that is sewn on or simulated and surrounds the heel of the foot.

*=7 X

0\ - -- ■

.M-

' punch hole

^-4

gusset pocket Patch pocket made fuller by an expandable boftom and sides or an inverted or round pleaf in the '■'■middle of fhe pockef.

cardigan Fine long-sleeved sweafer ending af the hips and characterized by frontbuttoning, a round neck and a ribbed bottom and wrists.

examples of blouses

body shirt Tight-fitting blouse in stretchy fabric and ending in a bikini bottom.

middy Straight full blouse with a sailor collar and no front opening, ending at the hips.

Blouses: women’s garments covering the torso and worn directly over underwear; there are many different varieties made of all kinds of fabric. CLOTHING

crotch piece Part of fhe bikini thaf goes between the legs; it can sometimes beunfastened so the blouse can be put on over the head.

yoke Variably shaped piece of fabric at the top of the garment, in front, in back or both; it begins at the shoulders or the waist, depending on the garment. shirttail Extension of the bottom of the garment; it can be left hanging out or tucked into the pants.

gather Small narrow pleat made by drawing thread through the fabric;' it is not ironed or sewn down.

classic blouse Front-buttoning blouse with a collar and long sleeves; it is gathered at the wrists and ends at the hips.

smock Long unfitted blouse made of soft lightweight material; it is often buttoned in the back and is usually worn over other garments to protect them.

mini shirtdress Full shirt-blouse ending at mid-thigh and usually worn over a skirt or pants; it has a side slit and rounded shirttails.

wllW:§^!gmv>ts

tunic Straight full blouse ending below the waist.

wrapover top Blouse with two front panels that cross over one another, creating a V-neck; it has ties that fasten at the waist, back or hip.

polo shirt Usually short-sleeved sweater thaf has a pointed turned-down collar; it is often fastened with a placket ending at mid-chest.

over-blouse Straight long-sleeved tunic that is often put on over the head; it is gathered by a belt or a tie at the waist and hangs over a skirt or pants. 359

(

Pocket; part of a garment used to carry things and consisting of a piece of material sewn onto or inside the garment.

gusset pocket Patch pocket made fuller by an expandable bottom and sides or by an Inverted or round pleat In the middle of the pocket.

inset pocket Pocket whose opening contains a decorative seam, giving the garment a distinctive line.

welt pocket Pocket whose opening is adorned and reinforced by one or two thin strips.

seam pocket Pocket where the opening is in a side seam of the garment.

CLOTHING

[if

-r.

flap pocket Pocket whose opening Is covered by a piece of fabric hanging from the top of it.

broad welt side pocket Angled pocket; the outer edge of the opening has a wide welt.

)

h'- i 1 *

patch pocket Pocket of various shapes and sizes, made of a piece of maferial sewn onto the garment’s outer surface.

garment; it opens vertically on one or both sides to protect the hands against the cold.

examples of sleeves Sleeve: part of fhe garment that covers the arm and varies in shape and length.

puff sleeve Very short sleeve that puffs out because of pleats sewn at the armhole and the bottom of the sleeve; it is edged with a narrow strip of fabric or elastic. I 36Q

cap sleeve Small sleeve fitting tightly over the shoulder to fall straight or flare over the upper arm.

three-quarter sleeve Sleeve that partially covers the forearm.

epaulet sleeve Sleeve extending to the neck by a strip that covers the shoulder.

women's clothing French cuff Tight part of a shirt or blouse sleeve made of a wide strip of fabric, which is folded back and fastened edge to edge with cuff links.

pointed tab end Narrow strip of fabric ending in a point and adorning the sleeve slit.

cuff link

Usually metal stud, single or paired with another, for fastening the edges of cuffs.

CLOTHING

batwing sleeve Sleeve with a large armhole that extends almost to the waist: it narrows gradually toward the wrist.

raglan sleeve Sleeve extending over the shoulder and attached front and back with a slanted seam running from under the armhole to the neck.

leg-of-mutton sleeve Sleeve that is narrow from the wrist to the elbow and widens from the elbow to the shoulder, where it is gathered.

pagoda sleeve Sleeve flaring from fhe elbow to the wrist.

bishop sleeve Long sleeve that puffs out because of pleats sewn at the bottom and sometimes at the armhole: it is edged with a narrow strip of fabric or elastic.

shirt sleeve Moderately full sleeve with a French cuff: it is slightly pleated at the bottom and is often embellished with a pointed tab end.

kimono sleeve Very full sleeve with no seam at the armhole.

tailored sleeve Long sleeve made of two pieces that are cut to follow the shape of a bent arm. 3B1 I

women's clothing examples of collars Collar: piece sewn onto a garment that finishes or adorns the neck.

roll

Inside of the collar, behind the neck.

stand

Top edge of the break line, where the collar turns.

fall

Part of the collar that folds back over the garment from the break' line.

break line

Line where thecollarfolds.

collar point

lapel

Somewhat pointed tip of the collar.

- Part of a garment turned down over the chest, extending the collar.

notch

Angle formed where the collar andthe lapel meet.

leading edge

CLOTHING

■ Folded part of the fabric that runs along the collar.

collar

Piece sewn onto a garment that finishes or adorns the neck.

dog ear collar

Turned-down collar characterized by long, fairly wide points, which are rounded at the tips.

tailored collar

Collar whose fold covers the back of the neck; its lapels form a V where they cross on the chest. I 362

shawl collar

Wide turned-down collar with long rounded lapels that partially cross in front.

bow collar

Collar made of a long strip of soft fabric sewn onto a round neck: it can be tied in front in various ways.

Peter Pan collar

shirt collar

Fiat collar of uniform width with rounded tips; it is sewn onto a fairly open neck.

Collar with rounded or tapered points that is sewn onto the neck and turned down along a fold line, which is higher in back than in front.

jabot

Decoration made up of one or two pieces of fine soft pleated fabric; it is attached at the base of the neck and spreads out over the chest.

sailor collar

Collar that is square in back and has long lapels extending over the chest; it is fastened to a Vneck and, out of modesty, the plunging neckline is often concealed with a piece of fabric.

women’s clothing

mandarin collar Stand-up collar with rounded upper points that come together at the neck, forming a V.

cowl neck Turtleneck that is large enough to be draped over the head, making a kind of hood that frames the face.

bertha collar Collar made of a strip of fabric of variable width and attached to the edge of a neckline or round neck.

polo collar Turned-down pointed collar fastened with a buttoned placket, which ends at mid-chest.

CLOTHING

turtleneck High-necked collar that is folded over; it is usually snug around the neck and does not fasten.

collaret Piece of delicate, pleated or gathered fabric that adorns the neck of a dress; its shape has varied greatly from one period to another.

stand-up collar Collar made of a narrow strip of fabric that sticks up from a round neck; its edges meet in front but do not fasten.

necklines and necks The neck is that part of a garment near the wearer’s neck; the neckline reveals the neck and part of the shoulders and chest.

plunging neckline Neckline that usually ends in a V and is very low in front or back.

bateau neck Neck tapering to a point on the shoulders.

sweetheart neckline Neckline shaped like the top of a heart.

draped neck Neck with soft pleats that can be arranged in various ways.

V-shaped neck Neckline with edges coming together at mid-chest in a V shape.

draped neckline Neckline made up of a series of soft overlapping folds created by the fabric of the bodice.

square neck Neckline with a square neck that reveals the upper part of the chest.

round neck Rounded neck fitting close to the wearer's neck.

363

crosses over in front; it usually has square sleeves and a belt.

baby doll Short nightgown that ends at the top of the thighs and is worn with matching briefs.

CLOTHING

nightgown Long wide full dress, often with shoulder straps, worn next to the skin.

pajamas Light full outfit made up of a jacket or tunic and pants with an elasticized or drawstring waist.

negligee Light elegant women's garment, usually long and decollete with soft lines: it often comes with a nightgown of the same fabric.

women’s clothinc hose

Garments of various stretchy fabrics i used to cover the foot and ieg; each pair of hose has a different name, depending on its length.

sock

anklet

Sock covering the leg to just below the knee, _ •

short sock

Sock that covers the foot and extends slightly above the ankle

Light short sock covering only the foot and the ankle.

parity hose

Garment made up of two stockings joined by a pair of briefs, sometimes reinforced and heid in place byan elasticized waist.

stocking

thigh-high stocking

Relatively light knitted women’s garment covering the foot and the leg up to the thigh.

Stocking ending a littie above the knee.

net stocking

Stocking made of stretchable mesh.

CLOTHING

knee-high sock

Sock covering the foot and extending to the knee.

women’s clothing underwear

CLOTHING

Garments worn next to the skin and under other garments.

camisole Short undergarment with an open neck and shoulder straps; the part covering the chest can be shaped like a bra.

teddy Garment combining a camisole and briefs.

body suit Garment combining a bodice and briefs in a single garment.

corselette Support undergarment combining a girdle and a bra.

princess seaming Decorative seam running from the shoulder or the armhole to the garment’s hem, accentuating the figure.

panty corselette Undergarment combining a girdle, a bra and briefs.

halt-slip Undergarment made up of a lightweight skirt and an elasticized waist, substituting for lining.

foundation slip Undergarment with wide nonadjustable shoulder straps, worn under a see-through dress.

slip Undergarment with narrow adjustable shoulder straps; the part covering the chest is usually shaped like a bra.

women's clothin

strapless bra Bra without shoulder straps and with a midriff band that extends to the waist; the cups are preshaped and have underwires and steels.

underwire

Rigid crescent that edges and reinforces the underside of the ■cups.

steel

Narrow flexible strip of metal or plastic inserted into a garment to keep it stiff.

bikini

Low-waisted tight-fitting • undergarment with high-cut legs. garter

Elastic strap attached to a girdle, ■ garter belt, etc., with a system for fastening the hose and keeping it taut.

CLOTHING

push-up bra Bra with cups that leave the upper chest bare and with shoulder straps that sit on the outer edge of the shoulder.

hose

Relatively iight knitted women’s garment covering the foot and the leg up to the thigh.

wasp-waisted corset Small corset made up of a bra and garter belt, slimming the figure.

girdle Elasticized undergarment with a stomach panel; it is designed to shape the waist and hips.

shoulder Strap

Narrow strip of fabric that is often adjustable; it goes over the shoulder to connect a garment’s front and back.

cup

Main part of the bra that covers and supports the breasts. midriff band ■

Strip of stretchable fabric connecting the cups; it varies in width and fastens with hooks. decollete bra Very low-cut bra with cups that extend upward toward the shoulder straps.

briefs Undergarment that extends fairly low over the hips and is held in place byanelasticized waist.

panel

Foundation piece that flattens the stomach.

parity girdle Girdle usually made up of briefs, with or without legs, and removable garters.

bra Undergarment made up of cups, shoulder straps and a midriff band, designed to support the chest.

corset Sturdy undergarment with steels and often garters; it is designed to shape the waist and hips.

garter belt Narrow belt with garters that fastens around the hips.

367 I

newborn children’s clothing I Garments worn by children from birth to about three years of age.

jumpsuit Low-cut one-piece sleeveless garment with legs and feet.

bunting bag Hooded coat with a front zipper; it is sewn closed at the bottom and sometimes has no armholes.

nylon rumba tights Long drawers with feet; they are made of stretchy or knitted fabric and have ruchingat the back.

bathing wrap Absorbent piece of fabric with a hood at one corner; it is wrapped around a baby when it comes out of the bath.

decorative braid Narrow thick closely woven piece of fabric that edges or adorns a garment.

CLOTHING

false tuck Strip of material designed to hide a garment's seam or decorate its edge.

grow sleepers Newborn sleepwear shaped like a bag or with feet; the garment can be lengthened in various ways: here, with snap fasteners at the waist. ———

...

adjustable strap Strip of adjustable fabric that goes over the shoulder to connect a garment’s front and back. crew neck Rounded neck fitting close to the wearer's neck.

screen print Pattern printed or sewn on the garment to decorate it.

snap-fastening waist Each of the snap fasteners sewn around the waist so the garment’s length can be adjusted.

foot Part of the garment covering the foot

high-back overalls Pants extended by a front piece covering the chest and another covering the back, connected with shoulder straps.

Upper part of the overalls, covering the chest from the waist up. < patch pocket Pocket of various shapes and sizes, made of a piece of material sewn onto the garment's outer surface. top stitching Stitches on the right side of the fabric used to embellish and reinforce the garment.

Vertical opening at the middle front of the pants; if closes with buttons or a zipper and is usualiy covered by the folded edge of the opening. inside-leg snap-fastening Part along the inner ieg of the garment, where snap fasteners make it easier to put the pants on.

shirt Long-sleeved baby shirt used as an under- or overgarment, depending on its weight; its characteristic iap shoulders allow the shirt’s neck to expand when it is being put on.

bib Absorbent piece of fabric tied around a child's neck to protect its clothes from food and saliva.

diaper Absorbent article of clothing used as briefs for babies.

ruffled rumba pants Undergarment with an elasticized waist that extends to the top of the thighs; it is large enough to be worn over a diaper.

One of several narrow decor; strips of light fabric, gathered sewn onto a gam

\ 3B8

disposable diaper Throwaway piece of fabric with a waterproof outer iayer and usually elasticized leg holes, which allow the child to move freely.

Velcro® closure Fastening system made up of two strips with surfaces that grip on contact. ■ waterproof pants Part of the diaper gathered aroundthe top of the thighs.

newborn children's clothing blanket sleepers One-piece long-sleeved nightwear for abies that has legs and feet, a long front zipper and a rear panel, which opens at the waist.

ribbing

sleepers Infant nightwear that fastens all the way up thefront with snap fasteners.

Tight elastic knitted strip around the sleeve or the bottom of a garment for tightening, reinforcing ■and adorning them.

raglan sleeve

Sleeve extending over the shoulder and attached front and back with a slanted seam running from under .-■the armhole to the neck.

snap-fastening front

A line of snap fasteners on the front of a garment.

ribbing

\ Tight elastic knitted strip around 'the sleeve or the bottom of a garment for tightening, reinforcing and adorning them.

zipper screen print

Closure made up of two lengths of tape "edged with teeth that interlock by means of a slide.

Pattern printed or sewn on the garment to decorate it.

vinyl grip sole

inside-leg snap-fastening

Outsole whose material or textured 'surface prevents the foot from slipping.

Part along the inner leg of the garment, where snap fasteners make i easier to put the pants on.

children’s clothing

snowsuit Winter garment consisting of a warm onepiece suit with a hood, which is sometimes detachable and often edged with fur.

crossover back straps overalls ’ants with a bib covering the chest and shoulder straps that cross over in the back. button strap

Narrow strip of fabric that is -attached to the garment by buttons and connects the front and back by passing over the shoulder. drawstring hood

Hood with a string, which draws it tight around the face.

bib

Upper part of the overalls, covering the chest from the waist up.

fly front closing-

Zipper or button fastening system covered by a strip of fabric.

T-shirt dress Long top in cotton jersey with a relatively high neck and usually short sleeves but with no fastening system or collar.

training set Clothing designed for sports. tank top

Short, fairly tight low-cut shirt ■without sleeves or a coilar.

shorts

Very short pants covering only the •top of the thighs. jumpsuit One-piece garment usually fastening in front with a zipper or buttons.

pajamas Nightclothes characterized by a long-sleeved, T-shirt style tunic and ribbing at the crew neck, wrists and ankles.

CLOTHING

Clothing worn by children between the ages ot about 3 and 12.

sportswear I Clothing and accessories designed for sports, dancing or acrobatics. running shoe tongue

Light but sturdy canvas and rubber or leather shoe worn for sports or leisure.

Extension of the vamp that prevents the fastening system from rubbing against the' foot; it is lifted when the shoe is put on.

lining

Fabric or leather facing that protects and finishes the inside of the shoe.

collar

Strip of fabric or leather along the edge of the lining.

counter

Piece used to reinforce the back of the shoe and keep the heel of the foot in place.

quarter

CLOTHING

Back part of the shoe that surrounds the heel of the foot and extends over the instep to reinforce it.

stitch

Visible stitching that both, embellishes and reinforces the shoe.

heel

■

Stiff parf underneath the shoe that supports the back of the foot.

training suit

middle sole

air unit

Sole made of various materials, placed over the outsole and cushioning the entire foot.

tag

Compartment in the middle sole that is filled with air to absorb impact.

shoelace

Metal or plastic sheath that covers each end of a lace to ease it through the eyelets.

Narrow cord of fabric or leather, flat or round, that is threaded through eyelets or hooks to tighten the shoe.

Outfit made up of a jacket or shirt and pants; it is usually made of jersey fleece and is worn over sports clothes or as casual wear.

sweat pants

Training suit pants with a drawstring waist and ribbed ankles. hooded sweat shirt

Cotton fleece pullover fhat is often worn as outerwear; it has ribbing at the wrists and hips, a drawstring hood and a hand-warmer pouch.

sweat shirt

Loose fleece pullover usually with a round neck, long sleeves and ribbing at the hips and wrists.

I 370 IM

sportswear exercise wear swimsuit Women’s swimming garment that is tightfitting and usually stretchy: it can be in one piece or consist of briefs and a bikini top.

Clothing appropriate for sports, dancing or acrobatics.

swimming trunks Low-waisted briefs with very highcut legs; they are usually stretchy and tight-fitting and are worn by men for swimming.

eyelet Small metal-rimmed hole through ..which the lace passes.

vamp Part of the shoe that covers the front of the foot. punch hole Each of the small holes made in the • shoe to form a decorative pattern.

combining a bodice and briefs. n

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footless tights Tight-fitting stretch knit pants that end at the ankle and usually have an elasticized waist.

outsole Sturdy piece of rubber or leather that forms the bottom of the shoe and is in contact with the ground.

stud Rubber projection molded into the outsoleto improve its grip.

leg-warmer Knitted tube-shaped covering that extends from the ankle to the knee or mid-thigh and keeps the muscles warm.

pants Garment for the lower body; they extend from the waist or the hips to the ankles, covering each leg separately.

boxer shorts Briefs covering the top of the thighs; they are gathered by an elasticized waist and have an inner bikini bottom.

anorak Waterproof sports jacket with long sleeves, a drawstring hood and waist and gathered wrists.

tank top Short, fairly tight low-cut shirt without sleeves or a collar.

371

374

1 Personal accessories

383

Personal articles

Jewelry and associated items designed to

Range of articles and accessories belonging to

enhance a person’s appearance.

an individual who uses them every day.

373 I

PERSONAL ACCESSORIES

jewelry I Finely crafted articles of adornment that are valued for their materials (gold, silver, gemstones) and workmanship. earrings Article of jewelry worn on the earlobe.

clip earrings Earrings attached to the earlobe by a spring clip.

screw earrings Earrings attached to the earlobe by a small screw behind the ear.

pierced earrings Earrings with a post that passes through the pierced earlobe and is capped with a clasp.

drop earrings Earrings where the ornamental part hangs down from the ear and varies in shape and length.

hoop earrings Hoop-shaped earrings with a post that passes through the pierced earlobe and fits into the other end of the ring.

necklaces Article of jewelry worn around the neck that consists of a band of gold or silver, a circle of sef or unsef precious stones or pearls strung together. >1

PERSONAL ACCESSORIES AND ARTICLES

rope Necklace that is over 3 ft long and can be looped several times around the neck and knotted over the chest.

opera-length necklace Necklace that is approximately 30 in long and falls over the chest,

matinee-length necklace Necklace that is approximately 20 in long and falls above the chest.

velvet-band choker Choker consisting of a ribbon to which an ornament is attached.

pendant Article of jewelry hung from a chain ora necklace.

bib necklace Ncklace consisting of three or more rows.

choker Necklace that sometimes consists of many rows and is worn at the base of the neck.

locket Usually round or oval pendant that opens to receive a memento of a loved one.

brilliant cut facets The most common cut for a diamond is the brilliant cut; consists of 58 facets spread over two faces, which are separated by a girdle.

table

Upper horizontal facet of the diamond that has the shape of an" octagon.

side face crown

■ The 32 facets situated between the girdle and the table.

girdle

Polished or unpolished edge that separates the crown from the” pavilion.

pavilion

The 24 facets situated between the girdle and the culet. culet

Facet that is the point of the pavilion. pavilion facet (8)

top face star facet (8)

Triangular facet cut on the crown ■ face: the table is its base.

bottom face bezel facet (8)

Facet cut on the crown face; the tip touches the table, the point and the girdle.

Facet cut on the pavilion side: one point touches the culet and the -other the girdle. culet

■ Facet that is the point of the pavilion.

table

Upper horizontal facet of the diamond that has the shape of an octagon.

I 374

upper girdle facet (16)

Triangular facet cut on the crown face: the base touches the girdle.

lower girdle facet (16)

Pointed facet cut on the pavilion side: the girdle is its base.

PERSONAL ACCESSORIES

Q step cut Cut where the square or rectangular girdle is surrounded by parallel rows of rectangular facets: ere are more facets on the pavilion side than on the crown side.

rose cut Cut with a flat base and a dome made up of triangular facets; the total number of facets is a multiple of three.

table cut The simplest kind of table cut; the rectangular girdle with sometimes rounded corners is surrounded on each side by a row of facets.

jewelry cut for gemstones Cutting a gemstone consists of angling the facets so that the stone's brilliance is intensified.

cabochon cut Unfaceted cut suitable for opaque stones; it has one flat side and one or two convex sides.

pear-shaped cut Brilliant full cut with an elongated girdle.

emerald cut Classic emerald step cut that has a rectangular table with beveled corners and a girdle of the same shape with occasionally beveled corners.

French cut Cut where the table and the girdle are square and the facets triangular.

eight cut Cut often used for smaller diamonds; it has eight crown facets, eight pavilion facets, an octagonal tableandaculet.

oval cut Brilliant full cut where the girdle is oval in shape.

scissors cut Step cut with triangular facets.

briolette cut Elongated cut that is completely covered with triangular facets and has neither crown nor pavilion; it is used when stones are to be set in a pendant.

navette cut Brilliant cut with a girdle that is shaped like a spindle with pointed ends.

semiprecious stones Next to precious stones, these stones are the ones whose beauty and durability make them most suitable for jewelry.

amethyst Stone whose color ranges from pale mauve to deepest purple.

lapis lazuli opaque, dark blue stone that is usually speckled; the glittering flecks are proof of its authenticity.

aquamarine Stone whose color ranges from whitish-pale blue to a deep blueaqua color.

topaz Stone with a wide range of colors, including yellowish-orange (the most common), green (the rarest), pink (the most sought-after), blue, brown and colorless.

tourmaline Usually multicolored stone with a rich array of colors from red to pink and green and on to blue,

opal Soft opaque stone that is milkywhite or quite dark and gives off rainbowlike reflections.

turquoise Opaque, light blue stone with tinges of green; it often contains brown, gray or black veins.

garnet Stone whose color ranges from green to yellow to dark red.

emerald Stone whose color varies from greenish-yellow to greenish-blue; an emerald’s value is based more on its color than on its purity.

sapphire This stone can be blue, pink, orange, yellow, green, purple or even colorless: the most soughtafter color is purplish-blue.

r L

precious stones The value of these four gemstones is based on their rarity, brilliance and durability.

diamond ruby The hardest stone is colorless The rarest of all precious stones is although there are also blue, yellow extremely hard: its color varies from a and pink varieties: it is the most bright pinkish-red to a purplish red, renowned precious stone. which is the most sought-after color. 375

PERSONAL ACCESSORIES AND ARTICLES

baguette cut Step cut where the table and girdle are elongated rectangles.

brilliant full cut Diamond cut with 32 crown facets, 24 pavilion facets, an octagonal tableandaculet.

PERSONAL ACCESSORIES

jewelry rings Article of jewelry worn on the finger; it might have symbolic significance. parts of a ring signet ring Ring with a large flat top that is decorated with initials or coats of arms.

setting

Part of the bezel surrounding and holding the stone.

class ring Ring worn by a graduate that is engraved with the school crest and the student's class year.

band ring Ring of uniform width with no bezel,

claw

Small metal hook bent over the stone to hold it in place.

stone

Crafted stone whose beauty, rarity and durability confer a certain value. There are three groups: precious, semiprecious and synthetic.

bezel

Single or multiple head of the ring in which the stone is held by claws.

engagement ring Ring that is often decorated with a stone and is worn by an engaged woman on her left ring finger.

wedding ring solitaire ring Ring that is usually a circle of precious Ring decorated with a single jem metal or two intertwined circles; it is that is usually brilliant cut. worn by a married person on the left ring finger.

charms

Flexible article of jewelry worn on the wrist, the arm or sometimes the ankle.

Small pieces of costume jewelry attached to a chain or a bracelet.

PERSONAL ACCESSORIES AND ARTICLES

bracelets

horn Charm shaped like a horn.

charm bracelet Bracelet that is made of flattened links and fitted with a clasp.

horseshoe Charm shaped like a horseshoe that is said to bring good luck.

identification bracelet Charm bracelet with a plate that is usually engraved with a first name.

nameplate Charm shaped like a small plaque that is usually engraved with a

pins Article of jewelry used to fasten and adorn a garment.

stickpin Article of jewelry consisting of a pointed stem and a decorative head: it is usually worn on women’s coat lapels.

brooch Article of jewelry usually worn by women that consists of a pin with a decorative clasp: it is used to fasten a shawl or collar or adorn a bodice.

I 376

tie bar Pincer-shaped article of jewelry clipped halfway up a tie to keep it attached to the shirt.

tiepin Article of jewelry consisting of a short pointed stem with a head: it is used to hold the two tie aprons together.

collar bar Article of jewelry consisting of a rod with two capped pins; it is used to hold shirt collar points in place.

RSONAL ACCESSORIES

nail care The means of making the hands and especially the nails more beautiful.

manicure set Range of instruments used for nail care.

cuticle pusher

Spatula-shaped instrument used to push back the strip of skin edging the base of the nail.

eyebrow tweezers

Delicate pincers used to pluck out hairs. cuticle trimmer

Blade with a concave end that follows the shape of the nail: it is •used to trim the strip of skin edging the base of the nail (cuticle).

case

Usually rigid-sided case that is shaped to fit the articles it is designed to hold.

nail shaper

Beveled blade that is also used to trim the skin edging the nail base.

nail polish Product applied to the nails that dries to become a clear or colored coating protecting and adorning the nails.

zipper

Closure made up of two lengths of tape edged with teeth that interlock by means of a slide.

nail file- '

Ridged metal blade used to file down and smooth nails.

PERSONAL ACCESSORIES AND ARTICLES

cuticle scissors

Scissors used to trim cuticles; the thin, flat or curved blades are designed to reach the corners of the nails.

nail scissors

Scissors with short flat, slightly curved edges that are used to trim fingernails and toenails.

strap

Strip of leather or sometimes elasticized material keeping the instruments in place.

cuticle nippers

Pincers with short convex jaws that---, are used to trim cuticles.

nail buffer Curved instrument used to smooth and polish the surface of the nails.

safety scissors Scissors used to trim nails that are safer to use because of their rounded tips.

lever

nail clippers Small pincers with curved jaws and often a file that are used to trim nails.

Rod attached to a fulcrum that brings the jaws together when it is pressed down.

chamois leather

Soft velvety hide used to polish nails.

nail cleaner

Fine-tipped beveled blade used to clean the nail’s outer edge.

Cutting edges of the nail clippers. folding nail file

Ridged metal blade used to tile down and smooth nails.

nail whitener pencil Pencil that is run under the outer edge of the nail to make it white.

emery boards Cardboard file with a coarse-grained side used to file down the nail and a finer-grained side to smooth it.

toenail scissors Scissors with long shanks that are used to trim toenails.

377

PERSONAL ACCESSORIES

makeup I Range of beauty products designed lo accentuate the facial features and conceal their imperfections. facial makeup Range of beauty products designed to improve the appearance of facial skin. compact Small flat case housing a container with pressed powder, a powder puff and a mirror... blusher brush Slender round-tipped brush with soft flexible bristles: it is smaller than the loose powder brush and is used to pick up and apply powder blusher. powder puff Small round, often cotton pad used to apply loose or pressed powder.

PERSONAL ACCESSORIES AND ARTICLES

fan brush Very flat, very thin brush used to brush away excess loose powder.

synthetic sponge Sponge used to spread foundation evenly over the skin.

pressed powder Creamy compact powder used to touch up skin tone during the day; it usually comes in a compact.

powder blusher Powdered product applied to the cheekbones and cheeks to accentuate facial lines and emphasize skin tone.

loose powder Very fine powder that evens out skin tone, controls oily shine, sets foundation and acts as a base for blusher.

loose powder brush Big round-tipped brush with soft flexible bristles; it is used to pick up and apply loose powder.

liquid foundafion Liquid product applied to the face and neck to even out skin tone.

eye makeup Range of beauty products designed to accentuate the eyes and conceal their imperfections.

eyelash curler Clamp that closes over the lashes to curl them thus makingfhe eyes look bigger. brow brush and lash comb The brush is used to smooth the brows and the comb to separate the lashes after mascara has been applied.

eyebrow pencil Sharp pencil used to enhance eyebrows or change their shape.

mascara brush Small brush used to apply mascara -tothe lashes.

liquid eyeliner Dark liquid product applied at the base of the lashes with a finetipped brush to accentuate the eyes.

sponge-tipped applicator Brush with a sponge at the tip that is used to apply and blend eyeshadow.cake mascara Creamy compact product applied to the lashes with a brush to lengthen or thicken them or change their color.

eyeshadow Product that comes mainly in pressed powder form and is applied to the eyelids to give the color.

liquid mascara Liquid product applied to the lashes with a brush to lengthen or thicken them or change their color.

lip makeup Range of beauty products designed to redraw the Upline and accentuate the lips.

lipbrush Very delicate brush with short stiff bristles: it is used to draw the lipline and apply lipstick inside that line.

378

lipliner Pencil used to redraw and enhance the lipline.

lipsfick Waxy product that comes in stick or pencil form and is applied to the lips to give them color

PERSONAL ACCESSORIES

body care Range of methods promoting physical hygiene and beauty. stopper

Device inserted into the neck ot the bottle or screwed onto it to close the bottle.

bottle

Small bottle that is often made of glass.

eau de parfum Scented concoction added to a water/alcohol mix; it is more concentrated and lingers longer than eau de toilette.

hair conditioner Product applied to the hair after shampooing to strengthen it, improve its appearance and make styling easier.

haircolor Product applied to the hair to color it.

bubble bath Product that is poured into the bath under the faucet water; it produces large amounts of foam and scents and colors the bathwater.

washcloth Bath mitt usually made of terry cloth; it fits over the hand and is used tor washing all or part of the body.

washcloth Small square towel that is usually made of terry cloth and is used for washing the face.

PERSONAL ACCESSORIES AND ARTICLES

eau de toilette Scented concoction that is more diluted with a water/alcohol mix than eau de parfum.

shampoo Product used to wash the hair and the scalp.

deodorant Product applied to the armpits that eliminates or reduces perspiration odors.

massage glove Rough glove used for rubbing the body to exfoliate the skin and stimulate the circulation.

loofah Particularly soft, flexible absorbent material that comes from dried plant matter and is used tor bathing.

natural sponge Particularly soft, flexible absorbent material that comes from the dried skeleton of marine animals and is used for bathing.

back brush Bath brush with a handle long enough to scrub all otthe back. bath sheet Large bath towel used for drying the body after a shower or bath.

bath towel Usually terry cloth article of bath linen used for drying parts ot the body after bathing.

bath brush Brush with relatively soft, flexible bristles that is used for scrubbing the body during baths or showers. 373 {

PERSONAL ACCESSORIES

hairdressing I Care and styling of the hair using numerous appliances and accessories. hairbrushes Instruments made up of fibers ot varying stiffness embedded in a backing: they are used to detangle and style hair.

flat-back brush Brush with bristles set in a soft rubber backing that is used to detangle wet hair.

round brush Brush with bristles that completely encircle the backing so that hair can be given a soft wave.

quill brush Brush with round-tipped bristles set in a concave backing that massages the scalp; it is used for detangling and arranging hair.

vent brush Brush with very widely spaced bristles set In a perforated backing: it is used during blow-drying to detangle hair and style it for a natural look.

PERSONAL ACCESSORIES AND ARTICLES

combs Devices with teeth of varying width and closeness that are used to detangle and style the hair.

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. cursor right Movement of the cursor one space to the right.

cursor up Movement of the cursor one space up.

end Movement of the cursor to the end of a line or document.

page up Display of the preceding page screen.

print screen Printing of a copy of the data displayed on the screen.

cursor down Movement of the cursor one space down.

page down Display of the next page screen.

return Movement of the cursor to the beginning of the next line; the return key also has a validation function (to confirm the execution of a command). 515

Jll*; COMMUNICATIONS AND OFFICE AUTOMATION

page up key ■■■Key used to display the preceding page screen.

scrolling Activation or deactivation of the scroll mode; this allows the contents of a window to be moved horizontally and vertically using the arrow keys.

OFFICE AUTOMATION

mpii' devices wheel mouse Mechanical or optical mouse that contains a scroll wheel.

cable Flexible cable containing the conductors by which the mouse is attached to the computer.

cordless mouse Mechanical or optical mouse connected to the computer by infrared or radio signals.

scroll wheel Thumb wheel used to scroll down the contents ot a window without using the scroll bar.

control button Button that transmits various commands to the computer.

optical mouse Mouse in which the ball is replaced by an optical system (lightemitting diode and sensor); it has no movable parts.

mechanical mouse Mouse whose case contains a movable rubber ball underneath to direct the movements of the pointer on the screen.

roller Device that detects the bail's movements and transmit them to -the computer.

COMMUNICATIONS AND OFFICE AUTOMATION

cable Flexible cable containing the conductors by which the mouse is attached to the computer.

Movable sphere that moves over a flat surface (usually a mouse pad) to make the pointer move on the screen.

joystick Device used in video games to direct the movements ot an object or character and to transmit various commands.

lock dial Removable part that surrounds the ball and closes the mouse case.

' mouse pad Smooth antiskid surface over which the mouse moves.

optical sensor Device that measures the mouse’s movements by analyzing the light rays (emitted by a diode) reflected from its support surface.

hat switch Multidirectional button that mainly changes the view displayed on the ■•screen. twist handle Command lever that rotates around a vertical axis to change the view or make an object or character turn.

programmable buttons Buttons that transmit various preset commands to the computer..;

trigger Device used mostly in combat games to fire a projectile.

hand rest

throttle control Device used mostly in car racing or flight simulation games to control such things as speed and thrust.

^ 51B

microphone Device that converts electric pulses into broadcast or recorded sounds. head

OFFICE AUTOMATION

input oevioes trackball Device v\/ith a movable sphere on the upper part of its case; it directs the movements of the pointer on the screen.

digitizing pad Input device equipped with a touch screen on which one can write, draw or point using a stylus.

stylus holder

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CD/ROIVI player Equipment that uses a laser beam to read data recorded on a compact disc.

stylus Pencillike implement that is used to enter alphanumeric data, create andretouch images and select an option on a touch screen.

cable Flexible cable containing the conductors used to connect the Webcam to the computer.

Webcam Miniature digital camera used to transmit video images in real time or for videoconferencing over the Internet.

lens Optical system made up of a set of lenses fixed on a mount; it is used to transmit a filmed scene to a sensor. microphone Device that converts electric pulses into broadcast or recorded sounds.

COMMUNICATIONS AND OFFICE AUTOMATION

digital camera Camera that contains a sensor and a microprocessor rather than film; it records and stores images in digital form, which can then be viewed on a screen.

bar code reader Device that uses an optical scanning process to decode information contained in bar codes.

digital camcorder Portable video camera in which the recording tape is replaced by a processor, which records and stores sounds and images in digital format.

optical scanner Equipment that converts a document’s graphics or texts into digital data.

(

OFFICE AUTOMATION

output devices I Electronic devices used to view or print the results of data processing done on a computer flat screen monitor Thin screen that usually has a liquid crystal display or plasma display surface.

video monitor Device with a cathode ray surface that displays computer-generated graphics and texts visually.

vertical control

Button that adjusts the height of the image.''

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< power indicator

o horizontal control

Button that adjusts the width of the image.''

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Liquid crystal display that is sensitive to the touch and the motion of a finger or stylus.

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COMMUNICATIONS AND OFFICE AUTOMATION

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page backward button

handheld computer Small portable computer with a miniature operating system; it is used mostly for personal management tasks (agenda, address book). audio input/output jack

Connector used to transfer audio signals between the computer and a sound recording or reproduction device such as a microphone or headphones.

infrared port microphone

Device that converts electric pulses into broadcast or recorded sounds.

voice recorder button

alarm/charge indicator light

Key used to record a brief voice message.

Small light that signals an alarm or indicates that a battery is being charged.

dial/action button

touch screen

Thumb wheel used to validate a selection or to scroll up and down through a document. exit button

Device that uses infrared signals to exchange data with a device with a similar port (a network access transmitter-receiver, computer, printer).

Liquid crystal display that is sensitive to the touch and the motion of a finger or stylus.

Key used to exit an application.

application launch buttons

Keys used to directly access available applications such as word processing and ■ Internet browsing. sync cable • ’

Cable that connects the docking cradle to the computer; it allows data to be exchanged between the two devices. power plug

power and backlight button

■ Key used to turn a computer on or off; it also illuminates the screen in poor lighting conditions. docking cradle

Base in which a handheld mputer is placed to recharge its- '' battery or exchange data with another computer.

stylus

Pencillike implement used to enter data or to select an option on a touch screen. 527

OFFICE AUTOIVIATION

Stationery I Equipment, instruments and accessories needed to carry out office tasks. electronic typewriter

Equipment with a keyboard that is used to produce typewritten documents: it has certain word processing tunctions and an integrated memory.

paper support Folding part used to keep the paper in a vertical position.

printing unit Movable device with raised characters, which strike an inked ribbon to print on paper. pitch scale Graduated scale that shows the different spacing available; it is measured in number of characters per unit of length.

top plate i paper bail release lever Device used to raise and lower the paper bail.

paper bail Part that holds the paper against the platen.

platen Rubber roller over which paper passes during printing.

margin release Key used to print characters outside the margin limits.

paper release lever Device that releases the pressure of the platen on the paper so that the paper can be cleared or moved. variable spacer Thumb wheel that controls the rotation of the platen so the paper can be moved up or down.

COMMUNICATIONS AND OFFICE AUTOMATION

tabulator Key that moves the printing unit or cursor to the next tab stop.

indent Key used to move the left margin temporarily to indent a line or paragraph. ■,

decimal tab Key that aligns numbers columns at a preset decimal tab stop.-

character correction ' Key used to erase the character ..•next to the printing unit or cursor. ■.1

half indexing • Key used to automatically move the paper up and down.

margin, control ■ Key used to set the left and right margins.

centering Key used to center a text automatically between two margins' or two tab stops. spelling corrector Key used to activate or deactivate, the automatic spell checking of text' being keyed in. text Key used to store texts in memory and to call them up later to make changes or to print them. shift lock key Key that activates or deactivates the continuous keying of capital letters.

tab setting Key used to insert or remove a standard or decimal tab stop. text display Liquid crystal display that shows keyed-in text as well as information about the machine's settings and operations carried out. code Key that is used with another key to execute various programmed commands.

shift key Key used to produce a capital letter or the second character assigned to the key.

space bar Key that inserts a blank space between two words or characters.

mode Key that is used with another key to choose a setting (character pitch, line spacing, ribbon type). I 528

set Key used to confirm the execution of a command or the choice of a setting.

relocation Key used to automatically reposition the . printing unit or cursor at the last '■ keystroke position before making a t correction. carriage return Key that moves the printing unit or cursor to the beginning of the next line. word correction Key used to erase the word immediately to the left of the printing unit or cursor.

OFFICE AUTOMATION

statioiierv pocket calculator Small self-powered electronic instrument used to automatically make numerical calculations. wallet.. solar cell Device that converts sunlight into electric current to power a pocket calculator.-.,,

subtract from memory Key used to erase the displayed ■number from memory.

display Liquid crystal display that shows the last number entered or the result of operations carried out. -...

add in memory Key used to save the displayed -number in memory.

memory recall Button that displays data stored in memory.-...

clear key Key used to return the pocket -calculator to zero.

memory cancel Button that erases data stored in - --memory.

divide key • Key used to calculate the quotient of two numbers.

dear-entry key Key used to erase the last number entered

number key Key used to enter a number. ■

■■-square root key Key used to derive the square root of a number; this is the number that is multiplied by itself to give the basic number.

subtract key Key used to calculate the difference between two numbers.

multiply key Key used to calculate the product of two numbers.

percent key Key used to obtain the decimal form of a displayed number by dividing it by 100; it is used mainly to calculate percentages.

scientific calculator Calculator designed to execute mathematical operations specific to science and technology.

entries line Part of the screen that shows the problem to be solved.--■■'

add key Key used to add two numbers.

result line Part of the screen that shows the solution to the problem.

equals key Key used to display the results of operations carried out.

basic operations Basic calculations include adding, subtracting, multiplying and ..-dividing.

printer Device that makes a hard copy of data transmitted by the calculator.

first level of operations All the operations directly controlled by the scientific calculator keys.

printing calculator Office calculator with an integrated printer; it is used mainly in business and administration. multiple use key Key that facilitates certain financial calculations (margin, selling price, costs). non-add/subtotal Key used to print numbers other than calculations (codes, dates) or to obtain the results ot an operations subset. add/equals key Key used to display the results of operations carried out; on some calculators, it can also be used to do repeated calculations.

specific operations Specialized calculations include square root, trigonometry and logarithms. second level of operations • All the supplementary functions listed above the keys and accessible using the access to the second level of operations.

change sign key Key used to change the plus or minus sign of the displayed number.

cursor movement keys Keys used to move the cursor around the screen.

access to the second level of operations tey used to select a second function controlled ■ by a key.

COMMUNICATIONS AND OFFICE AUTOMATION

decimal key Key used to insert a decimal symbol to separate the whole and fraction parts of a number.

number of decimals Device used to adjust the number of, decimals making up the fraction of a number. paper feed key Key used to move the paper forward.

double zero key Key that enters two zeros; it is used to speed up the entry of large numbers.

529

OFFICE AUTOMATION

Stall onerv

for time management

personal digital assistant Small pocket computer that stores in memory and manages a variety of information such as addresses, telephone numbers and appointments.

calendar pad Sheets of paper printed with the day and date and on a ring base; it is used to jot down appointments and things to do.

display Liquid crystal display screen on which graphics or text data are displayed.

COMMUNICATIONS AND OFFICE AUTOMATION

tear-off calendar Pad of tear-off sheets printed with the day and date; it is used to jot down appointments and things to do.

alphabetical keypad Keys corresponding to letters, symbols and functions used to generate characters or control operations.

display Liquid crystal display showing a variety of information (including date, hour and settings)...

memo pad Set of tear-off sheets of paper used mainly tor taking notes.

I 530

numeric keypad Keys corresponding to numbers, mathematical operators and functions that are placed in a specific order to speed up numeric data entry.

time clock Device used to print the arrival and departure times of employees on time cards.

time card Card on which an employee's arrival and departure times are listed so that worked time can be precisely calculated.

OFFICE AUTOMATION

stationery padded envelope Envelope that is lined with bubble wrap to protect the contents from humidity and impact damage.

1 for correspondence self-sealing flap

Flap coated with an adhesive substance; it seals an envelope on contact. letter opener Small knife used to open envelopes and cut sheets of paper.

steno book Spiral-bound sheets of lined paper; these books were originally used by stenographers to take dictation.

air bubbles

Small air pockets that forma protective cushion around the contents of an envelope.

dater Device consisting of movable strips embossed with a series of digits and letters; it is used to print the date. numbering machine Device consisting of movable strips embossed with a series of digits; it is used to print numbers fingertip Rubber sheath to cover the finger; it is used mainly to turn pages more easily or to sort papers or banknotes more quickly. rubber stamp Device consisting of an embossed rubber strip that is inked to print a stamp on an object or document.

signature book Register made up of sheets of blotting paper; documents that require a manager’s signature are placed In It.

moistener Device used to moisten postage stamps and labels.

rotary tile Device with a set of files that rotate on a spindle for easy consultation.

blotting paper

postage meter Machine used to print a postage meter stamp on an envelope or label in lieu of using a postage stamp.

Liquid-absorbing paper used here to remove excess ink from newly signed documents.

telephone index Book in which frequently used names, addresses and telephone numbers are written and stored in alphabetical order. postmarking module

Unit housing the machine’s control buttons; it is used to set the prepaid postage meter with the correct amount of postage.

feed deck

Device on which envelopes are placed to be stamped with a postage meter.

desk tray Container that usually has several compartments; It Is used to handle incoming and outgoing mail.

COMMUNICATIONS AND OFFICE AUTOMATION

stamp pad Ink-saturated pad on which a rubber stamp Is moistened prior to stamping.

OFFICE AUTOMATION

for filing

self-adhesive labels Small pieces of paper used to Identify objects; they are coated on one side with an adhesive that sticks without wetting.

index cards Heavyweight sheets of paper of varying sizes that are used to record information on a given topic.

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dividers Heavyweight sheets of paper with side tabs; they are used to separate groups of pages inside a binder.

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clamp binder Binder fitted with a spring clip; it is used to hold and file sheets of paper.

fastener binder Binder with a flexible rod fitted with two sliding rings; it is used to hold and file punched sheets of paper.

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ring binder Hardcover binder fitted with rings; it is used to hold and tile punched sheets of paper.

document folder Folder with pockets used to hold information documents; they are often handed out to meeting participants or journalists.

post binder Binder with two rods that fit into a hinge; it is used to hold and file punched sheets o.f paper.

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Piece of metal or plastic that is attached to a file guide, folder or file so they can be quickly retrieved.

window tab Tab with an opening to hold an identification label.

I 532

folder Rigid cardboard that is folded in halt; documents on the same topic are placed in it.

file guides Heavyweight sheets of paper with a tab at the top; they are used to separate groups of documents or folders in a filing cabinet drawer.

hanging file Folder fitted with metal hangers that is hung in a filing cabinef drawer,

OFFICE AUTOMATION

.anoiier^^

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index card drawer Small built-in drawer designed for storage and filing of index cards.

spiral binder Notebook made up of a set of punched sheets of paper bound together with a spiral wire of metal or plastic.

clipboard Rigid board fitted with a spring clip under which sheets of paper are placed mainly to take notes.

archboard Rigid board fitted with two arched metal clips on which punched sheets are placed.

compressor

Movable panel that holds index cards in an upright position.

metal rail

Cylindrical rod along which the compressor moves.

label holder

Part with an opening to hold an identification label.

comb binding Notebook made up of a set of punched sheets of paper that are bouno lugeiiiei with a toothed plastic strip.

filing box Small open cardboard box that is mainly used to hold magazines, catalogs and brochures.

paper punch Device used to punch holes in sheets of paper.

expanding file Usually expandable file with compartments: it is used to store documents by subject.

CON/IMUNICATIONS AND OFFICE AUTOMATION

label maker Device used to print characters on a self-adhesive strip.

index card cabinet Small file drawer designed to hold and store index cards in a set order.

OFFICE AUTOMATION

Stationery

I miscellaneous articles

box sealing tape dispenser Device that is used to unroll, apply and cut a roll of adhesive tape using one hand.

paperclips Small clips made from a piece of bent metal wire; they are used to hold a few sheets of paper or index cards.

tape guide

Device used as a visual guide to apply the adhesive tape to a specific area.

thumb tacks Small tacks with short pointy ends; they are easily pushed in with the finger and are used to attach sheets of paper, cardboard or posters to a surface.

paper lasieners Small clips made of two bars, which spread open to hold sheets of paper or cardboard.

hub

Rotating piece on which the roll of adhesive tape is mounted.

cutting blade

Thin flat metal piece that cuts the adhesive tape to the desired length.

tension adjusting screw

Screw that adjusts the speed at which the tape unrolls. pencil sharpener Portable device used to sharpen pencils by rotating them in a coneshaped chamber fitted with a blade. paper clip holder Small box containing paper clips, which are released one by one through a magnetic opening.

eraser Small block of rubber used to erase pencil marks and some types of ink.

magnet

Material that produces a magnetic field; it attracts paper clips to the top and holds them in place around the opening.

clip Device with two articulated arms that are pressed together to hold such items as sheets of paper and index cards.

COMMUNICATIONS AND OFFIOE AUTOMATION

correction fluid Liquid that covers up printed or written characters so that corrections can be made.

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glue stick Tube that contains a small stick of solid adhesive matter to be applied to a surface. tape dispenser Holder that eases the unrolling and cutting of a roll of adhesive tape.

staple remover Device used to remove staples from sheets of paper.

digital voice recorder Portable device used to record voice messages in digital form.

pencil sharpener Office device with a rotating blade that is controlled by a crank: it is used to sharpen pencils.

bill-file Holder fitted with a pointy rod on which notes and bills are stacked.

correction paper Adhesive tape that covers up printed or written characters so that corrections can be made. I 534

staples Pieces of metal wire tor loading in a stapler; they are used to fasten sheets of paper together.

stapler Device used to fasten two or more sheets of paper together with staples.

OFFICE AUTOMATION

Stationery overhead projector Device that projects the enlarged image of a document printed on a transparency on a screen located behind the user.

projection head Movable part that contains the lens and mirror; a focusing ring changes its position to give a clear image on the screen. mirror Polished glass surface that directs light from the lens toward the projection screen.

optical lens Transparent optical disk that captures the light from the optical- ' stage and makes It converge toward the mirror.

cutting head Unit with an opening where paper enters; it is fitted with a cutting device to destroy documents.

optical stage Glass plate that is lit by an internal light; the document to be projected is placed on it...

account book Book with columns in which the financial data of an organization (such as sales, purchases, receipts and expenditures) are recorded.

waste basket Basket that collects shredded -documents.

bulletin board Panel that hangs on a wall; messages, notices, notes and other written communications are pinned on it.

paper shredder Device that reduces paper documents to illegible fragments.

posting surface

lightbox Screen that is illuminated from behind and used to examine items such as negatives, slides, transparencies and drawings.

slotted box Box with flaps that is formed from a single piece of sturdy cardboard; it is used to collect various items for storage or shipping.

COMMUNICATIONS AND OFFICE AUTOMATION

book ends Items designed to hold binders or books tightly against one other.

paper cutter Piece of equipment used to make square cuts in paper, cardboard, transparencies, etc.

waste basket Basket in which unneeded documents are discarded.

538„^ Road transport

582

I The structures and equipment that together provide for the transportation of passengers and cargo by motorized vehicles.

I 536

Rail transport

| The structures and equipment required to transport passengers and cargo by train,

596

Maritime transport Structures and equipment required to transport passengers and cargo by ship.

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PORT N E R Y

A N

318 I

Airtransport

632 | Handling

636 I Heavy machinery

—

The structures and equipment required to transport passengers and cargo by air.

I Machinery and equipment used for moving and storing heavy loads.

Equipment used on large-scale projects to dig, loosen and move earth and other matter.

537

ROAD TRANSPORT

road system I Network of thoroughfares providing for the flow of traffic.

cross section of a road Road: thoroughfare connecting two geographical points, usually urban centers.

surface course Roadway’s driving surface; it is smooth, impermeable and provides a good grip tor vehicles.

shoulder Area between the roadway and the ditch, providing the roadway lateral ■ support; it is also a place for emergency stops.

subbase Base of a roadway, made up of 'coarse compacted gravel, making the roadway solid and stable.

solid line Line demarcating the edge of the roadway or, when in the center of the roadway, indicating that passing is prohibited.

bank Natural land along the edge of the road.

base Series of layers above the embankment reducing stress exerted by the traffic and preventing the bed from deforming.

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY

roadway Surface upon which vehicles drive.

base course Top foundation layer, made up of fine compacted material; the driving surface lies on It.

earth foundation Part of the ground that was not excavated during the road’s construction.

bed Composed of the embankment and the earth foundation; the base rests on it.

subgrade embankment Layer supporting the base course Layers of material used to build up and the subbase and providing or level the route the road is to drainage. take.

broken line Line demarcating the two lanes of the roadway and showing that passing is permitted.

slope Steeply sloped ground between the ditch and the bank and between the ditch and the shoulder.

' ditch Ditch parallel to the roadway; surface water drains into it.

examples of interchanges Interchange: structure linking roads or freeways so they do not intersect.

cloverleaf Interchange with four branches where the inside loops are for turning left and the direct links for turning right.

diamond interchange Interchange connecting a road and a freeway, requiring traffic lights tor left turns onto and off the road or overpass.

I 538

traffic circle Interchange composed of four ramps joining each other to form a circular one-way thoroughfare.

ROAD TRANSPORT

oad sysien:

cloverleaf

Interchange with four branches where the inside loops are for turning left and the direct links for turning right. acceleration lane Temporary lane where vehicles ■entering the freeway gain speed in order to safely merge into the traffic lane.

deceleration lane Temporary lane where vehicles slow down after leaving the traffic lanes. exit Start ofthe ramp for vehicles---"' leaving the freeway.

entrance ■Start of the acceleration lane, parallel to the traffic lanes.

broken line Line demarcating the two lanes of the roadway and showing that passing is permitted.

transfer ramp ■ End of the ramp where it meets the highway entrance.

island -Groomed land between the various lanes of an interchange.

median Strip of land separating two roadways leading in opposite directions.

side lane Temporary lane tor vehicles intending to enter or exit the main lanes.

loop Wide circular curve for moving from one highway to another in order to change direction.

ramp Connecting lane between two highways or between a road and a highway for changing direction.

overpass Raised part of a road or highway on, which traffic flows over another’ highway or obstacle. ■

freeway Large thoroughfare with separate one-way lanes and no crossingstreets; reserved for high-speed traffic.

"-I

slower traffic Far right traffic lane for slowermoving vehicles.

traffic lane Part of the roadway demarcated by lines, each one accommodating One line of traffic. traffic lanes Parts of the roadway demarcated by lines, each accommodating a single line of vehicles.

passing lane Far left traffic lane where fastermoving vehicles pass other traffic.

539 I

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY

highway Communications route connecting two distant geographic points, usually urban centers.

ROAD TRANSPORT

fixed bridges I Structures enabling traffic to clear an obstacle, such as a river, gorge or highway. beam bridge Bridge whose deck is composed of one or several beams, which are supported by piers across the open space.

overpass Raised part of a road or highway on which traffic flows over another highway or obstacle.

arch bridge Bridge whose deck is supported by suspenders attached to an arch, which exerts diagonal thrust against the lateral supports.

trussed arch Arched girder consisting of two chords joined by a triangulated network of struts.

parapet Chest-high barrier on each side of the deck, preventing people and vehicles from falling off.

continuous beam Extended load-bearing part supported by abutments and piers.

upper chord Upper lengthwise steel girder forming the metal arch.

arch Metal bow-shaped structure supporting the deck, whose load it transfers to the abutments. pier Solid concrete construction acting as counterweight to the thrust of the arch against the abutment.

portal frame Part of the deck’s frame over firm ground, lying on columns.

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY

column Sturdy component forming a vertical support.

thrust Point at which the arch is supported by the abutment.

suspension bridge Bridge whose long deck is suspended from load-bearing cables, which are supported by the towers and anchored in the ground at both ends of the bridge.

lower chord Lower lengthwise steel girder forming the metalarch.

deck Set of components making up the structure that carries the bridge’s traffic lanes.

suspension cable Very strong, flexible component made of steel wires; it bears the weight of the deck.

abutment Base of the pier; it supports the arch’s weight and thrust.

suspender tower Cable or metal rod connecting the Elevated structure made of metal or suspension cable to the deck, reinforced concrete; it supports the supporting it. cables.

approach ramp Lane for accessing the bridge.

abutment Solid concrete construction whose mass counterbalances the weight of the suspended roadway. anchorage block Concrete structure on each side of the abutment; it is buried deep in the ground and the end of the suspension cable is attached to it. cantilever bridge Bridge whose two main spans extend toward each other and support a short suspended span, which bears less load.

I 540

foundation of tower Solid concrete base that is anchored in the ground.

center span Section of the deck entirely suspended between the towers.

suspended span Short center span resting on the ends of the two cantilever spans.

side span Section of the span between the tower and the abutment.

cantilever span Span with a complex framework on each side of a central pillar; one end of the span rests on the ground and the other supports a suspended span.

ROAD TRANSPORT

fixed bridges cable stay anchorage Apparatus by which one end of the stay is attached to the tower and the other to the end of the deck.

stays Usually metal cables connected at one end to the top of the tower, and supported by the deck at the other end.

cable-stayed bridges

Bridges whose deck is supported at several points by stays and rests on one or more towers.

harp cable stays Bridge whose stays are parallel.

fan cable stays Bridge for which the distance between the anchorage points of the stays on the tower is less than the distance between the anchorage points on the deck.

examples of arch bridges Among arch bridges, the position of the deck in relation to the arch varies.

through arch bridge Bridge whose deck is located below the arch from which it is suspended.

portal bridge Bridge resting on diagonal beams that are embedded in the deck.

half-through arch bridge Bridge whose deck is located within the arch from which it is suspended in the middle, and on which it rests, at each end.

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY

deck arch bridge Bridge whose deck is located above the arch upon which it rests.

examples of arches The concept of the arch varies in relation to the way it absorbs and transfers the roadway’s weight to its support points.

three-hinged arch Arch with three roller joints: one at each end and one at the center.

two-hinged arch Arch whose ends rest on an abutment attached by a roller joint.

fixed arch Nonarticulated arch, embedded in each of its supports.

examples of beam bridges Depending on the length of the roadway above the obstacle, the bridge could comprise one or more beams.

viaduct Bridge composed of several beams that crosses a very high valley.

multiple-span beam bridge Bridge whose deck is composed of several juxtaposed beams, each one supported at each end.

simple-span beam bridge Bridge whose deck is composed of only one continuous beam.

541

ROAD TRANSPORT

movable bridges I Bridges whose decks move to free up the transportation channel they cross, or that are built temporarily while awaiting a permanent Structure. swing bridge Bridge whose deck pivots around a vertical axle.

turntable

• Moving mechanical structure on a pier enabling the deck to pivot.

counterweight manrope

Chest-high barrier on each side of the deck, preventing people and vehicles from falling off.

pontoon

Floating caisson filled with air and supporting the deck.

Concrete or cast-iron mass, balancing the weight of fhe deck and facilitating its movement.

single-leaf bascule bridge Bridge whose deck is raised by means of a counterweight mechanism.

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY

floating bridge Bridge whose deck rests on pontoons that can be taken apart to open the bridge.

double-leaf bascule bridge Bridge whose deck is composed of two spans joining each other at the middle of the bridge and pivoting around a vertical axle at each abutment.

Bailey bridge Steel bridge, often temporary, whose standardized truss components make it easy to assemble quickly.

guiding tower

Pylon equipped with pulleys andcables for hoisting the deck. trolley

Part of the bridge moved by a motor; it glides along rails installed

transporter bridge Bridge with a very high deck from which a moving platform is suspended to transport pedestrians and vehicles. I 542

lift bridge Bridge whose deck is raised by a system of cables.

ROAD TRANSPORT

road tunnel Underground passage for a road under an obstacle, such as a river or a hill.

emergency station Office housing on-duty personnel responsible for communications and for first aid and fire-fighting equipment.

connecting gallery Corridor connecting the vehicle rest area to the emergency station. emergency truck Vehicle equipped for freeing accident or fire victims and transporting them to hospital.

vehicle rest area Area reserved for permanent parking of an emergency vehicle or temporary parking for a vehicle that has broken down or has had an accident. shelter Enclosed room, ventilated, insulated from fire and connected to the evacuation route, ensuring the users’ safety before evacuation

; ; I

technical room Room housing lighting, ventilation, heating and telecommunications equipment.

pressurized refuge Enclosed corridor with two doors; one cannot be opened unless the other one is closed, thus the air pressure prevents the smoke from entering.

stairs

safety niche Recess for an emergency telephone and fire extinguishers.

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY

roadway Surface upon which vehicles drive.

evacuation route Fresh-air duct connected to a shelter and equipped to evacuate users in case of fire.

exhaust air duct Conduit usually connected to a central ventilating station, which evacuates polluted or smoky air through openings along the tunnel.

fresh air duct Conduit usually connected to a central ventilating station, which supplies the tunnel with fresh air through openings at the side of the roadway.

543

ROAD TRANSPORT

road signs I Objects such as signs, traffic lights and road markings, aimed at ensuring the safety of the road’s users and increasing traffic-flow efficiency. major international road signs Main signs used by countries complying with the Vienna International Convention, which provides some international uniformity to road signs.

right bend

STOP no entry

no U-turn

passing prohibited

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY

I 544

direction to be followed

one-way traffic

two-way traffic

yield

priority intersection

ROAD TRANSPORT

road signs

falling rocks

overhead clearance

signal ahead

pedestrian crossing

roadwork ahead

railroad crossing

deer crossing

sleep hill

closed to bicycles

closed to motorcycles

closed to trucks

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY

school zone

bumps

closed to pedestrians

545

ROAD TRANSPORT

road signs major North American road signs Main signs used in Canada and the United States, inspired more or less by the signs endorsed by the Vienna International Convention of 1968

STOP

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY

no entry

I 546

direction to be tollowed

direction to be followed

no U-turn

passing prohibited

yield

direction to be followed

one-way traffic

direction to be followed

two-way traffic

ROAD TRANSPORT

road signs

double bend

overhead clearance

steep hill

signal ahead

right bend

falling rocks

school zone

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY

bumps

merging traffic

railroad crossing

pedestrian crossing

547

(

ROAD TRANSPORT

service station

I gasoline pump Machine with a pump tor refilling vehicles with fuel.

display Surface displaying instructions for customers paying by card... total sale display Screen displaying the total price, -corresponding to the volume of fuel pumped.

card reader slot The card is inserted into the device, which verifies the customer’s personal identification number (PIN) before the transaction can begin.

volume display •Screen displaying, in gallons or liters, the volume of fuel pumped

alphanumeric keyboard Set of buttons for entering numbers, letters and other kinds of information.

price per gallon/liter Screen displaying the price per volume unit (liter or gallon) of the fuel chosen.

slip presenter Slot through which the user is given the payment receipt for the" card payment. type of fuelChoice of available fuels (such as diesel and gasoline) and the price of each per volume unit (liter or gallon).

pump number

-pump nozzle Gun-shaped spout at the end of the gasoline pump hose and used to pour fuel into the vehicle’s tank.

operating instructionsSet of instructions explaining the steps to follow to use the gasoline pump.

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY

gasoline pump hose Flexible pipe connected to the pump, maintaining fuel flow.

service station Commercial establishment comprising one or several gasoline pumps and carrying out general maintenance of vehicles.

car wash Station where vehicles are automatically washed.

air pump Machine connected to a compressor, used for inflating tires to their required air pressure. gasoline pump Machine with a pump for refilling vehicles with fuel.

548

mechanics Workshop where engines and their related systems are maintained and repaired.

ice dispenser Refrigerated box containing bags of ice for self-service.

maintenance Workshop where the necessary checks and adjustments are made to vehicles.

pump islan Space where the gasoline pumf are installei

soft-drink dispenser Automated machine serving soft drinks: it is activated by the insertion of coins into a slot.

office Workplace for administrative personnel.

kiosk Hut where customers can quickly settle their fuel bills.

ROAD TRANSPORT

automobile Motor vehicle comprising four wheels, developed for transporting a small number of people and small loads.

examples of bodies Styles vary from manufacturer to manufacturer and from year to year but there is little variation in the basic model. micro compact car Very small automobile comprising two seats and integrated cargo area, designed to be driven and parked in large cities.

Automobile with an aerodynamic look comprising two doors, a small trunk separate from the passenger compartment and, sometimes, narrow rear seats.

Automobile comprising two doors, a trunk separate from the passenger compartment and four places.

Automobile comprising two doors and a lift gate, folding front seats granting access to the rear seats, and a cargo area integrated with the passenger compartment.

four-door sedan Automobile comprising four doors and a trunk separate from the passenger compartment.

convertible Automobile comprising two or four doors and a soft or hard retractable roof.

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY

Automobile comprising three rows of seats; the last row can be folded down to enlarge the cargo area.

Automobile comprising four doors, a large cargo area integrated with the passenger compartment and folding rear seats for enlarging the cargo area.

Automobile comprising only one row of seats and an uncovered bed closed off by a gate.

Automobile designed to be driven on any kind of roadway or on rugged terrain.

Spacious deluxe sedan comprising four or more doors: the passenger area is separated from the chauffeur’s, 549

ROAD TRANSPORT

I body

Automobile structure designed to house and protect the mechanical components, the passengers and cargo.

windshield

Glass and plastic pane protecting the occupants from inclement weather while providing good visibility. outside mirror

Mirror fixed to the outside of the passenger compartment enabling the driver to see behind and along the sides of the vehicle without turning around.

windshield wiper

Rubber squeegee, usually mounted in a pair; it is activated by a motor and cleans the windshield.

cowl

Transverse component of the body between the hood and the windshield allowing air into the passenger compartment..

washer nozzle hood

Lidlike part of the body covering and protecting the engine.

Device squirting liquid on the windshield in order-., to clean it.

grille

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY

Plastic or metal grating in front of the vehicle protecting the radiator and serving as decoration.

bumper molding

Metal or plastic trim embellishing the front and rear bumpers.

headlight

Lamp on the front of the vehicle to light up the space in front.

550

front fascia

Component on the exterior of the body below the bumpers reducing air resistance.

fender

Component of the body forming a streamlined and aerodynamic casing around the wheels.

ROAD TRANSPORT

automobile center post Vertical safety pillar between the two doors connecting the upper part of the body to the lower part.

antenna Device receiving radio waves broadcast by a station.

sliding sunroof Moving part in the roof that opens up over the front seats to let air into the passenger compartment.

roof Exterior component with a slightly curving surface forming the vehicle's covering.

drip molding Small open canal capturing rainwater from the roof and carrying it to the rear, where it drips off.

quarter window Small window among the series of windows on the side of the body. trunk Enclosed space at the rear of the • vehicle, or sometimes at the front, designed to hold and transport cargo that is not too large.

fuel door Flap concealing the fuel-tank opening, which is plugged by a cap.

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY

mud flap Piece of rubber or plastic attached behind the rear wheels to repel projectiles.

wheel cover Decorative metal or plastic part concealing the wheel hub.

t '■ door Moving panel with a handle, attached to the body by hinges or a sliding system, providing access to the passenger compartment. body side molding Metal or plastic part attached along the doors to protect them against light impact.

window Side window that can be lowered, protecting against inclement weather while providing good visibility.

door lock Mechanism housed in the door to lock it; it is manipulated with a key or button.

Circular deformable unit made of rubber, mounted on the wheel and inflated with air, providing the connection between the car and the road, and absorbing the unevenness of the road.

door handle Device for activating the door’s opening mechanism.

551

ROAD TRANSPORT

automobile hand brake

automobile systems: main parts

A vehicle is composed of basic mechanical parts and devices making up its systems: each of them fulfills a specific function.

clutch

steering wheel

Mechanism disengaging and reengaging the engine and the gearbox in order to change gears.

Circular instrument used by the operator for steering the guide wheels.

distributor cap

steering column

Unit suppiying the electric current necessary for producing sparks that ignite the fuel in the engine.

Mechanism transmitting the steering wheel’s rotational motion to the steering gearbox.

spark plug cable

Lever in the passenger compartment that is connected to the rear wheels; the driver manually activates it to stop the vehicle or in case of emergency,

Electric wire carrying the high-voltage current from the distributor to the spark plugs, which produce sparks Igniting the explosion.

gearshift lever

Control for the gearbox that is manually activated by the driver to govern the actions of the gearbox.

'■

cylinder head cover

Part of the engine covering the cylinder heads, where the fuel is burned.

air filter

Device removing dust from the air entering the engine, battery

Unit storing the eiectricity produced by the alternator and releasing it to supply the vehicle’s electric system. radiator

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY

Vessel In which the coolant, which circulates around the engine, is cooled by means of flowing air.

cooling fan

Mechanism with blades blowing air across the radiator in order to’ cool the liquid it contains. fan belt

Rubberized bands mounted on a pulley and linked to the engine, driving the fan and the alternator.

brake pedal alternator

Current generator driven by the engine, which recharges the battery to supply the electric system.

Lever that the operator presses with the foot to activate the brake system.

exhaust manifold

Set of pipes at the exit of the cylinders, capturing the combustion gases to conduct them to the exhaust pipe. braking circuit

System of tubes containing a fluid that activates the brakes when they come under pressure from the pedal.

disc brake

exhaust pipe

Braking mechanism comprising a disc attached to the wheel, whose rotation is slowed down when the brake pads exert friction on it. brake booster

Mechanism amplifying the force exerted by the driver on the brake pedal.

Tubular conduit conducting the combustion gases from the exhaust manifold to the catalytic converter. gearbox

Unit changing the ratio between the rotation speed of the engine and that of the wheels in the forward gears, or reversing the rotation in the reverse gear.

ROAD TRANSPORT

automobile

coil spring Elastic metal shank wound up in a spiral, supporting the weight of the vehicle and absorbing the shocks caused by any unevenness in the road.

shock absorber Telescopic cylinder, pneumatic or hydraulic, reducing the spring’s oscillations.

fuel tank Reservoir containing the fuel that makes the vehicle self-sufficient,

differential Gear system located between the two wheels, ..allowing them to rotate at different speeds and compensating for the difference in distance that they travel when the car turns. filler neck • Conduit connected to the tank for filling it.

axle shaft Transversal axle transmitting the rotation from a differential to a wheel.

tail pipe Conduit expelling the combustion gases from the muffler to the ambient air. muffler Compartmentalized chamber in which the escaping gases expand, thus reducing the noise from the engine. exhaust pipe Tubular conduit carrying the 'combustion gases from the catalytic converter to the muffler.

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY

suspension arm -Unit joining the suspension components to the vehicle's body.

drive shaft Axle transmitting the rotation of the transmission to the differential.

fuel line Tubes connecting the tank with the engine and supplying it with fuel by means of a pump.

catalytic converter Chamber in which toxic substances contained in the escaping gases are broken down to make them less toxic.

automobile systems Each system is a set of interdependent parts fulfilling a specific function and capable of functioning on its own.

suspension system Set of components that joins the wheels to the vehicle’s body while reducing shocks caused by the road’s unevenness and improving the hold on the road. transmission system Set of components transmitting the motion produced by the motor to the wheels.

fuel supply system Set of components supplying the fuel to the engine.

electrical system Set of components supplying the necessary current for starting the vehicle and operating its electric accessories.

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, exhaust system Set of components designed to expel the engine’s burned gases into the ambient air.

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steering system Set of components that direct the front wheels to guide the vehicle as it moves.

gasoline engine Engine in which a mixture of air and gasoline is compressed and ignited to produce an explosion whose energy is converted into mechanical energy.

braking system Set of components that reduce the vehicle’s speed, eventually to a halt, and keep it in place while parked. cooling system Set of components that prevents the temperature of the engine from rising excessively. 553

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automobile ^ headlights

Set of regulation luminous devices placed on the front of a vehicle for illuminating and signaling.

high beam

Lamp illuminating the road over a long distance (100 yards), used outside urban areas,-.,. turn signal

Device emitting an intermittent light, signaling a change of the vehicle’s direction or a temporary hazard to other vehicles.

low beam

Lamp illuminating the road at short distances (30 yards), used instead ofhigh beam to avoid blinding drivers coming in the opposite direction.

side marker light

Colored light demarcating the width of the vehicle.

fog light

Lamp whose light rays are directed toward the roadway and illuminate the road shoulder, by which the driver navigates in the event of fog.

brake light

taillights Set of regulation lighting devices placed at the rear of a vehicle and used for signaling.

Light that goes on automatically when the driver steps on the brake pedal in order to warn the vehicles following it. turn signal

back-uo light

Device emitting an intermittent light, signaling a change of the vehicle’sdirection ora temporary hazard to other vehicles.

White lamp that turns on automatically to warn motorists and pedestrians when -the driver puts the car in reverse. taillight

brake light

Lamp turning on automatically when the front lights are lit, making the vehicle visible tor up to 150 yards.

Light that goes on automatically when the driver steps on the brake pedal in order to warn the vehicles following it.

side marker light

Colored light demarcating the width of the vehicle.

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license plate light

Lighting device for a vehicle’s license plate,-making it visible in darkness.

door Moving panel with a handle, attached to the body by hinges or a sliding system, providing access to the passenger compartment.

interior door handle

Mechanism for opening the door from the inside of the vehicle.

window

Side window that can be lowered; it protects against inclement weather while ensuring good visibility.

assist grip

Handle allowing the passenger to pullthedoorinwardinorderto' close it.

interior door lock button

Visible end of the rod activating the ' lock; it is lifted or lowered to unlock and lock the door.

outside mirror control

Lever for adjusting the position of the outside mirrorfrom the inside.

window regulator handle

Handily placed lever that turns to activate themechanism raising and lowering the window.

armrest

-Support fixed to the door, for resting the arm. lock

Mechanism housed in the door to lock it; it is manipulated with a key or button.

hinge

Articulating mechanism supporting the door and enabling it to pivot while it is being opened and closed.-.., accessory pocket

Open compartment fitted into the bottom of the door, for storing small objects. I 554

trim panel

Component covered with fabric, plastic or leather, upholstering the inside of the door. .. inner door shell

The door’s metal structure, serving to absorb impacts; it also encloses the locking mechanisms and, when it is lowered, the window.

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automobile bucket seat; front view Bucket seat: upholstered and adjustable seat that envelopes the occupant’s body, keeping it in place during turns and providing greater comfort.

bucket seat: side view

headrest

Safety pad placed behind the passenger’s head to protect the cervical vertebrae in the event of impact.

shoulder belt

Strap crossing in front of the passenger’s thorax, from the -shoulder to the hip. backrest

Part of the seat supporting th bad

seat

Horizontal unit for a passenger to sit on.

sliding rail

Metal part along which the seat moves forward and backward. sliding lever

Handle for moving the seat toward or away from the dashboard, in relation to the passenger’s height.

adjustment knob

The seat’s regulating mechanism, for changing the angle of the backrest to an almost horizontal position.

seat belt

Safety device fitted with sliding straps, keeping the passenger in the seat in the event of an accident. TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY

rear seat Bench containing several spaces installed in the rear of the passenger compartment and occupying its full width.

armrest

Folding support in the middle of the rear seat, for resting the forearm. webbing

Center belt in the rear seat, strapping • in the passenger’s pelvis and restraining only the lower part of the body in the event of impact. buckle

Clasp keeping the seat belt around the passenger and released by pressing with the finger.

bench seat

■ Horizontal unit for sitting on, providing up to three spaces.

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automobile I dashboard

rearview mirror Mirror mounted on the windshield, positioned by the driver so that the vehicles following behind can be seen in it.

Component in the passenger compartment comprising the instrument panel, the manual controls, storage and other accessories.

wiper switch Electric mechanism for swifching on fhe windshield wipers, controlling their speed and activating the windshield washer fluid.

on-board computer Computer integrated into the vehicle: it provides information about the vehicle’s main components and helps the driver with tasks related to driving.

cruise control Mechanism enabling the driver to maintain a cruising speed for the vehicle.

vanity mirror Small mirror on the inside of the sun visor. sun visor Movable panel that the passenger can lower over the upper part of the windshield or of the side window to prevent being blinded by the Sun.

glove compartment Small storage space fitted with a locking door. vent Opening, usually covered by an adjustable grille, allowing warm or cold air into the passenger compartment.

ignition switch Switch activated by a contact key allowing a current from the battery to flow to the starter.-.

horn Device emitting a loud sound that the driver can use to attract theattention of a pedestrian or other user of the road.

climate control Mechanism operating the heating or air-conditioning system and controlling its intensity.

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steering wheel Circular instrument used by the driver for steering the guide wheels.

audio system ■Sound-reproduction device comprising a tuner and a cassette or CD player.

clutch pedal Pedal pushed to change gears.

headlight/turn signal Lever having several positions that control the turn signals and the low and high beams.

brake pedal Lever that the driver presses with the foot to activate the brake system.

parking brake lever Lever connected to the rear-wheel brakes that the driver activates manually to stop the vehicle, or in case of emergency. gas pedal Unit controlled by the foot to increase, maintain or decrease the vehicle's speed.

gearshift lever ■-Control for the gearbox that is manually activated by the driver to change gears. center console Component located between the front seats and containing certain accessories and control devices, especially the parking brake and gearshift levers.

air bag restraint system

Automatic safety device containing air bags that, in the event of impact, instantly come between the occupants and the dashboard.

sating sensor Device that receives the signal from the primary sensor and deploys the airbags. It has safeguards against deploying accidentally. primary crash sensor Device located at the front of the vehicle, which, in the event of collision, transmits the pulse it receives to the sating sensor.

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air bag Flexible envelope encased in the dashboard, the steering wheel or the doors, which inflates with pressurized gas when it receives the signal from the sating sensor.

electrical cable Cable connecting the sating sensor, which causes the air bags to deploy.

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automobile instrument panel

Set of dials and warning lights within the driver’s view that report on the vehicle’s functioning.

oil warning light alternator warning light

Warning light showing that the battery needs recharging.

Warning light showing that the engine’s oil level is lower than the minimum required.

temperature indicator

Dial showing the temperature of the engine’s coolant. fuel indicator

high beam indicator light

Light showing that the high beams are on.

low fuel warning light

Warning light showing that the gas tank is almost empty.

Dial whose needle is connected to afloat in the gas tank; it shows the level of fuel still available.

warning lights

Small lights that go on and off to indicate whether the vehicle’s various systems are functioning properly.

turn signal indicator

Intermittent light, often accompanied by a sound, showing that a turn signal is in use.

ALB

speedometer

Dial showing the speed at which the vehicle is moving, in kilometers or miles per hour.

seat-belt warning light

arning light showing that one or more seat bells are not buckled or are not buckled correctly.

odometer

Mechanism measuring, in kilometers or miles, the total distance traveled by the vehicle since it left the factory.

trip odometer

door open warning light

Mechanism measuring partial distances traveled by the vehicle in kilometers or miles; it can be reset to zero.

Warning light showing that one or more doors, the tail gate or trunk are open or ajar.

windshield wiper

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tachometer

I showing the engine’s rotation )eed in revolutions per minute.

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automobile accessories Secondary components of a vehicle, used for its maintenance, safety and such.

jumper cables Cables fitted with alligator clips for connecting an emergency battery to a discharged one.

floor mat Fabric or rubber covering placed under the passengers’ feet in order to protect the floor of the vehicle.

black clamp A black clamp is fitted on the negative terminal of the emergency battery; the other is attached to a ■ metal part of the other car.

roller shade Shade with a roller containing a spring that causes the shade cloth to roll up; it is usually placed on a side window.

ball mount Part attached under the rear of the vehicle, with a hitch ball on one end; the trailer’s or caravan's hitch articulates with it.

red clamp cable A red clamp is fitted on the positive terminal of both batteries.

hitch ball Device for hooking up a trailer or caravan to a vehicle.

four-way lug wrench Wrench for tightening and loosening the wheel nuts; it is made up of two crossed rods with each end having a different size.

bike carrier Support placed on the roof or the rear of the vehicle, on which one or niore bicycles can be mounted and transported.

ski rack Support placed on the vehicle’s roof, for mounting and transporting skis.

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snow brush with scraper Small broom with one end for removing snow from the vehicle and the other for scraping ice off the windows.

jack Mechanism activated by a handle, for raising the vehicle.

sun visor Screen placed inside the windshield of a parked vehicle to protect the passenger compartment from the sun.

handle Lever comprising two right-angle bends, for activating the jack mechanism to raise and Jower it.

child safety seat Chair adapted to the size of a child; it is equipped with a safety harness for keeping the child seated and attached to the rear seat by the seat belt.

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brakes Units slowing down or stopping the rotation of the vehicle’s wheels. | disc brake

Braking mechanism comprising a disc attached to the wheel, whose rotation is slowed down when the brake pads exert friction on it. brake line

Tube carrying the brake fluid, which becomes pressurized when the driver steps on the brake pedal.

caliper

Viselike part comprising a piston, which straddles the brake disc and supports the brake pads.

piston

Part put into motion by hydraulic pressure, which pushes the brake pads to squeeze the disc. brake pad

Metal plate that is held by the caliper; it is covered with a heatresistant material that rubs against the disc to slow down its rotation. disc

Round plate interlocked with the wheel whose rotation slows down as it is braked by the friction of the brake pads.

brake shoe

drum brake

Crescent-shaped part interlocked with an anchor pin; it is fitted with a lining, which moves against the interior surface of the drum to slow its rotation.

Braking mechanism comprising a drum interlocked with the wheel; the brake shoes rub against the drum to slow down the wheel’s rotation.

anchor pin

wheel cylinder

Mechanism with a cylinder and two pistons that converts the hydraulic pressure in the master cylinder to mechanical force that is applied to the brake shoes.

Axle serving as an anchoring point tor the brake shoe, enabling it to move when acted upon by the piston. return spring

backing plate

Fixed part serving as a mount for the brake shoes, cylinder and anchor pin.

piston-'

brake lining

Band of material attached to the brake shoe; heat resistant, it increases the frictional force on the drum.

Part that slides in the cylinder under hydraulic pressure and pushes the brake shoe against the drum. drum

lug

Part interlocked with the wheel so that the wheel slows its rotation when the brake shoes rub against the inside of the drum.

Part for assembling and interlocking the drum and the wheel.

antilock braking system (ABS)

brake fluid reservoir

Reservoir supplying the master cylinder with the fluid that transmits pressure to the brakes after the driver presses the brake pedal. electronic control unit

Device that, as a result of signals received from the wheel speed sensor, controls the brake pressure modulator to give the optimal hydraulic pressure.-.

master cylinder

brake booster

Mechanism amplifying the force exerted by the driver on the brake pedal.

fechanism composed of a cylinder and pistons that converts the mechani force of the brake pedal into essure that is transmitted to

wheel speed sensor

Device sensing the rotation speed of a wheel 'and transmitting that information to the control unit.

pump and motor assembly

Pump driven by an electric motor, circulating the brake fluid from the accumulator to the master cylinder..

sensor wiring circuit

Set of electric wires transmitting the signals from the sensor to the electronic control unit.

disc brake

Braking mechanism comprising a disc attached to the wheel, whose rotation is slowed down when the brake pads exert friction on it.braking circuit

System of tubes containing a fluid that activates the brakes when they come under pressure from the pedal.'

Electronic device controlling the hydraulic pressure in the braking circuit, to prevent the wheels from locking.

accumulator brake pressure modulator

Hydraulic unit fitted with electric valves that, depending on the signals received from the electronic control unit, adjusts the pressure in each wheel cylinder.

Device temporarily holding the hydraulic brake fluid while the modulator lowers the pressure.

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Spring returning the brake shoe to its initial position once the pressure on the brake pedal has ceased.

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tire I Circular deformable unit made of rubber, mounted on the wheel and inflated with air, providing the connection between the car and the road, and absorbing the unevenness of the road.

wheel

technical specifications Alphanumeric code molded onto the side of the tire, showing its characteristics.

Circular unit turning around an axle; it supports the weight of the vehicle and transmits the thrust, steering and braking actions.

disk Apart of the rim that is fixed at its center on the wheel's axle. tread design Raised part of the tire tread that improves traction for various usage conditions.

rubbing strip Round protrusion of the rubber wall, protecting it from side impact and wear.

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rubber wall - Part of the tire iocated between the tread and the bead. rim Metal circle constituting the wheel’s circumference and on which the tire is mounted.

bead Part of the tire that encloses a rigid steel wire that keeps the tire on the rim and makes it watertight.

rim flange Edge of the rim providing lateral support to the tire bead so that it adheres solidly to it.

examples of tires Depending on the intended conditions and uses, tire construction (e.g., type of rubber, tread design, width) varies widely.

performance tire

all-season tire

winter tire

Wide tire that withstands particularly high temperatures and offers superior performance in holding the road and handling turns.

Tire designed tor driving on roads that are dry, wet or slightly snow-covered.

Tire characterized by ridges providing a good grip on snowsnd ice-covered roads

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touring tire

Tire designed for driving on dry or wet roads, but not recommended for snow or ice.

studded tire

Tire whose tread is fitted with metal studs, which provide a good grip on icy roads.

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tire

steel belted radial tire

Hybrid tire with addition belts laid on top of the plies of the radial tire; the cords of these belts crisscross each other diagonally. tread

Sculpted part of a tire coming in contact with the roadway. r

tread design

Raised part of the tire tread that improves traction for various usage conditions.

bias-ply tire

rubbing strip

Tire with plies whose cords cross each other and are diagonal to the direction of the tread.

Round protrusion of the rubber wall, protecting it from side impact and wear. belt-'>;

Layer of steel wires or fabric under the tread, reinforcing it.

radial ply

Layer of fabric fibers covered with rubber; its cord extends from one bead to the other. inner lining

Rubber layer covering the interior surface of the tire, preventing the tire from leaking or bursting when punctured. bead wire

Coil of steel wire reinforcing a tire’s bead.

radial tire

rubber wall

Tire with plies whose cords are perpendicular to the direction of the tread.

Part of the tire located between the tread and the bead.

Vessel in which the coolant, which circulates around the engine, is cooled by means ot flowing air.

filler cap

Cap plugging the radiator’s filling opening and regulating the pressure in the cooling system.

grille

Grating on the radiator’s front side, protecting it from impact. cooling fan

Mechanism with blades blowing air across the radiator in order to cool the liquid it contains. electric fan motor temperature sensor

Device immersed in the coolant that switches on the fan when the coolant reaches a predetermined temperature.

Device transforming electric energy into mechanical energy to drive another device.

lower radiator hose

Rubber hose connecting the cooling-circuit components to each other. 561 I

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radiator

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sparkplug I Electric device whose two electrodes produce the spark necessary to ignite the air/gasoline mixture in the cylinder.

spark plug terminal

Top part of the spark plug that plugs into a cable connected to the •distributor cap.

center electrode

Metal shank through which the electric current passes after being -transmitted by the terminal.

Spline

Rib that prevents the current trom spreading outside the spark plug, thus avoiding short circuits.

insulator

Porcelain part, resistant to high temperatures, insulating the center electrode to prevent short circuits. hex nut

Six-taced nut providing a grip on the spark plug to tighten it. spark plug gasket

Machined part providing the seal between the spark plug body and the cylinder head.

spark plug body

Lower part of the spark plug that screws into the cylinder head. The ground electrode is part of the spark plug body, from which the end of the center electrode protrudes.

ground electrode

Metal shank welded to the spark plug body and curving under the center electrode. spark plug gap

Space between two electrodes, where the spark is created.

battery

rK':.

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I Unit storing the electricity produced by the alternator and releasing it to supply the vehicis’s electric system.

negative terminal battery cover

Polarity element connected to the negative plates and attached to an electric cable, which connects the battery to the electric circuit.

Upper part of the battery, sealed in--,, the case. positive terminal

Polarity element connected to the positive plates and attached to an electric cable, which connects the battery to the electric circuit.

hydrometer

•

Color indicator giving information about the state of the battery.

liquid/gas separator

Ventilation device retaining the acid vapors and preventing liquid from being discharged. battery case

positive plate strap

Box made of insulating acid-resistant material: the chemical reactions between plates are produced in it.

Component holding the positive plates together.

negative plate strap

•

Component holding the negative plates together.

negative plate

Electrode made of honeycombed lead: it supports the active matter (paste) and collects the current.

positive plate- ■'

Electrode made of honeycombed lead oxide: it supports the active matter (paste) and collects the current.

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plate grid

Hole in the plate coated with a porous lead-based paste that reacts in the acid solution.

separator

. Porous partition separating the negative and positive plates in order to prevent short circuits.

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electric automobile Car propelled by an electric motor whose energy is provided by a battery. |

electronic control box Electronic device modifying the energy exchanges between the batteries and the electric motor as a function of the driver's commands and the traffic conditions.

traction batteries Batteries producing a 120-V current, providing the vehicle’s traction.

heating fuel tank Reservoir containing the fuel for the heating system.

charging plug Plug for connecting the vehicle to the main current or to a speciallyfitted terminal, in order to charge the batteries. auxiliary battery Battery charged by the traction batteries, producing a 12-V current to supply the electric accessories.

electric cable Cable enabling the batteries to supply the electric motor and recover energy during deceleration and braking. transmission Mechanism relaying the rotational motion of the motor to the wheels.

cooling fan - Device with blades for cooling the electronic control box.

traction batteries Batteries producing a 120-V current, providing the vehicle’s traction.

electric motor Device transforming electric energy into mechanical energy to drive another device.

hybrid automobile

power control module Device modifying the direction and output of the electric current between the battery and the electric motor.

cell The battery is composed of numerous interrelated electric cells, each one accumulating an electric reserve.

electric cable Cable enabling the batteries to supply the electric motor and recover energy during deceleration and braking.

battery condition module Electronic device equipped with sensors, which calculate the state of the battery’s charge and its temperature. motor control module Electronic device controlling the operation of the electric motor (assisting the gasoline engine or ■ recharging the battery).

gasoline engine Engine in which a mixture of air and gasoline is compressed and ignited to produce an explosion whose energy is converted into mechanical energy.

battery The battery is composed of cells ■providing the energy required by the electric motor, which in turn recharges the batteiy.

gas tank Reservoir containing the fuel that supplies the gasoline engine.'

electric motor/generator The electric motor allows the vehicle to start and move at low speed. It also recovers the energy generated by deceleration and braking to recharge the battery.

transmission Mechanism transferring to the wheels the rotational motion of the gasoline engine and the electric motor.

gas conduit Tubes connecting the tank with the engine and supplying it with fuel by means of a pump. 563

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Car powered by an internal combustion engine and an electric motor, reducing gasoline consumption and polluting emissions. |

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types of engines I Engines: machines that convert the combustion of an air/fuel mixture into mechanical energy. turbo-compressor engine Engine equipped with a device combining a turbine with a compressor, which increases the amount of air entering the engine to increase its etticiency.

exhaust gas admission The flow of the exhaust gas is conducted directly from the combustion chamber to the turbo compressor to drive the turbine.

intake manifold After cooling, the air is again conducted to the combustion chamber, which takes in more air.

warm-air outlet When compressed, the temperature of the air increases greatly, which can make it less -effective. exhaust manifold Set of pipes at the exit of the cylinders: it captures the exhaust gases and conducts them to the turbo-compressor.

exhaust valve Part that opens to allow the burned gases to escape.

charge aircooler The heat exchanger cools the compressed air before it enters the cylinders.

combustion chamber Part of the cylinder in which the pressurized air/fuel mixture is" ignited and burned,

driven compressor wheel Part integrated with the driving turbine wheel: it spins very quickly as it draws in air and compresses it.

piston Metal moving part in the cylinder and attached to the connecting rod: it-" compresses the air/fuel mixture, then receives the thrust from the burned gases.

driving turbine wheel Part converting the energy from the exhaust gases into rotational energy to activate the compressor.

exhaust pipe Tubular conduit conducting the exhaust gases from the turbocompressor to the muffler.

four-stroke-cycle engine

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Combustion engine whose cycle (intake, compression, combustion, exhaust) requires two up-and-down movements of the piston.

intake valve ■ Part that opens to let the air/fuel mixture into the cylinder. explosion Ignition of the air/fuel mixture produces a major energy release that pushes the piston downward,'

cylinder , Chamber closed by two valves: in it, the piston moves and the air/fuel mixture is burned, air/fuel mixture Mixture prepared in the carburetor, containing an amount of fuel proportional to the amount of air entering.

exhaust valve Part that opens to allow the burned gases to escape.

V intake Phase during which the exhaust valve opens and the piston comes down and draws the air/fuel mixture into the combustion chamber.

combustion Phase during which the expansion of the combustion gases pushes the piston downward, driving the rotation of the crankshaft.

spark Spark produced when an electric current arcs between the two electrodes of a spark plug and ignites the air/fuel mixture.

connecting rod Articulated shank powered by the -gas explosion: it transmits the thrust from the piston to the crankshaft. crankshaft Shaft consisting of a series of - cranks, which convert the alternatr rectilinear motion of the piston/connecting rod assembly into a continuous circular motion.

compression Phase during which the piston goes up to compress the air/fuel mixture. At the height of the compression, the spark plug produces a spark. I 564

burned gases-" Mixture of gases (carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide and unburned hydrocarbons) filling the combustion chamber after the explosion. piston Metal moving part in the cylinder and attached to the connecting rod: it compresses the air/tuel mixture, then receives the thrust from the burned gases.

V exhaust Phase during which the exhaust valve opens and the piston moves back up to expel the burned gases.

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types ot 6: mines two-stroke-cycle engine cycle Two-stroke engine: combustion engine whose cycle (intake, compression, combustion and exhaust) requires one up-and-down movement of the piston.

spark plug Electric device whose two •electrodes produce the spark necessary to ignite theair/tuel mixture in the cylinder. exhaust port Conduit through which the burned gases are expelled from the combustion chamber.

transfer port Conduit conducting the air/fuel mixture from the crankcase to the cylinder.

intake port Conduit through which the air/fuel mixture enters the crankcase. crankcase Sealed enclosure where the air/fuel 'mixture enters and the piston/connecting rod moves.

compression/intake Beginning of the first stroke during which the piston moves up, drawing the air/fuel mixture into the crankcase and compressing the mixture in the cylinder.

exhaust/scavaging Second stroke during which the piston is pushed back by the expansion of the burned gases, which are then expelled and replaced by the mixture coming from the crankcase.

combustion End of the first stroke during which a spark ignites the air/fuel mixture.

rotary engine cycle intake manifold Passages through which the air/fuel mixture enters the cylinder.

compression The rotor’s rotation reduces the volume In the chamber and compresses the mixture.

Triangular piston firming eccentrically around an axle and transmitting a rotational motion directly to the crankshaft.

power When the compression level is reached, the spark plugs produce sparks that ignite theair/tuel mixture.

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intake Theair/tuel mixture enters the cylinder through the intake manifold; the rotor’s motion forces it into the next chamber.

exhaust manifold Pipe through which the burned gases are expelled from the cylinder.

Rotary engine: combustion engine in which the combustion chamber is divided by a rotor into three turning parts of unequal volume

exhaust In the passage before the exhaust manifold, the burned gases are expelled by the rotor.

diesel engine cycle

air Air enters the combustion chamber.

injection/combustion Fuel Ignites Immediately when it is injected into the hot air at very high pressure.

fuel injector Device pulverizing the fuel In the combustion chamber.

V intake Phase during which the exhaust valve opens and the piston comes down and draws the air/fuel mixture into the combustion chamber.

compression Stroke during which the piston rises, compressing the air, which becomes heated under the pressure.

Diesel engine: combustion engine in which the compressed air becomes sufficiently hot to Ignite the injected fuel.

power Stroke during which the expansion of the burning gases pushes the piston downward.

exhaust Phase during which the piston moves up and forces the burned gases toward the exhaust valve. 565

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gasoline engine

Engine in which a mixture of air and gasoline is compressed and ignited to produce an explosion whose energy is converted into mechanical energy.

rocker arm

Lever, activated by the camshaft that drives the inlet and exhaust valves to open them.

fuel injector

Device pulverizing the fuel in the combustion chamber. camshaft

distributor cap

Axle driven by a belt, a chain or gears connected to the crankshaft, controlling the opening and closing of the valves.

inlet valve

Part that opens to let the air/fuel mixture into the cylinder.

timing belt

Strap connecting the crankshaft to the camshaft.

intake manifold

Passages through which the air/fuei mixture enters the cylinder.

valve spring

Unit supplying the electric current necessary for producing sparks that ignite the fuel in the engine.

cylinder head cover

Spring that brings the valve back \ into the closed position.

Part of the engine covering the cylinder heads, where the fuel is burned. vacuum diaphragm

Device connected to the distributor cap specifying the precise moment ignition must be produced relative to the engine’s rotation speed.

piston skirt

Side surface of a piston guiding it along the inside of the cylinder.. combustion chamber

Part of the cyiinder in which the pressurized air/fuel mixture is ignited and burned.-. piston ring

spark plug cable

Circular ring mounted on the piston providing a seai between it" and the cyiinder.

Electric wire carrying the high-voltage current from the distributor to the spark plugs, which produce sparks igniting the expiosion.

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connecting rod

Articulated shank powered by the gas explosion; it transmits thethrustfrom the piston to the crankshaft.

spark plug

Electric device whose two electrodes produce the spark necessary to ignite the air/fuel mixture in the cylinder.

alternator

Current generator driven by the engine, which recharges the battery to supply the electric system.

exhaust manifold

Set of pipes at the exit of the -cylinders, capturing the combustion gases to conduct them to the exha'ustpipe.

cooling fan

Mechanism with blades blowing air across the radiator in order to cool the liquid it contains.

'■ ■flywheel

Disk connected to the crankshaft, which uses the kinetic energy produced at combustion to regulate the crankshaft rotation during the rest of the cycle.

pulley

Part attached to a shaft, whose, rotational movement it transmits by means of a belt.

exhaust valve

Part that opens to allow the burned gases to escape.

fan belt

Rubberized bands mounted on a puiiey and linked to the engine, driving the fan and the alternator.

engine block

Main engine casing, which encloses the cylinders.

crankshaft

oil pan

Shaft consisting of a series of cranks, which convert the alternate rectilinear motion of the piston/connecting-rod assembiy into a continuous circular motion.

i Container closing the bottom of the engine block; it is the reservoir for the oii that iubricates the engine’s moving parts. oil pan gasket

Packing providing the seal between the oil pan and the engine block.

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air conditioner compressor

Component of the air-conditioning system circulating coolant, which cools the air in the passenger compartment when it is hot outside.

oil drain plug

Piug closing the hole at the bottom of the oil pan through which used oil is evacuated.

piston

Metal moving part in the cylinder and attached to the corrnecting rod; it compresses the air/tuel mixture, then receives the thrust from the burned gases.

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campers Motorized or towed vehicle fitted out as a dwelling. |

trailer

roof vent side vent Opening in the roof, fitted with a cover, for Grille on the side of the body, for letting in fresh air when parked.letting in fresh air.

body Rigid metal trame comprising the body of the caravan.

sun visor Device protecting against the sun.

awning channel Track where the edge of an awning is inserted so it can be spread out in front of the caravan.

propane gas cylinder Tank containing a gas reserve for supplying the caravan’s stove and heating system.

grab handle Vertical handle, placed at shoulder height near the door, that one holds to step up into the caravan.

hydraulic jack Mechanism composed of a cylinder and a piston and activated by hydraulic pressure; it allows the landing gear to be deployed by turning a crank.

outlet Device connected to the main current by an electric cord, which transmits the electric current to the appliances in the caravan.

towing hitch Device placed at the end of the tow bar, securing the caravan to the hitch ball of the vehicle towing it.

storage compartment Compartment for storing bulky objects, usually accessible from the inside and the outside of the caravan. door Opening comprising a leaf pivoting on hinge pins, for entering and exiting the caravan.

retractable step Folding apparatus attached to the door sill, tor stepping up into or down from the caravan.

Caravan fitted out as a dwelling, usually pulled by an automobile,

tow bar Metal piece attached to the caravan’s chassis; it comprises a towing hitch and enables the caravan to be connected to the towing vehicle. tow safety chain' Part of an antitheft device attached to the towing hitch, which stops anyone from hitching or unhitching the caravan.

landing gear The towing hitch’s telescopic support, which props up the caravan when it is parked.

lighting cable Electric wire for connecting the caravan’s lighting and signaling system to that of the vehicle towing it.

tent trailer

bunk Area for sleeping, supported by a frame when opened out

spare tire Supplementary wheel for replacing a wheel whose tire is punctured. stabilizer jack Retractable support placed under the caravan to keep it steady when parked.

Caravan with a collapsible section that is opened up when at rest and folded up again before moving, to lessen wind resistance. window Flexible canvas opening, letting in air and light, supported by a framework when it is opened out.

body Rigid metal frame comprising the body of the caravan. screen door Doortitted with a wire cloth that ■lets air and light pass through while protecting against mosquitoes. motor home

air conditioner Device cooling and ventilating the caravan's interior air when it is hot outside.

Van whose passenger compartment is fitted out as a dwelling.

luggage rack Support mounted on the roof; baggage is stowed on it using straps. ladder Device composed of steps and stiles, for accessing the vehicle’s root. 567 I

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY

root Rigid part enclosing the top of the body and protecting the sections when they are folded up.

canopy Canvas awning supported by a tramework; it protects an outdoor space from the rain and sun.

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bus j

Motorized vehicle for city or intercity transportation of passengers who are standing or seated. blinking lights

school bus

Flashing red lights at the front and rear of the bus that the driver activates at each stop to signal other vehicles to stop.

blind spot mirror

Motorized vehicle tor transporting schoolchildren and equipped with specialized safety devices.

outside mirror

Mirror fixed to the outside of the passenger compartment enabling thedriver to see behind and along the sides of the vehicle without turning around.

Exterior convex mirror providing a wider field of vision than a conventional mirror.

crossover mirror

Convex mirror allowing the driver to see the front of the bus.

two-leaf door

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY

city bus Motorized vehicle for city transportation of passengers who are standing or seated.

coach Motorized vehicle for intercity transportation of seated passengers over medium and long distances.

air intake

Opening in the roof, fitted with a cover, tor letting fresh air into the bus.

Wide door divided into two movable parts, which double back to each side to allow several people to pass through at once.

crossing arm

Pivoting rod deployed at each stop so that the schoolchildren stay in the driver’s field of vision while passing in front of the bus.

route sign

Screen usually on the front, rear and right side of the vehicle, displaying the number of the bus’s route.

engine air intake

Opening through which outside air ■enters the vehicle’s engine.

engine compartment

blousing for the engine under the vehicle’s chassis, accessible by a door. I 568

entrance door

baggage compartment

Large compartment beneath the vehicle's floor, fitted with side doors, in which passengers’ baggage is deposited.

ROAD TRANSPORT

bus

double-decker bus

Bus equipped with two superimposed compartments, connected by stairs.

route sign

Screen usually on the front, rear and right side of the vehicle, displaying the number of the bus’s route.

upper deck

Upper floor of the bus.’

van

Motorized vehicle tor transporting about 10 passengers, sometimes equipped with a lift for wheelchairs. blind spot mirror

Exterior convex mirror providing a wider field of vision than a conventional mirror.

West Coast mirror

Mirror fixed to the outside of the passenger compartment enabling the driver to see behind and along the sides of the vehicle without turning around.

handrail

Support rail equipped with a belt restraining the wheelchair when the platform is being raised and lowered. TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY

wheelchair lift

; Electric lifting device deployed so that a person I in a wheelchair can be raised into and lowered from a minibus.

entrance door platform

Horizontal part moving up and down for the wheelchair; it rests on the ground in the lower position and forms the doorsill in the upper position.

articulated bus

Bus with two aligned compartments, connected by an articulated joint.

articulated joint

Part connecting the rigid sections by a waterproof bellows and a turning platform shared by the two sections.

rear rigid section

front rigid section

ROAD TRANSPORT

trucking I Transportation of cargo by truck. truck tractor Motorized vehicle equipped with a fifth wheel that pulls a semitrailer and supports part of its weight. windshield

West Coast mirror

Glass and plastic pane protecting Vertical upper part of the conduit the occupants from inclement that evacuates exhaust gas from the weather while providing good engine. visibility. exhaust stack

wind deflector

Aerodynamic device mounted on the tractor’s roof to reduce the semitrailer’s wind resistance.

Mirror fixed to the outside of the passenger compartment enabling the driver to see behind and along the sides of the vehicle without turning around.

air horn

Device comprising two horns activated by compressed air and emitting a sound signal, most often to avert danger.

sleeper-cab

Part behind the cab fitted out with a bed or bunk beds and storage space. grab handle

marker light

Vertical handle placed at shoulder height near the door, for gripping while climbing up to or down from the cab.

Yellow light in front and red in the rear demarcating the dimensions of the vehicle. hood

storage compartment

Lidlike part of the body covering and protecting the engine.

Compartment for storing bulky objects, usually accessible from the inside and outside of the cab. fifth wheel

Coupling device enabling the tractor to be connected to the semitrailer and supporting its front portion.

headlight

Lamp on the front of the vehicle to light up the space in front.

mud flap

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY

'.Piece of rubber or plastic attached behind the rear wheels to repel projectiles. radiator grille

step

Plastic or metal grating in front of the vehicle; it protects the vehicle's radiator and serves as decoration.

tire

Tread or set of treads built into the body for climbing up to or down from the cab.

Circular deformable unit made of rubber, mounted on the wheel and inflated with air,-providing the connection between the truck tractor and the road, and absorbing the unevenness of the road.

fog light

Lamp whose light rays are directed toward the roadway and illuminate the road shoulder, by which the driver navigates in the event of fog.

bumper

Malleable element partially absorbing shocks, thus protecting the body and the engine parts from damage.

wheel

;

filler cap

Circular unit turning around an axle; it supports the weight of the vehicle and transmits the thrust, steering and braking actions.

i i ; I

Part screwed into the fuel filler neck to close it.

fender

fuel tank

Part of the body covering the wheel.

Reservoir containing the diesel fuel that makes the vehicle selfsufficient.

tandem tractor frailer Set of vehicles comprising a tractor, a semitrailer and a frailer.

truck tractor

Motorized vehicle equipped with a fifth wheel that pulls a semitrailer and supports part of its weight. I 570

semitrailer

Trailer whose front part is equipped with a kingpin for coupling it to the tractor.

truck trailer

Motorless vehicle for transporting cargo and connected by a coupling bar to the vehicle towing it.

ROAD TRANSPORT

trucking marker light

Yellow light in front and red in the rear demarcating the dimensions of the vehicle.

refrigeration unit

Device using compression to lower the temperature inside the semitrailer to a predetermined level.

frontwall-..

refrigerated semitrailer Semitrailer equipped with a refrigeration unit and an insulated compartment for transporting perishable goods.

vent door

Grille through which the air cools the refrigerant.

sidewall

battery box

Compartment containing the battery supplying the electric energy required to operate the refrigeration unit. partlow chart

Device monitoring the temperature in the semitrailer.

electrical connection

Electric wire connecting the ''semitrailer’s lighting and signaling system with that of the tractor. landing gear

reflector

Device reflecting light back toward its source so that other drivers can see the semitrailer. side rail

mud flap

Piece of rubber or plastic attached behind the rear wheels to repel projectiles.

Thick piece along the length of the chassis frame, reinforcing it.

Reservoir containing the fuel used to operate the refrigeration unit.

u ^

Axle of attachment housed in the tractors fifth wheel; it allows the semitrailer and the tractor to articulate.

sand shoe

Part attached to the foot of the landing gear to increase stability.

landing gear crank

Bent lever activating the elevating cylinder to deploy the landing gear.

flatbed semitrailer Semitrailer composed of a platform around which detachable side panels can be placed. stake pocket bulkhead

Panel fixed to the front of the deck to prevent cargo from moving forward.

Support placed on the side edges of the deck, holding in place a belt hook or a post for attaching the side panels.

taillight deck

Floor of the semitrailer serving as the loading plane for the cargo.

Lamp turning on automatically when the front lights are lit, making the vehicle visible for up to 150 meters.

turn signal

Device emitting an intermittent light, signaling a change of the vehicle's direction or a temporary hazard to other vehicles.

mud flap

Piece of rubber or plastic attached behind the rear wheels to repel projectiles.

rub rail

Bar attached to the stake pockets to protect them from side impact.

landing gear crank

Bent lever activating the elevating cylinder to deploy the landing gear.

marker light

Yellow light in front and red in the rear demarcating the dimensions of the vehicle.

bumper

Malleable element partially absorbing shocks, thus protecting the body from damage.

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY

auxiliary tank

' kingpin

Telescopic support keeping the semitrailer level when uncoupled.

ROAD TRANSPORT

mci-mg examples of semitrailers Semitrailers: trailers whose front portion is equipped with a kingpin for coupling them to a tractor.

tank trailer Semitrailer for transporting bulk products in liquid, powder or gas form. tank body

Closed tank divided into several compartments of various sizes.

dump body

Open or closed container; when raised by the elevation cylinder, it discharges its bulk material.

automobile transport semitrailer Semitrailer equipped with several sloped platforms for transporting vehicles.

twist lock

Locking mechanism housed in each bottom corner of the container -to secure it to the semitrailer.

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY

dump semitrailer Semitrailer equipped with a dump body for transporting in bulk. Semitrailer comprising only a chassis; containers of standard sizes are loaded on it to transport cargo.

chip van Semitrailer designed to transport wood in chip form.

van body semitrailer Semitrailer comprising a closed box, rigid or made of thick fabric (tarpaulin and sliding curtains).

possum-belly body semitrailer Semitrailer designed to transport livestock: it comprises several perforated compartments.

double drop lowbed semitrailer Semitrailer for transporting heavy machinery.

^WWW

refrigerated semitrailer Semitrailer equipped with a refrigeration unit and an insulated compartment for transporting perishable goods.

log semitrailer Semitrailer with folding side posts for transporting free trunks.

ROAD TRANSPORT

trucking tow truck Truck for towing vehicles that have broken down.

examples of trucks elevating cylinder

dump body

Hydraulic device comprising a Thick sturdy metal beam, which the telescopic arm, for lifting a heavy load. elevating cylinder raises. boom

Open or closed container; when raised by the elevation cylinder it discharges its bulk material.

Trucks: motorized vehicles for transporting cargo and providing maintenance and safety.

cable-

hookPart that is detached from the towing device while the vehicle’s front wheels are placed in position, then reattached to raise it.

dump truck Truck equipped with a dump body; it is used for bulk transport.

towing device

Lifting device where the front wheels of the towed vehicle are placed. winch

winch controls

Mechanism with a steel cable rolled around a spool, for pulling and raising heavy loads, such as a vehicle that has broken down.

Control mechanisms for the electric motor, which powers the spool’s rotation.

loading hopper

Large reservoir that takes the trash bags and then feeds them to the packer body.

packer body

Bin equipped with a hydraulic system that compresses household trash.

septic truck Truck equipped with a tank, a pump and a long pipe, for emptying septic tanks and other pipes.

cement mixer Truck equipped with a rotating tub, tor transporting fresh cement, which it pours out down a chute.

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY

trash truck Dump truck for collecting household trash.

tank truck Truck for transporting bulk products in liquid, powder or gas form.

tank body

Closed tank divided into several compartments of various sizes.

box van Truck whose box is rigid and closed.

snowblower Vehicle with a mechanism that draws up snow from the road and projects it some distance or into a dump truck.

street sweeper Vehicle for cleaning city streets, equipped with a collection body, rotating brushes, a vacuum cleaner and a watering device. detachable body truck Truck for transporting containers, which it loads and unloads using a mechanical arm.

collection body

Container for the trash swept up by the central brush.

projection device

Adjustable funnel through which the snow is expelled in a chosen direction.

central brush

Rotating brush that cleans the width of the roadway. lateral brush

worm

Mechanism grinding hardened snow before a screw forces it into the projection device.

Rotating brush that cleans the edge of the roadway.

watering tube

Pipe supplying water to the brush as it cleans the roadway.

573

ROAD TRANSPORT

motorcycle I Two-wheeled motorized vehicle whiose engine cylinder is larger than 125 cubic centimeters. mirror

Mirror attached to the handgrip, allowing the motorcyclist to see behind and along the sides otthe vehicle without turning around. handgrip windshield

Glass and plastic pane in front, protecting the motorcyclist from the wind and inclement weather. ■

Extension of the handlebars that the driver holds to steer the motorcycle.

gas tank

Reservoir containing the fuel that makes the vehicle self-sufficient.

clutch lever

Lever for disengaging then engaging the engine and the--., gearbox, allowing the gears to be ■ changed. dashboard

Body component containing the. instrument panel and the light switch. turn signal

Device emitting an intermittent light, signaling a change otthe vehicle’sdirection or a temporary hazard to other vehicles.

headlight

Lamp on the front of the vehicle tolight up the space in front. fairing

telescopic front fork

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY

Pair of tubes sliding together and encasing a spring: it controls steering, suspension and shock absorption for the front wheel.

Aerodynamic parts covering certain components of the motorcycle toreduce air friction and driver discomfort.

front fender

Piece of curved metal covering the front wheel, protecting the motorcyclist from being splashed.

brake caliper

Viselike part comprising a piston, which straddles the brake disc and supports the brake pads.

rim

Metal circle constituting the wheel’s circumference and on which the tire is mounted.

disc brake

Braking mechanism comprising a disc attached to the wheel, whose rotation is slowed down when the brake pads exert friction on it. engine

Device converting the combustion of fuel and air into mechanical energy.

spoiler

Partly aesthetic aerodynamic part that deflects air away from the front wheel.

574

carburetor

Engine mechanism that prepares the air/tuel mixture,

ROAD TRANSPORT

motorcycle

protective helmet

bubble

Rigid headgear covering the head to protect it in the event of accident.

Exterior surface made of durable materials (thermoplastic or composite materials) that absorb shocks.

visor hinge

visor

Articulated fastener for raising and lowering the visor.

Transparent swing-away part, protecting the eyes while providing good visibility. air inlet

Opening in the bubble allowing air to circulate in the helmet and preventing fog from forming on the visor.

chin protector

Part of the bubble protecting themotorcyclist’s chin. frame

Set of hollow metal tubes welded together, forming the motorcycle's framework.

turn signal dual seat

Device emitting an intermittent light, .-signaling a change of the vehicle’s ' direction or a temporary hazard to other vehicles.

Usually leather seat allowing the

taillight

Lamp that lights up automatically when the front lights are lit and emits a brighter light when the driver applies the brakes.

Cylindrical mechanism attached to the rear wheel and coupled with a spring; it absorbs shocks caused by unevenness in the road.

exhaust pipe

Compartmentalized chamber in which the escaping gases expand, thus reducing the noise from the engine.

fetal rods, one on each side of the motorcycle frame, for resting the driver’s feet on. kickstand

Fold-down support on the left side of the motorcycle to keep it almost upright when at rest. gearshift lever

Pedal located under the motorcyclist’s left toot, for changing the ratio between the motor’s speed of rotation and that of the wheels.

main stand

Fold-down support comprising two rods; it keeps the motorcycle upright with one of its wheels off the ground.

pillion footrest

Metal rods, one on each side of the motorcycle frame, tor resting the passenger’s feet on.

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY

rear shock absorber

ROAD TRANSPORT

iiiotorcycle motorcycle dashboard Body component containing the instrument panel and the ignition switch.

speedometer tachometer

Dial showing the speed at which the vehicle is moving, in kilometers or miles per hour.

Dial showing the engine’s rotation speed in revolutions per minute.

oil pressure warning indicator

Light showing that the oil pressure in the engine’s lubrication system is below the' minimum necessary.

high beam warning indicator

Light showing that the high beam is lit.

neutral indicator

turn signal indicator

Light showing that none of the gears is engaged; that is, the engine’s rotation is not being transmitted to the wheels.

Intermittent light, often accompanied by a sound, showing that a turn signal is in use.

ignition switch

Switch activated by a contact key allowing a current from the battery to flow to the starter. motorcycle: view from above

turn signal headlight

Lamp on the front of the vehicle to--., light up the space in front.

mirror

Device emitting an intermittent light, signaling a change of the vehicle’s direction or a temporary hazard to other vehicles.

Mirror attached to the handgrip, allowing the motorcyclist to seebehind and along the sides of the vehicle without turning around.

front brake lever

Lever connected by a cable to the front brake caliper, activated by the driver to •brake the front wheel.

clutch lever

Lever for disengaging then engaging the engine and the gearbox, allowing the gears to be changed. TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY

dip switch

twist grip throttle

Acceleration handle that the driver turns to increase or reduce the amount of air/fuel mixture entering the engine and hence its running speed.

Button for switching between low and high beam.

emergency switch

horn

Device emitting a loud sound that the driver can use to attract the attention of a pedestrian or other user of the road.

■ Device for cutting the engine in case of emergency. starter button

Switch engaging the starter, which engages the engine.

gas tank cap

Part screwed into the fuel filler neck to close it.

clutch housing

gearshift

Pedal located under the motorcyclist’s left foot, for changing the ratio between the motor’s speed of rotation and that of the wheels. front footrest

Metal rods, one on each side of the motorcycle frame, for resting the driver’s feet on.

■Rigid covering protecting the clutch mechanism.

■rear brake pedal

Pedal connected by a cable to the rear brake caliper, activated by the driver to brake the rear wheel.

passenger footrest

Metal rods, one on each side of the motorcycle frame, for resting the passenger's feet on.

turn signal

Device emitting an intermittent light, signaling a change of the vehicle's direction or a ’ temporary hazard to other vehicles. I 576

exhaust pipe

Compartmentalized chamber in which the escaping gases expand, thus reducing the noise from the engine. taillight

Lamp that lights up automatically when the front lights are lit and emits a brighter light when the driver applies the brakes.

ROAD TRANSPORT

motorcycle motor scooter Motorized vehicle w/ith two smaii wheels, embellished with lairing, characterized by an open frame and a flat floor.

examples of motorcycles

seat

Usually leather seat where the driver sits.

Usually leafher seat where the driver sits. mirror

off-road motorcycle Motorcycle designed for traveling over rough terrain, with features such as a raised engine, extended suspension, elevated muffler and tires with studs.

Mirror attached to the handgrip, ■ allowing the motorcyclist to see behind and along the sides of the vehicle without turning around.

luggage rack

Support at the rear of the vehicle, for attaching a trunk or for lashing down luggage using straps.

apron

telescopic front fork

Aerodynamic component in sheet .metal or plastic, trimming the steering column and protecting the driver from the wind and inclement

Pair of sliding tubes enclosing a spring; it controls steering, suspension and shock absorption on the front wheel.

knobby tread tire

Tire whose tread is fitted with blocks of rubber, providing better traction on rough terrain. floorboard

Wide flat surface for resting the feet on.

windshield antenna

touring motorcycle Motorcycle providing comfort for the driver and the passenger, with features such as wide fairing, extended handgrips and footrests for stretching the legs.

Glass and plastic pane in front, protecting the motorcyclist from the wind and inclement weafher.

Device receiving radio waves broadcast by a station.

moped Vehicle designed like a bicycle, but eguipped with an engine whose cylinder is no larger than 50 cubic centimeters.

backrest

Part supporting the back. top box- ■

Usually rigid and waterproof compartment, behind the passenger seat, for stowing light objects. saddlebag carrier

Support at the rear of the vehicle, for attaching a trunk or for lashing down luggage using straps.

kickstand

passenger seat

Fold-down support on the right side of the moped to keep if almost upright when at rest.

Usually leather, individual seat with aback; it is higher than the driver seat, for the passenger to sit.

driver seat

Usually leather, individual seat, sometimes equipped with a back, for the driver to sit.

4 X4all-terrain vehicle Four-wheeled all-terrain vehicle (ATV) for traversing most kinds of terrain, equipped with a motorcycle engine.

gas tank rear cargo rack

Support at the rear of the vehicle, for attaching a trunk or for lashing down luggage using straps.

seat

Usually leather seat where the driver sits.

Reservoir containing the fuel that makes the vehicle self-sufficient.

handgrip

Extension ot the handlebars used for steering the ATV.

rear fender

Piece of curved metal covering the rear wheel, for protecting the motorcyclist from being splashed. muffler

Compartmentalized chamber in which the escaping gases expand, thus reducing the noise from the engine.

bumper

Malleable component partly absorbing impact in the event of a front-on collision. front shock absorber

Cylindrical mechanism attached to the front wheel and coupled with a spring; it absorbs shocks caused by unevenness in the road. gearshift lever

Pedal located under the driver’s foot, for changing the ratio between the motor's speed of rotation and that of the wheels. 577

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY

Usually rigid and waterproof luggage, attached to each side of the passenger seat.

ROAD TRANSPORT

bicycle I Frame vehicle steered by the front wheel and propelled by the rear wheel, which in turn is driven, via a chain, by a pedal mechanism.

parts of a bicycle seat post Component supporting and attaching the seat, inserted to variable depth into the seat tube to adjust the seat’s height.-,.

seat Small triangular seat attached to the bicycle’s frame.

tire pump Device that compresses air and is used to inflate a bicycle tire’s inner tube. crossbar Horizontal part of the frame. connecting the head tube with the seat tube and stabilizing the frame.

seat stay Tube connecting the top of the seat tube with the rear-wheel hub.-

rear brake Mechanism activated by a brake cable, comprising a caliper and return springs; it forces a pair of brake pads against the sidewalls to stop the bicycle,,

seat tube leaning slightly to '^®ceiving the seat post and joining the pedal mechanism. --

carrier.... Device attached to the back of the bicycle for carrying bags on each side and packages on top. generator Mechanism activated by the rear wheel, converting the wheel’smotion into electric energy to power the front and rear lights.

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY

reflector Device returning light toward its source so that other users of the road might see the cyclist.

rear light Lamp signaling the bicycle’s presence in the dark.

fender Piece of curved metal covering part of the wheel to protect the cyclist from being splashed.

rearderailleur Mechanism for changing the rear gears by lifting the chain from one gear wheel toanother: it allows the cyclist to adapt to road conditions.

drive chain Set of metal links meshing with the sprockets on the chain wheel and gearwheel to transmit the pedaling motion to the rear wheel. chain stayTube connecting the pedal mechanism to the rear-wheel hub.

I 57B

front derailleur Mechanism for changing the front gears by lifting the chain from one chain wheel to another; it allows the cyclist to adapt to road conditions.

pedal toe clip Part attached to a crank that the Metal device attached to the pedals cyclist rotates to provide the that covers the front of the feet, bicycle’s power. keeping the feet in the proper position and increasing pedaling power.

ROAD TRANSPORT

head tube

Tube using ball bearings to transmit the steering movement to the fork.

stenn Part whose height is adjustable; it is inserted into the head tube and supports the handlebars.

brake cable

Sheathed steel cable transmitting the pressure exerted on the brake • lever to the brake.

shifter handlebars

Lever for changing gears via a cable moving the derailleur.

Device made up of two handles connected by a tube, tor steering the bicycle.

wafer bottle

Soft plastic container, with a quick open cap, for drinking from.

brake lever

Lever attached to the handlebars tor activating the brake caliper via a cable. front brake

Mechanism activated by a brake cable, comprising a caliper and return springs; it forces a pair of brake pads against the sidewalls to slow down the front wheel. headlight

Lamp illuminating the ground a few yards in front of the bicycle.

fork

hub

Central partofthe wheel from which spokes radiate. Inside the hub are ball bearings enabling it to rotate around its axle.

rim

Metal circle constituting the wheel’s circumference and on which the tire is mounted. tire

Structure made of cotton and steel fibers coated with rubber, mounted on the rim to form the casing for the inner tube.

down tube

Part of the frame connecting the head tube to the pedal mechanism; it is the longest and thickest tube in the frame and gives it its rigidity.

water bottle clip

Support attached to the down tube or the seat tube for carrying the water bottle.

spoke

Thin metal spindle connecting the hub to the rim.

tire valve

Small clack valve sealing the inflation opening of the inner tube; it allows air to enter but prevents it from escaping.

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY

Two tubes connected to the head tube and attached to each end of the front-wheel hub.

ROAD TRANSPORT

bicycle

power train I Setof parts (axle, chain wheel, cranks and pedals) transmitting the force exerted by the cyclist on the pedals to the rear wheel.

front derailleur

Mechanism for changing the front gears by lifting the chain from one chain wheel fo another; it allows the cyclist to adapt to road conditions.

chain guide

Part of the derailleur moving the chain from one chain wheel to the other.

shifter

Lever for changing gears via a cable moving the derailleur.

toe clip

Metal device attached to the pedals that covers the front of the feet, keeping the feet in the proper position and increasing pedaling power.

freewheel

Mechanism attached to the rearwheel hub allowing it to continue turning when the cyclist stops pedaling.

control cable

Wire made of steel strands transmitting the action exerted on the shifter to each derailleur. chain wheel A

Larger wheel with sprockets that, in -combination with the rear gear wheels, increases the distance of one rotation of the pedal, and therefore the speed of the bicycle. bottom bracket axle

Tube to which the crank is attached at each end so that one end is up when the other is down. rear derailleur

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY

Mechanism for changing the rear gears by lifting the chain from one gear wheel to another; it allows the cyclist to adapt to road conditions.

'■" Chain wheel B

Smaller wheel with sprockets that, in combination with the rear gear wheels, decreases the distance of one rotation of the pedal. jockey rollers

Small wheels guiding the chain and keeping it taut while changing gears.

pedal

crank

Part attached to a crank that the' cyclist rotates to provide the bicycle's power.

Metai part bent at a right angle, supporting a pedal and providing a rotational movement around the pedal’s axle.

accessories

lock Antitheft system made up of two metal shanks, one inserted into the other and fitted with a lock, for locking the bicycle to a fixed object.

protective helmet Rigid headgear covering the head to protect it in the event of accident. I 580

tool kit Set of tools for simple repairs and adjustments, such as fixing a flat tire, replacing spokes or adjusting brakes.

bicycle bag Bag that can be attached to the handlebars or the carrier.

child carrier Seat attached to the frame or the carrier, comprising a harness and footrests, for transporting a child.

ROAD TRANSPORT

bicycle child’s tricycle Very stable three-wheeled vehicle with pedals driving either the front wheel or the rear wheels, for the use of young children.

examples of bicycles

BMXbike Strong small bicycle, for acrobatics and competitions on bumpy tracks.

Dutch bicycle City bicycle designed for comfort and in such a way that the cyclist sits upright; its features include a built-in chain guard and a drop-down fender.

mountain bike Bicycle with large wheels with treads with studs, a strong frame, numerous gears and powerful brakes, for navigating all kinds of terrain.

road bicycle Bicycle with narrow fires, lightweight frame and handlebars that position the cyclist for optimum aerodynamics, designed for road racing.

touring bicycle Intermediate bicycle between a road bicycle and a city bicycle, designed for traveling long distances in comfort.

tandem bicycle Bicycle with two places; both cyclists pedal simultaneously but only the person in front steers.

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY

city bicycle Bicycle designed for comforf and safety while taking short trips on city streets.

RAIL TRANSPORT

passenger station

Covered building for the public where trains and passengers arrive and depart.

indicator board office

Panel showing the destination and the configuration of the train, such as type and numbering of cars.

Workplace of the employees managing the station.

baggage cart

Four-wheeled handcart available to passengers for transporting baggage inside the station.

baggage lockers

Metal compartments for keeping luggage temporarily for a small fee.

metal structure

Set of metal components comprising the skeleton of a building and supporting its roof; here, the roof is made of glass.

glassed roof

Large glassed surface forming the walls and roof.

platform number

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7^ ?r 1 TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY

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platform edge

Zone along the edge of the platform, usually demarcated by a safely line.

passenger train

Set of cars coupled together and pulled along tracks by a locomotive. baggage room

Counter where passengers leave their baggage to be taken to the train’s baggage car. if it has one. parcel office

Courier-service window for sending envelopes and packages to be dispatched by train.

I 582

concourse

departure time indicator

; Large space for passengers and the i public at large housing the various : services ot the station, such as ticket : sales, information counter and shops,

ticket collector

Person checking that passengers’ tickets correspond to their destinations. track

A pair of parallel rails laid end to end and on which trains run.

passenger platform

schedules

Area alongside the tracks tor passengers to embark and disembark trains.

platform entrance

Grid showing the departure and arrival times of the trains, their number and their destination or point of departure.

Area leading to the platforms, sometimes reserved for passengers who have valid tickets.

destination

Name of the last station where the train stops at the end of its route.

RAIL TRANSPORT

railroad station Covered building for the public where trains and passengers arrive and depart. |

station platform passenger station

Covered building for the public where trains and passengers arrive and depart.

suburban commuter railroad

Railroad connecting an urban center to its suburbs and neighboring cities.

Area alongside the tracks, for passengers to embark and disembark the train, or for loading and unloading cargo from the cars.

commuter train main line

Local train running frequently each day between an urban center and its suburbs or neighboring cities.

Tracks for trains traveling long distances.

siding

bumper

grade crossing

Sidetrack not used for railroad traffic but for shunting, marshaling or loading and unloading.

Buffer placed at the end of a track stopping the train from running off the end of the track.

Intersection of a railroad and a road, with or without warning lights. semaphore

platform shelter footbridge

Roof protecting passengers waiting on the platform from inclement weather.

parking

Area for parking vehicles.

Elevated walkway for passengers to cross over a set of tracks.

Light for relaying information such as the speed of trains and the distance between them.

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY

Support framework spanning several tracks used to display signals, such as tricolor lights and speed-limit panels. signal tower

Building housing employees and controls for directing train movement in the station.

scissors crossing

freight car

signal gantry

Vehicle pulled by a locomotive for transporting cargo.

mast underground passage

Vertical support for a crosspiece, Pedestrian tunnel connecting one such as a signal gantry or an side of the tracks with the other. electric catenary.

Track enabling a train to change tracks.

freight station

Set of railroad installations and buildings required for transporting cargo.

switch

A pair of movable track rails (switch rails) for guiding the train from one track to another. diesel shop

Building for maintaining and refueling diesel locomotives.

583

RAIL TRANSPORT

types of passenger cars I Cars: vehicles with various layouts that are pulled by locomotives, for transporting and providing services to passengers.

coach car Car with two rows ot benches or seats for transporting passengers in the seated position.

luggage rack Space at the entrance of the car for stowing large pieces of luggage.

adjustable seat Seat whose back can be changed from a sitting position to a reclining position.

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY

sleeping car Car with compartments laid out as small bedrooms.

center aisle Walkway between the two rows of benches or seats, for going from one end of the car to the other.

vestibule door Sometimes sliding door on the threshold plate at the top of the steps, providing access to the car.

berth Sometimes folding bench located In a compartment, for sleeping.

linen Storage for linens needed for the trip, such as towels and sheets.

toilet Compartment equipped with a toilet and a sink.

sleeping compartment Compartment laid out with berths

dining car Car laid out for serving meals. dining section Part of the car where passengers can eat or drink.

panoramic window Large window offering an unobstructed view of the passing countryside.

vestibule Entrance compartment ot the car.

wheelchair Pl&ce with special fittings designed for wheelchairs.

steward’s desk Table for laying out the dishes used for fhe various courses and food fhat is ready fo serve.

kitchen Room where meals are prepared.

corridor connection Device where two cars articulate together; passengers and personnel can pass through to get from one car to the next.

storage space Place where employees keep materials for providing service during the trip.

crew’s locker Compartment at the entrance where personnel can stow their coats and other personal effects.

grab handle Vertical handle at shoulder height next to the door for gripping when climbing up to or down from the car.

RAIL TRANSPORT

high-speed train High-speed passenger train (between 135 and 190 mph) powered by electricity, with a power car at each end and a limited number of cars | in between.

pantograph Articulating mechanism on the roof of the power car that collects electricity from an overhead catenary.

passenger car Part of the car with rows of numbered seats.

baggage compartment Space at the entrance of the car for stowing large pieces of luggage.

main transformer Device transferring and adapting electrical energy from the catenary to the traction motors.

motor unit Compartment where the electricity from the transformers is modified and transmitted to the motor trucks.

catenary One or more overhead wires supplying electricity to the power ■car. headlight ,.■•■■' Lamp illuminating the track ahead driver’s cab Compartment in the power car •containing controls used by the engineer and providing a view of the track ahead. power car Vehicle with an electric motor and braking system for pulling one or more cars.

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY

air compression unit System producing compressed air for operating various pneumatic devices, such as the suspension and brakes. suspension truck Three-axled truck with brakes and shock absorbers.

equipment compartment Compartments for various electrical equipment.

motortruck Two-axled truck with traction motors propelling the power car.

pilot Steel bar attached to the frame that pushes aside debris from the track.

headlight Lamp illuminating the sides of the track.

position light Lamp signaling the presence of the power car while at rest.

coupling guide device Assembly on the nosepiece of the power car for coupling it with another train.

RAIL TRANSPORT

diesel-electric locomotive I Vehicle with a diesel engine turning a generator that in turn powers the electric traction motors.

battery Device providing electricity tor starting the engine and for the lights and other electrical devices when the engine is at rest.

ventilating fan Bladed mechanism blowing air through the radiators to cool the coolant inside them. air compressor Device supplying the compressed air that operates various pneumatic eguipment, especially the brakes.

dynamic brake Wheel acting as a generator to turn the traction motor, which slows down the train.

driver’s cab Compartment where the engineer operates the locomotive and has a view of the track ahead.

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY

horn Sounding device warning of the train’s approach.

safety rail Guardrail to prevent falls.

diesel engine Combustion engine in which the compressed air becomes sufficiently hot to ignite the injected fuel. -,

water tank Reservoir for the cooling water. headlight Lamp illuminating the track. air filter Device removing dust from the air entering the engine.

ventilator Mechanism cooling the traction motors.

control stand Panel containing the locomotive’s main controls.

main generator Generator driven by the diesel engine, which in turn supplies electricity to the traction motors. truck Two- or three-axled carriage whose wheels are guided by the track; it supports a locomotive or a car.

lubricating system Device circulating oil throughout the engine to reduce friction between its moving parts. compressed air reservoir Storage chamber for the compressed air.

sandbox Container for the sand that is strewn on the track in front of the wheels to providefriction. side footboard Ladder attached to the chassis for climbing up to or down from the locomotive.

fuel tank Reservoir containing the diesei fuel that makes the vehicle selfsufficient.

pilot Steel bar attached to the frame that pushes aside debris from the track.

spring Part absorbing vibrations caused by the wheels as they move along the track.

coupler head Device on each end of a locomotive or car for attaching it to another locomotive or car.

axle Transversal part under a vehicle passing through the hubs of the wheels, which support it.

journal box Part connecting the axle to the truck frame.

I 586

radiator Vessel in which the coolant, which circulates around the engine, is cooled by means of flowing air.

truck frame Framework supporting the axles, suspension, brakes and traction motors.

RAIL TRANSPORT

car Vehicle pulled by a locomotive for transporting cargo. | box car

Car covered w/ith a w/aterproof casing and having sliding side doors, for transporting cargo that must be protected from the weather and theft. hand brake wheel

horizontal end handhold

Wheel for manually activating the brake.

Crossbar for holding onto when moving from one side of the car to the other while coupling.

corner cap

.■Metal part reinforcing and protecting the edges of the car.

placard board routing cardboard

Placard for a label listing the car’s contents.

Placard fora label warning of dangerous material.

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY

Part stopping the door when it is closed. side ladder

'■■Ladder on the side of the car for accessing the end ladder.

telescoping uncoupling rod

Rod ending in a bent handle for uncoupling the cars.

hand brake winding lever

locking lever sill step

U-shaped support situated under the car’s frame for reaching the ladder.

Bar that locks the door and prevents it from sliding.

Vertical metal shaft, with one end connected by a chain to the hand brake wheel and the wheel house, for setting the hand brake. hand brake gear housing

Part covering a chain transmitting the wheel’s turning movement to the hand brake winding lever. automatic coupler end ladder

Ladder for climbing up and down the car to carry out certain tasks, such as uncoupling the cars and setting the hand brake.

Device on each end of a locomotive or car for attaching it to another locomotive or car.

coupler knuckle pin

Part around which the coupler knuckle pivots to open and uncouple.

coupler knuckle

Articulated component that interlocks with the corresponding part on another car or locomotive.

587 {

RAIL TRANSPORT

car examples of freight cars The shape of the cars varies depending on the type of cargo being transported.

caboose Car that is usually at the end of the train; it houses personnel, provisions and tools.

livestock car Car with slatted sides for carrying livestock: it sometimes has two decks.

Closed-box insulated car with a refrigeration unit for carrying perishable foodstuffs.

hopper car Car for carrying bulk cargo; it has dump doors on the bottom for unloading the cargo.

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY

intermodal car Flat car for carrying semitrailers.

box car Car covered with a waterproof casing and having sliding side doors, tor transporting cargo that must be protected from the weather and theft.

wood chip car Open-top gondola car with a large compartment for carrying wood chips. hopper ore car Usually open-top hopper car of limited capacity for carrying minerals.

Open-top car for carrying heavy bulk material, such as scrap metal and construction material.

automobile car Multilevel car for carrying vehicles, which are strapped down.

flat car Car with a simple wooden deck for carrying large objects, such as pipes, logs and heavy machinery.

bulkhead flat car Flat car with sturdy plates at each end for carrying loose cargo (usually logs).

uuiudiner car

Flat car for carrying standard-size shippir boxes.

I 588

depressed-center flat car Car with two extra trucks and a lowered deck for carrying heavy equipment.

RAIL TRANSPORT

yard Set of tracks where freight trains are reconfigured to contain cargo cars with the same destination and then dispatched. |

car cleaning yard Set of tracks where cars are cleansed of any cargo residue before going back into circulation.

second classification track Track where cars of known destination are assembled. classification yard Set of tracks where cars are hitched together to form trains with the same destination, ; i

outbound track Track that leads trains out of the yard.

water tower Elevated reservoir containing potable water.

receiving yard Set of tracks where arriving trains park and are unhitched from their locomotives.

repair shop Structure for repairing and maintaining locomotives and cars.

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY

hump Sloped part of the track where cars are pushed up a hill (hump) by a locomotive.

hump office Office where train formations are programmed and car shunting is controlled.

first classification track Track where cars for the second classification track are switched.

locomotive track Track that leads locomotives to the shop for maintenance.

hump lead Track where cars are released to coast onto other tracks for switching onto outbound trains. 589

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RAIL TRANSPORT

railroad track I A pair of parallel rails laid end to end and on which trains run.

rail joint Fasteners joining the ends of rails.

■running surface

Top of the rail head on which the train wheels roll.

spike

expansion space

Large nail with a hooked head that fastens the base of the rail to the -tie.

Space left between two joining rails to absorb expansion due to heat.

tie plate

fishplate

Long steel plate that is fitted into the two sides of the rail webs to join them end to end.

nut

Hollow cylinder of metal whose lining is threaded to screw onto a corresponding bolt.

remote-controlled switch Device operated from a distance for opening and closing a pair of movable track rails (switch points) to guide a train from one track to another.

fishplate bolt

Bolt-and-screw assembly that fastens a fishplate to rails.

dating nail

Nail attached to a tie that bears the two last numbers of the year in which the tie was laid.

Metal plate placed between the rail head and the tie that helps to distribute the weight of the train on the tie.

switch point

Movable rail that is machine-tapere'd ■ ’at the end and connected to a parallel and similarly machined switch point.

pull rod

Metal part connected to the power switch machine that opens and closes the switch points.switch rod

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY

Metal part located between two ties that maintains the distance between two switch points.

power switch machine

Remote-controlled motor that provides the mechanical force for' opening and closing the switch. closure rail

point wire

Two fixed-rails located between a switch point and a frog.

Wire that connects the power switch machine to levers in the switch house.

manually operated switch Device operated by hand for opening and closing a pair of movable track rails (switch points) to guide a train from one track to another.

check-rail

Metal part opposite the frog and inside the running rail that keeps-., the train on the tracks as the

switch Signal-

Device with an arm that is controlled by the switch stand; it is raised or lowered to indicate whether the switch is open or closed.

frog Casting that makes it possible for wheels to roll smoothly over the point where two rails cross.

closure rail

Two fixed rails located between a switch point and a frog.

switch stand

Manually operated lever that opens and--" closes the switch.

slide chair

-Type of seat on which the switch points slide.

pull rod

Metal part connected to the switch stand that opens and closes the switch points.

I 590

RAIL TRANSPORT

railroad track

rail section

A pair of parallel rails laid end to end and on which trains run.

head

- Upper horizontal part of the rail on which the wheels roll.

web

Narrow vertical part of the rail to which the tishplates are attached.

tie

Piece of wood or concrete that is set in ballast and supports the rails to distribute the train's load and keep the rails parallel.

base

rail

ballast

Steel bar of a set gauge that is attached to ties; the train’s wheels roll along it.

Bed of gravel that serves as the toundation for the tracks and provides drainage.

■Lower horizontal part of the rail; it rests on and is attached to the ties.

highway crossing Intersection of a railroad and a road, with or without warning lights.

highway crossing bell

Metal sounding device that rings automatically as a train approaches.

crossbuck sign

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY

Sign that marks the spot where a railroad crosses a road and signals to drivers on ■ the road that they must yield to passing trains. mast

Post that supports the crossing signs and signal lights. junction box

Box that houses the electric wires used in the operation of the signal lights.

visor

Curved sheet of metal that 'enhances a signal light’s visibility by blocking sunlight.

signal background plate

Plate that trames the signal lights toenhance their visibility.

■peep hole

Flashing signal light that is activated at the same time as the tiashing lights to inform fhe engineer fhat the gate arm is lowered.

number of tracks sign

Sign that displays the number ot tracks the--... road crosses.

flashing light

Intermittent signal light that is activated automatically as the train approaches.

gate arm lamp

Flashing signal light that is activated as the gate arm is lowered. gate arm support

Articulating bracket that lowers and raises the gate arm. ■■..,,

counterweight

Mass that provides balance to the gate arm to tacilitate its movement. gate arm

Moving barrier that blocks the road to stop vehicles from crossing fhe tracks.

crossing gate mechanism base

Bottom of the mast that is anchored to the ground.

Box housing the mechanism that automatically lowers and raises the gate arm. 591

{

RAIL TRANSPORT

subway I Electrified urban railroad built mainly underground for transporting passengers at frequent intervals.

subway station

Structure and facilities that provide passengers access to the subway.

exterior sign

Sign placed outside the entrance to the subway that makes it visible from afar.

station entrance

Small structure built on a public thoroughfare that provides access to the subway station. escalator

stairs

Structural component that enables movement between levels.

Installation that consists of articulated steps on a continuously turning chain; it allows movement between two levels of a building.

mezzanine

Intermediate level that is accessible by stairs and serves as a landing between the station entrance and the platforms.

exit turnstile

Device that allows one user at a time to exit.

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY

ticket collecting booth

Kiosk protected by glass where an agent sells tickets and passes, and controls who enters and exits. entrance turnstile

Automatic device that ailows a user to enter after swiping a pass or inserting a ticket or transfer.

line map

Chart that shows a train’s route and the stations it serves.

station name

Sign on the platform wall that shows the name of the station so that passengers in the train can see

advertising panel

Space rented by a business to place a poster promoting products or services. V'

tunnel

Underground passageway through which the subway train traveis between stations. I 592

subway train

Set of cars that is pulled by a motor car and carries passengers.

track

Course that consists of paraiiel electrified rails on which trains roll.

RAIL TRANSPORT

subway

kiosk Small store in the halls or the entrance of the station that sells newspapers and refreshments.

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY

transfer dispensing machine Device that dispenses tickets entitling the user to subsequently board another means of transportation linked with the subway system, • such as a bus, streetcar or train.

footbridge ■Bridge that spans the tracks and provides access to both platforms.

directional sign ■Sign that indicates the terminus of the train arriving at that platform.

bench Long narrow unupholstered seat with or without a back, seating several people.

subway map Map that shows the entire subway system; 'each subway line is illustrated in a different color.

platform edge Zone along the edge of the platform, usually demarcated by a safety line.

safety line Visible or textured line warning passengers of the margin of safety,

-platform Area adjacent to the tracks where passengers board and exit trains; if is at the same level as the floor of the trains. 593

[

RAIL TRANSPORT

subway passenger car Vehicle that rolls along subway tracks and transports passengers.

side door Sliding door that opens onto the station platforms for passengers to enter and exit.

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY

emergency brake Device that stops the train; it is available to users in case ot emergency.

communication set Loudspeaker phone used for talking to the train driver.

ventilator Grille that circulates fresh air throughout the car.

side handrail Handle on the wall next to the door tor passengers to hold onto while the train is in motion.

light Fixtures for illuminating the interior of the car.

handrail Floor-to-ceiling pole In the middle of the aisle for passengers to hold onto while the train is in motion. inflated guiding tire Tire mounted at right angles to the carrying tire; it rolls against the guiding bar to guide the truck.

window Opening containing thick glass that does not open.

suspension Assembly that dissipates the vibrations occurring as the wheels roll along the tracks.

subway map Map that shows the entire subway system; each subway line is illustrated in a different color.

advertising sign Poster on a space rented by a business that promotes products or services.

inflated carrying tire Nitrogen-filled tire that supports and conveys the car.

single seat Seat for one passenger.

heating grille Grating through which warm air is forced to heat the car interior.

double seat Bench with space for two passengers.

subway train Set of cars that is pulled by a motor car and carries passengers. motor car Vehicle with an electric motor and braking system for pulling one or more cars.

trailer car Freewheeiing car pulled by a motor car.

motor car Vehicle with an electric motor and braking system for pulling one or more cars.

RAIL TRANSPORT

subway truck and track |

steel safety wheel

inflated carrying tire

Nitrogen-filled tire that supports and conveys the car.

The most up-to-date subway trucks ride on tires, which provide fast acceleration and little noise or vibration.

Auxiliary regular train wheel that comes in contact with the running rail in the event the tire deflates and during switching.

inflated guiding tire

Tire mounted at right angles to the carrying tire; it roils against the guiding bar to guide the truck.

guiding and current bar

Metal bar against which the guiding tire rolls; it also supplies the traction current.

sliding block

Shoe taking the current from the guiding and current bar.

runway

wheel to roll on in the event the tire deflates; it also receives the traction current from the return shoe.

Metal or concrete track that is fixed to the invert on which the tires roll

■invert

Thick concrete foundation for the tracks.

streetcar

catenary

One or more overhead wires supplying electricity to the streetcar.

route sign

Screen that is usually placed on the front, rear and side of the streetcar to show its route number.

pantograph

Articulating mechanism on the roof of the streetcar that collects electricity from an overhead catenary.

advertising sign

Poster on a space rented by a business that promotes products or services.

motor

Double-axle truck whose steel wheels are driven by an electric motor and roll along tracks.--"' 595

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY

Electrically powered vehicle for transporting people: it rolls on tracks embedded in city streets and on the edge of roadways. |

MARITIIVIE TRANSPORT

harbor Site for refueling and repairing ships, loading and unloading cargo and embarking and disembarking passengers.

canal lock

oil terminal

Structure with a lock-chamber that can be filled with water or emptied to raise or lower a ship from one water level to another.

Area with installations and equipment to store petroleum products and load them info tankers.

container-loading bridge

Cantilevered gantry crane along the quay for loading and unloading containers.

dry dock

Dock where water is pumped out so that a ship's hull can be repaired, cleaned or painted.

tanker

transit shed

Warehouse located near the wharf for temporarily storing cargo.

Ship with large reservoirs for transporting liquid petroleum products.

dock crane

: Crane that rolls along rails the length i of the wharf and uses a moving arm to i load and unload cargo in forms such i as container, bulk and break bulk.

bulk terminal

Area with installations and equipment to store, sort and handle bulk items, such as ore and coal.

cold shed

Insulated refrigerated structure for storing perishable foodstuffs.

ferryboat

Shuttle boat for carrying vehicles with their cargo and passengers.

wharf gate

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY

Waterproof device that closes a dock.

Structure for docking ships so that passengers can embark and disembark and cargo can be loaded and unloaded.

passenger terminal lighthouse

Tower with a powerful lamp at the top for guiding ships.

Structures and facilities where passengers embark and disembark ships.

bridge

customs house

Structure consisting of a girder and posts that rolls along tracks moving containers.

dock

Enclosed basin where ships take on and unload cargo.

: i

ramp

Structure where inspection and legal operations related to imported and exported cargo are carried out.

parking lot

Slope leading from the wharf fo the level of the water.

Area for parking vehicles.

floating crane

Dock crane that is mounted on a floating movable platform and often used for carrying heavy cargo.

container terminal

Area with installations and equipment to store, sort and handle containers.

grain terminal

Area with installations and equipment for storing, sorting and handling grain. silos

Very large, usually cylindrical, reservoirs for storing products in bulk, especially grain.

I 596

container ship

Ship that is designed for transporting cargo in containers in its hold and on its deck.

terminal railway

Railroad tracks leading onto a wharf for transshipping containers from a ship to a car or vice versa.

office building

Structure where personnel who administer the port work.

road transport

Transportation of cargo by truck on public roads.

MARITIME TRANSPORT

canal lock structure with a lock-chamber that can be filled with water or emptied to raise or lower a ship from one water level to another.

lower gate

Watertight door or pair of doors made of wood or metal that open when the water levels between the lock-chamber and the lower level are the same.

side wall

miter gate recess

Wall forming one side of the lockchamber and supporting its doors.

Indentation in the side wall into which a gate fits when open.

lock filling intake

Conduit with a sluice that opens to raise the water level in the lock-chamber.

line hook

Piece of wood or metal attached to the side wall for securing the rope that holds a ship in place while it is in the lock-chamber.

ladder

Ladder fixed to the side wall for climbing up out of and down into the lock-chamber.

approach wall

Wall along the side wall that guides ships into the lock.

upper gate

Watertight door or pair of doors made of wood or metal that open when the water levels between the lock-chamber and the upper level are the same. canal bed

lock filling opening

Thick concrete base that makes up the lock's foundation.

Holes through which the water tiows to fill the lockchamber.

lock filling and emptying system

Conduit that evacuates the water from the downstream side causing the water level in the lock-chamber to go down.

System consisting of a conduit with sluices alongside the side wall and perpendicular conduits on the canal bed that together raise and lower the water level in the lock. lock filling and emptying opening

Holes through which the water flows in to fill the lock-chamber or out to empty it.

canal lock; side view lock-chamber lower level

Part of the lock at the downstream end of the lock-chamber.

lower gate

Watertight door or pair of doors made of wood or metal that open when the water levels between the lock-chamber and the lower level are the same.

Central part of the lock where the water level is raised and lowered depending on the heading of the ship.

upper level

Part of the lock at the upstream end of the lock-chamber.

upper gate

Watertight door or pair of doors made of wood or metal that open when the water levels between the lock-chamber and the upper level are the same.

flow

Natural current moving down the grade from upstream to downstream. 597 I

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY

lock emptying system

MARITIME TRANSPORT

ancient ships I Over the course of history, navigation has played a key role in discovering new lands and in developing trade between peoples. longship Sailing ship used by the Vikings during the Middle Ages; it had square sails, oars and a prow and stern that were usually sculpted.

stay Rope strung tautly from the top of the mast to the planking to stabilize the mast.

stern Rear end of a ship.

stempost Main timber reinforcing the prow.

steering oar Oar at the back ot the ship acting as rudder. oar Long piece ot wood that is broad and flat at one end; it is mounted on the boat and pulled by one or more people to propel the boat. galley Warship with a sail and oars that was used in ancient times; it disappeared in the 18th century.

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY

oar Long piece of wood that is broad and flat at one end; it is mounted on the boat and pulled by one or more people to propel the boat. ram ' Timber jutting out in front of the prow usually at water level; it was used to punch holes in the hulls of enemy ships.

trireme Warship used by the Romans with a ram, a sail and three vertical rows of oars.

figurehead Sculpted timber on the prow of a ship in ancient times that depicted a human, a god ora mythical creature.

steering oar Oar at the back of the ship acting as rudder.

I 598

oar Long piece of wood that is broad and flat at one end; if is mounted on the boat and pulled by one or more people to propel the boat.

ram Timber jutting out in front of the prow usually at water level; it was used to punch holes in the hulls ot enemy ships.

MARITIME TRANSPORT

ancient sl:iDS

side-wheeler Ship used in the 19th century that was propelled by steam, which turned two paddle wheels.

funnel Tall pipe atop the engine that evacuates the steam and the combustion smoke.

• '■

paddle wheel Wheel with blades that propels the boat: it is driven by a steam engine.

galleon Large warship with sails that was used by the Spanish in the 17th and 18th

caravel Fast ship with three or four masts; it was used especially in the 15th and 16th centuries for exploration.

Boats charactBristic of various parts of th6 world for 3 number of g6n6rations; th6y are us6d as a means of transportation, for fishing, commerce and exploration.

dugout canoe Light boat used in Africa and Oceania that is made from one piece of wood and is propelled by a paddle or a sail.

outrigger boom Wooden pole connecting the outrigger to the hull.

hull Part of the boat’s structure that forms a watertight vessel.

outrigger canoe Dugout canoe that is stabilized by one or two outriggers.

outrigger Piece of wood parallel to the hull that stabilizes the boat. 599 I

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY

traditional ships

MARITIME TRANSPORT

traaitiondl ships junk Boat used in the Far East for fishing and transporting cargo: its sails are made of matting or canvas and are stretched by battens.

mainmast Principal mast that Is fixed approximately in the center of the boat.

mizzenmast Mast on the stern of the boat. foremast Mast nearest the prow of the boat.

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY

batten Rigid pole inserted into the sail's batten pockets to maintain its shape. rudder Submerged component that pivots on a vertical axle and is used to steer the boat.

mast Tall pole that is sometimes slightly inclined: it supports the lateen

oar Long piece of wood that is broad and flat at one end: it is mounted on the boat and pulled by one or more people to propel the boat.

lateen yard Long inclined pole that is supported by the mast and rigged with a triangular sail.

rudder Submerged component that pivots on a vertical axle and is used to steer the boat.

prow ornament The iron prow is characteristic of gondolas: it symbolizes the pointed caps of the doges and the districts of Venice.

gondola Venetian boat characterized by raised curved ends and steered by an oar.

trtiiilMa

felucca A Mediterranean boat of ancient times that was propelled by a sail or an oar: it is still found today on the Nile. I BOQ

canoe Light boat used by Native ' Americans: it is propelled by a paddle and is used for transporting people and cargo.

MARITIME TRANSPORT

examples of sails Sails: sections of durable fabric that are sewn together and mounted on a mast; they create a surface that causes a boat to move when the | wind blows against it.

Bermuda sail Triangular sail that is also called a Marconi sail; its longest side is attached directly to a tall mast and its base is attached to a pole called a boom. gaff sail Trapezoidal sail that is rigged entirely aft of the mast; its top edge is supported by a diagonal yard called a gaff.

lug sail Trapezoidal sail that hangs from a yard; it is attached to the mast onethird of the way from its end.

lateen sail Triangular sail supported by a long tilted yard called a lateen yard; it is attached to the mast in its middle.

square sail Trapezoidal sail that hangs from a yard; it is attached to the mast in its middle.

spritsail Trapezoidal sail that is rigged entirely aft of the mast and is supported by a long, diagonal yard, called a sprit; it articulates at the bottom of the mast.

examples of rigs

brig Two-masted ship with a foremast and a mainmast and square sails; a spanker can be added to the mainmast and three jibs to a bowsprit.

brigantine Two-masted ship that is lighter than the brig and rigged differently. ketch Two-masted pleasure sailboat; it has a mainmast and a mizzenmast fore of the tiller, which distinguishes it from the cutter.

Marconi cutter Fishing boat with a tall mast and one gaff or Bermuda sail; it has two jibs and a small mast aft of the tiller. whale boat Fishing boat propelled mainly by oars but sometimes fitted with one or two lug sails and a jib.

schooner Two-masted ship with a foremast and a mainmast; it has gaff sails and topsails and sometimes a staysail.

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TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY

Rigs: various combinations of sails that distinguish one sailboat from another. |

IVIARITIIVIE TRANSPORT

four-masted bark I Sailboat with four masts and square sails except lor the jiggermast, which carries a gaff sail. masting and rigging

Masting: masts, yards, ropes and other movable sailing equipment that support and manipulate the rigging.

fore-royal mast

Mast above the fore-topgallant mast that carries a royal sail. fore-topgallant mast

Mast above the fore-topmast that carries a topgallant sail.. pole

masthead

Topmost section of a mast that is sometimes doubled with the lower section of the mast supporting it; the stays and shrouds are attached to it.-

Tapered top end of a mast. yard

Long pole that is supported by the 'mast and holds up the edge of a sail.

fore-topmast

Mast that is immediately above a lower mast and carries a topsail.mainmast

footrope

One of the principal parts of the ship: it is located closest to the center of gravity.

Rope hanging along the entire length of a yard that is used by sailors to trim the sails. mizzenmast

top

Platform at the top of the lower mast from which the upper rigging can be manipulated.-.

One of the principal masts of the ship; it is located aft of the mainmast between the ship’s center of gravity and its rudder.

foremast

jiggermast

Mast nearest the prow of the boat.

Mast located aft on the four-masted bark.

topping lift

Rope that holds the sail’s gaff loosely in place.-.

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY

lower mast

Bottom section of a mast that is solid and thick so it can support the upper sections.

gaff

Diagonal yard aft of a mast and supporting the top part of a gaff sail. lift

Rope connecting two yards of a sail and used to maneuver them.

gaff sail boom

Horizontal yard articulating on a , mast: it keeps the bottom edge of a sail taut. backstay poop

Structure above the aft deck that extends athwartships; it usually serves as officers’ quarters.

Long taut rope between the mast and the deck; it secures and supports the mast athwartships and aft.

shroud

side

Heavy taut rope between a mast and the side of the ship; it secures and supports the mast on the sides.

Longitudinal surface of the ship. stay

Taut rope between a mast and another point on the masting: it secures and supports the mast fore of it. staysail-stay

Stay supporting a staysail or jib. -. davit lifeboat

Boat for transporting passengers and crew in the event of shipwreck.

Skid hanging over the edge of the ship that supports a boat and is used to lower and raise it.

stem

Main timber reinforcing the prow.'

bulwark

Part of the hull above deck level that protects against waves and serves as a parapet.

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bowsprit

Mast extending before the stem; additional jibs can be attached to it.

bobstay

Rope counterbalancing the tension caused by the stays and the staysail-stays on the bowsprit.

MARITIME TRANSPORT

four-masted bark

sails

A sailboats sails that are rigged on the bowsprit, the foremast, the main masts, the jiggermast and between these masts.

mizzen royal staysail

Triangular sail rigged on the stay supporting the aft fore-royal masf.

main royal sail

mizzen topgallant staysail

Triangular sail on the stay supporting the aft fore-topgallant mast.

Small square sail above the topgallant sail at the top of the mainmast.

mizzen topmast staysail

Triangular sail on the stay supporting the aft foretopmast.

main upper topgallant sail

Square sail under the main royal sail. main lower topgallant sail

jigger topgallant staysail

Square sail between the main upper topgallant sail and the main upper topsail.

Highest triangular sail among the sails rigged between the mizzenmast and the jiggermast.

fore royal sail

Small square sail at the top of the toremast above the fore topgallant sail.

main upper topsail

jigger topmast staysail

Triangular sail below the jigger topgallant staysail.

Square sail between the main lower topgallant sail and the main lower topsail.

upper fore topgallant sail

. Square sail below the tore royal sail mizzen royal brace

Rope that causes the yard supporting the royal sail to pivot around the mizzenmast.

lower fore topgallant sail

Square sail between the upper fore .•topgallant sail and the upper fore topsail. upper fore topsail

gaff topsail

Square sail between the lower fore ■■'topgallant sail and the lower fore topsail.

Sail above a gaff sail and between the gaff and the top of the mast.

flying jib

Very light triangular staysail that is foremost on the bowsprit.

mizzen sail

foresail

outer jib

The lowest square sail supported by the mizzenmast.

Lowest square sail on the foremast.

Triangular staysail that lies between the flying jib and the middle jib.

main sail

Lowest square sail on the mainmast.

halyard reef band

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY

spanker

Gaff sail for the mizzenmast.

Rope for hoisting a sail or a yard.

Reinforced horizontal strip of canvas; a part of the sail can be gathered and tied to it to reduce the sheet sail's wind surface. Rope extending from the lower reef point corner ot a sail for trimming it with One ot several short ropes attached respect to the wind direction. along the reef band on both sides otthe sail tor tying up the reefed sail.

main lower topsail

middle jib

Square sail above the main sail.

Triangular staysail that lies between the outer jib and the inner jib.

lower fore topsail

Square sail above the toresail.

inner jib

Very heavy triangular staysail that lies tarthest aft on the bowsprit.

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MARITIME TRANSPORT

examples of boats and ships I Boats and ships: floating structures for underwater exploration and transporting passengers and cargo across water. drill ship

Ship for drilling for oil in deep water (half mile or more); it is more mobile but less stable than a drilling rig.

derrick Metal structure erected over an oil well; tools for drilling through rock are raised and lowered through it.

bulk carrier

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY

Ship for transporting raw dry materials, such as grain, coal and ore.

container ship

radar Detection device that emits radio waves and receives their echo; it is used to avoid collisions and to navigate when visibility is reduced.

Ship that is designed for transporting cargo in containers in its hold and on its deck. Stack Tall pipe atop the engine that evacuates the steam and the' combustion smoke. radio antenna conductor that emits and receives radio waves for''--.,, communications.

crew quarters Compartments for housing crew members.

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chart room Office in which charts and other .navigation documents are kept. compass bridge Covered glassed-in platform from which officers and crew navigate ..-•-the vessel. lifeboat Boat used for evacuating people from the ship in case of emergency.

MARITIME TRANSPORT

examples of boats and ships radar propeller duct

hovercraft

Detection device that emits radio waves and receives their echo; it is used to avoid collisions and to navigate when visibility is reduced...

Metal part that surrounds the propeller and increases its power by concentrating its air intake.

navigation light

Lamp that is visible from afar to signal the hovercraft’s presence.

Propeller vehicle that moves above water (or land) by gliding on a cushion of air it creates by blowing downward.

dynamics propeller

Device that is made up of blades integrated with a shaft; it pushes air behind the hovercraft thus causing a forward movement.

rudder

Pivoting part behind the propeller blast for steering the hovercraft.

air intake

Intake opening for the fan.-..

belt drive

Flexible link transmitting the engine’s rotational movement to the propellers.

passenger cabin

Door for

Compartment where the passengers sit during the trip.

exit the

baggage racks

Compartment for storing luggage

flexible skirt blade lift fan

Device blowing air downward under the hovercraft to keep it levitated. drive shaft

Part transmitting the engine’s rotational movement to the propellers.

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diesel propulsion engine

Power source using the combustion of an air/fuel mixture to drive the propellers.

lift-fan air inlet

Duct through which air enters, which is then blown downward under the hovercraft by the blade lift fan.

Rubber flexible side that surrounds the edge of the hull to trap the air blown down by the lift fan; this increases pressure, which in turn causes lift. skirt finger

life raft

diesel lift engine

Inflatable boat that transports passengers and crew in case of emergency.

Power source using the combustion of an air/fuel mixture to drive the blade lift fan.

Flexible and pliable extension to the skirt that adapts to the surface of the water.

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY

masthead light

Lamp projecting a strong light several miles ahead and to the sides of the ship.

forecastle container

Metal box of standardized dimensions for transporting cargo.

container hold

Large compartment under the deck where containers are stowed.

Section of the forward deck for storing equipment such as chains and anchors.

anchor-windlass room

Opening made in a ship's bulwark or deck for the anchor chains and lashings.

MARITIME TRANSPORT

examples of boats and ships

wheelhouse Cabin that houses the pilot and the navigation instruments.

Fishing boat that tows a large funnel-shaped net (trawl).

tug Boat propelled by powerful engines that is used to tow boats and other floating craft to help them maneuver or to rescue them.

propeller Device with blades integrated onto a shaft that is driven by the engine to provide thrust and thus impel the ship. rudder blade Part of the rudder that receives the thrust from the propeller in order to steer the boat.

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY

stem Reinforced part of the boat’s prow that crushes the ice with its weight and then pushes it aside to open a channel.--''' stem propeller Screw that pulls up water from under the ice sheet to weaken its-' support thus making it easier to break and move. tanker Ship with large reservoirs for transporting liquid petroleum products.

rear propeller -Screw driven by a powerful engine to propel the ice breaker.

ice breaker Boat that opens up a navigable passage through ice.

radar mast Mast with a radio-wave detection device (radar set) used to prevent collisions when visibility is reduced.

radio antenna Metal conductor that emits and receives radio waves for communications.

separator Device that removes §ny water that might contaminate the oil tanks.

guardrail Railing along a ship’s deck that protects crew from falling overboard.

davit Winch that manipulates the anchors.

engine control room Compartment housing the instruments that monitor the ship's movement and control the engines and other machinery. rudder Submerged component that pivots on a vertical axle and is used to' steer the boat.

propeller Device with blades integrated onto a shaft that is driven by the engine to provide thrust and thus impel the ship. I BOB

pump room Compartment housing the machinery that pumps the oil in and out of the tanks.

transverse bulkhead Wall that divides the hold across the width thus demarcating the tanks,

lengthwise bulkhead Wall that divides the hold along the length to demarcate the tanks.

MARITIME TRANSPORT

examples of boats and ships pilot house Compartment from which the pilot operates the boat. fore and aft passage

steering wheel Wheel for steering the engine and hence the boat. houseboat Motorized pleasure boat for navigating inland waterways; it is characterized by a long deck and a cabin fit to live in.

windshield Front sheet of glass and plasfic protecting the pilot from the wind and splashing.-.

outboard engine Detachable engine mounted on the boat's stern.

handrail-, Railing serving as support for the passengers. handrail Railing serving as support for the passengers.

sundeck Part of the deck for relaxation: it is surrounded by a handrail.

motorboat Pleasure boat with an outboard engine for cruising and waterskiing on inland waterways.

derrick derrick mast Device with pulleys that is mounted Short thick mast that supports the on a pivot for handling loads. derrick.

foam monitor Pressurized mechanism that produces foam for extinguishing fires.

tank Watertight reservoir; the hold is divided into several tanks to prevent sloshing.

crossover cargo deck line Thick pipe that runs transversally and is used to fill and empty the tanks.

wall side Vertical part of the hull below the water line.

tank hatch cover Watertight door that provides access to a tank.

air relief valve Device that allows air to escape as oil fills the tanks to displace it.

foremast Mast located near the bow of the deck that supports the navigation lights.

mooring winch Motorized spool around which a mooring cable is wound. bitt Metal cylindrical fittings attached to the deck for fastening mooring ropes and tow lines.

protects the cargo; it provides space for crew to circulate and for auxiliary equipment.

web frame Metal reinforcement that spans the hull transversally.

center keelson Metal girder that runs along the ship’s longitudinal axis to reinforce the bottom of the hull.

bulb Bulge in the bottom part of the stem that reduces the hull's water resistance. 607 I

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY

cabin cruiser Pleasure boat of various sizes and speeds with a cabin fit to live in; it can navigate the sea and mland waterways.

IVIARITIIVIE TRANSPORT

examples of boats and ships ferry boat Shuttle boat for carrying vehicles with their cargo and passengers.

telecommunication antenna Multipurpose antenna that receives and transmits various signals such as' video, telephone and digital.

passenger cabin Compartment where the passengers sit during the trip,

radar Detection device that emits radio waves and receives their echo; it is used to avoid collisions and to navigate when visibiiity is reduced.

radio antenna Metal conductor that emits and receives radio waves for communications.

heating/air-conditioning equipment Machinery that regulates the cabin’s temperature and humidity. restaurant Compartment where meals are prepared and eaten.

compass bridge Covered glassed-in platform trom vvhich officers and crew navigate the vessei.

bow loading door Door for loading vehicles: another is located aft for unloading cars.

....

folding ramp Refracfable door that lowers onto the quay to load and unload vehicles.

car deck Compartment where the vehicles are parked in such a way as to keep the ferry' balanced. funnel Long vertical pipe above the machinery evacuating exhaust gases from the engines, with filters for absorbing carbon particles.

passenger liner Large cruise ship, fitted like a luxury hotel and with diverse recreation facilities for passengers.

lounge Area with a counter and tables where alcoholic drinks are sold.

playing area Fenced-in area for playing ball sports.

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY

Room fitted with armchairs for passengers to meet. gymnasium Large room for playing indoor sports.

promenade deck Open deck for strolling that is-.,, sometimes glassed in.

swimming pool Large basin designed tor swimming.

quarter-deck Dpen part of the main deck at the aft end.

stern Rear end of a ship.

rudder Submerged component that pivots ,■ on a vertical axle and is used to’ steer the boat. propeller' Device with blades integrated onto a shaft that is driven by the engine to provide thrust and thus impel the ship.

lifeboat Boat used for evacuating people from the ship in case of emergency.

engine room Room housing the engines, turbines and related machinery that propel the ship. cabin Room that accommodates one or several passengers.

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porthole Waterproof glassed-in opening in the hull that lets natural light and air into the ship. movie theater Room for screening films.

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diningroom Hall for eating meals,

stabilizer fin Small pivoting winglike flaps on each side of the hull to reduce the rolling motion.

MARITIME TRANSPORT

examples of boats and ships radio antenna Metal conductor that emits and ^ receives radio waves for''---, communications.

life buoy Ring made of buoyant material that is thrown to anyone who has fallen overboard to help them float.

hydrofoil boat

radar Detection device that emits radio waves •and receives their echo; it is used to avoid collisions and to navigate when visibility is reduced.

Fast boat with foils, which lift and support the hull above water when cruising speed is reached.

compass bridge Covered glassed-in platform from which officers and crew navigate the vessel.

passenger cabin Compartment where the passengers sit during the trip...

strut Vertical support that connects each ■foil to the boat's hull.

rear foil Wing on each side of the stern.

propeller Device with blades integrated onto a shaft that is driven by the engine to provide thrust and thus impel the ship.

telecommunication antenna Multipurpose antenna that receives and transmits various signals such as video, telephone and digital.

sundeck Usually the highest and sunniest deck with a pool and lounge chairs.

propeller shaft Long metal rod that transmits the motor’s rotational movement to the propeller.

front foil Wing on each side of the prow.

-surface-piercing foils Parts that lift the boat when cruising speed has been reached; they also stabilize the boat.

radio antenna Metal conductor that emits and receives radio waves for communications. TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY

radar Detection device that emits radio waves and receives their echo; it is used to avoid collisions and to navigate when visibility is reduced.

open-air terrace Outdoor platform that is formed from the roof of the deck below and is protected by a guardrail.

compass bridge Covered glassed-in platform from which forecastle officers and crew navigate the vessel. gpg|.^ foremost part of the main .■deck.

port hand Left side of the ship when looking ■forward.

bow ■Foremost part of the ship.

anchor-windlass room ■ Opening in the hull for the ship's anchor chains and lowropes.

ballroom Large hall with a dance floor for holding dances and balls.

captain’s quarters Lodgings for the captain located aft of the bridge on the starboard side.

bow thruster Propeller on each side of the stem bulb for maneuvering the ship to port or starboard at slow speeds.

starboard hand Right side of the ship when looking forward.

stem bulb Bulge in the bottom part of the stem that reduces the hull’s water resistance.

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MARITIME TRANSPORT

anchor I Usually stG6l part that is sttached to a ch3in or csbie; it hooks onto th6 bottom of a body of water to keep the boat from moving. ship’s anchor The traditional anchor is made up of a shank with a stock at one end and two arms ending in palms at the other end.

arm Shank that curves out from the bottom end of the main shank and ends in a palm.

crown Point at the end of the shank. throat Point where the arms meet the shank.

gravity band Anchor’s center of gravity

shank Long straight rod forming the body of the anchor.

ring Heavy ring through the eye at the end of the shank; the anchor’s cable or rope is attached to it.

palm Flat pointed part at the end of the arm; it sinks into the bottom of the water to grip it.

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY

bill Tip of the palm

hoisting ring Small ring at the anchor's center of gravity: a rope is attached to it, which is pulled to dislodge the anchor from the bottom of the water stock Transverse rod perpendicular to the shank; it positions the anchor so that its two arms grip the bottom of the water.

examples of anchors The weight and the shape of the arms of anchors are designed to hook onto various bottoms (such as firm, loose or reedy).

mushroom anchor Anchor with a large crown instead

stockless anchor Relatively light anchor with a pair of pivoting palms that fold along the shank. I 610

plow anchor Anchor with a plow-shaped arm that pivots on the shank and hooks onto most bottoms.

sea anchor Solid cone-shaped canvas sack that is dragged behind a boat to counter heaving and strong winds.

MARITIME TRANSPORT

life-saving equipment Instruments and equipment for signaling a boat’s presence and for saving people from drowning. |

canopy

Covering that automatically deploys to protect against wind rain and spray.

antenna

Metal rod that emits the radio signal into the atmosphere.

strobe

Lamp that produces an intense light from a gas, which glows between two electrodes.

boarding ladder

Nylon straps that form steps for climbing into the life raft.

buoyancy tube

Inflatable tube that serves as a hull to make the raft float. distress beacon

Device that automatically transmits a radio distress signal giving its precise position.

inflation system

Device containing pressurized air that automatically inflates the buoyancy tubes when the life raft is launched.

life raft trumpet

Bell mouth that amplifies the sound emitted by a diaphragm when compressed air passes over it.

Inflatable boat where passengers can take refuge in case of emergency.

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY

ring

canister

Rigid buoyant circle that a person in the water slips under the arms.

Small container of compressed air.

fog horn

Instrument that makes a regulation sound when visibility is reduced to indicate the presence of a boat.

buckle

Fastener with two elements that hook together and unfasten when pressed.

retro-reflective tape

Tape that reflects light, making it easier to find a person in the water.

belt

Nylon strap that adjusts to the wearer's size to keep the life jacket in place.

life buoy

Ring made of buoyant material that is thrown to anyone who has fallen overboard to help them float. handle

hook

Curved end for hooking a rope or fishing an object out ot the water. life jacket

Buoyant vest filled with air or plastic foam that is used to keep a person afloat.

boat hook

Usually telescopic pole with a tip and a hook; it is used to maneuver a boat alongside quays, to hook an object and to fathom the bottom.

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MARITIME TRANSPORT

navigation devices I Examples of instruments that are used on a ship to determine its position and to chart and stay a course. sextant index mirror

Optical instrument for measuring the angle between a heavenly body and the horizon to determine the ship's position.

Mirror integrated with the index arm that is positioned so that the Sun reflects on the horizon mirror.

index shade

index arm

telescope

Moving arm on the sextant that measures the displacement angle on the graduated arc to determine the height ot the observed heavenly body.

Optical instrument that magnifies an observed object. lens hood

Device attached to the telescope’s eyepiece that shields the eye from light coming from the source and from strong ambient light.

Colored glass that blocks certain rays in the-.,, light spectrum to filter out ambient light.

horizon mirror

Fixed mirror in front of the telescope: it is aimed at the horizon and the image of the Sun is projected on it. horizon shade

Colored glass that blocks certain rays in the light spectrum to filter out ambient light. frame

Support for the various components of the sextant.

graduated arc

Arc graduated in degrees; the observed angle measurement is read from it.

drum

Thumbnail for turning the--- ' micrometer screw. micrometer screw

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY

Screw with a head graduated in minutes that is turned to set the index arm precisely.

vernier scale

index

Small graduated rule that slides along the ruler and is used to read very precise measurements.

Guide mark that helps to read the graduation marks on the arc.

liquid compass

Instrument with magnets that floats on a liquid; it indicates magnetic north.

sliding cover glass dome

Transparent nondistorting hemispherical cover for the bowl containing the liquid.

Retractable cover that protects the glass dome from scratches when not in use.

pivot compass card

Rotating disk graduated from 0° to 360° and integrated with twomagnets; it shows the cardinal points and the points in between.

bowl

Watertight case containing the magnetic elements, which float in a- -" liquid (oil or alcohol) to reduce oscillations.

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Axle around which the compass card rotates.

MARITIME TRANSPORT

navigation devices

depth finder Device that uses a sonic pulse to measure the depth of water below the boat. depth scale

Line graduated in feet or meters for reading the distance to the bottom. housing dial-type display

Display surface where an illuminated dot appears at the point on the scale that corresponds to the depth.

sound alarm

■Audible signal activated when the alarm threshold is reached.

alarm threshold setting

Knob for setting the maximum depth considered to be dangerous. on-off switch

■■ Button for activating the sounder and for selecting the scale. echo sounder probe Part of the sounder that is submerged to send the ultrasound to the bottom; it receives the echo and converts it into sound.

alarm threshold display button

Button that Is pushed to display the alarm threshold value.

gain control

Knob for adjusting the amplification of the signal.

transmission cable

Electric wire that relays the electric signals between the housing and the echo sounder probe. transducer

Metal prong that plugs into the housing. satellite navigation system Device that uses radio signals transmitted by a network of satellites to plot a boat’s position and course on a chart.

display

Liquid crystal display screen on which graphics or text data are displayed.

GPS receiver-antenna

External antenna and GPS receiver that receive radio waves from satellites to calculate the boat’s position.

bracket

Support fixed onto a surface fhaf holds the display. B13

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY

plug

Part of the echo sounder probe that emits the ultrasound and receives its echoes.

MARITIME TRANSPORT

maritime signals I Beacons and devices located on the sea, coasts and waterways that emit light, sound and radio waves to aid navigation. 1 lighthouse lantern

Powerful lamp that projects an encoded beam.

cupola Roof protecting the lantern; it is equipped with a lightning rod.

ventilation hood Part that allows excess heat to escape from the lantern.

lantern Powerful lamp that projects an encoded beam. incandescent lamp Lamp in which a filament heated by an electric current produces light ■ rays.

lantern pane Framed panes of glass that protect the lantern and support the cupola.

dioptric ring Concentric glass rings surrounding the lantern that refract its rays to intensify them. lamp base Metal end of a lightbulb inserted into a socket to connect it to the electric circuit. IM '•H’

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY

gallery Narrow platform with a guardrail that provides a panoramic view from the lighthouse.

housing Case enclosing and protecting the device’s mechanism.

ssw

tower Concrete structure that forms the lighthouse’s body; it is resistant to waves and very strong winds.

pillar buoy

Floating beacon with a pylonshaped superstructure.

S**

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lighthouse

Tower with a powerful lamp at the top for guiding ships.

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MARITIME TRANSPORT

maritime siunals

high focal plane buoy

Floating beacon whose light is especially high above the surface ot the water.

light conical buoy

Encoded light beam that serves as a navigation aid at night.

Floating beacon with a coneshaped superstructure.

radar reflector

Metal part that reflects ships’ radar signals so they can locate the buoy. photovoltaic panel

Device that converts solar energy into electricity to power the light.

daymark

Navigation aid that is visible by day only; it displays various colors and signage.

cylindrical buoy

Floating beacon with a cylindrical superstructure.

light

topmark

Metal cone-shaped part atop a buoy that serves as a navigation aid during the day; its position signifies various meanings.

Encoded light beam that serves as a navigation aid at night.

ladder

For accessing the components at the top of fhe tubular structure.tubular structure

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY

Columnar part of the superstructure that supports the day- and nightmarks and keeps them above the water. photovoltaic panel

Device that converts solar energy into electricity to power the light.

superstructure

Metal frame that forms the buoy’s body and contains all its elements. daymark

Navigation aid that is visible by day only; it displays various colors and signage.

flotation section

waterline

Lightweight base that keeps the buoy afloat and upright.

bridle assembly

Two chains that link the flotation section to the mooring chain.

mooring chain

Long, very sturdy chain that links the buoy to the sinker.

sinker

Fleavy object often made of concrete; it rests on the bottom of the waterway to keep the buoy in place. B15

MARITIIVIE TRANSPORT

maritime buoyage system I Buoys, beacons and lights located along coasts and waterways to guide ships and boats. cardinal marks Buoys of standardized colors, topmarks and lights whose placement alone or in a pattern corresponds to the divisions of a compass.

white light White flashing light whose flash pattern serves as a cardinal mark at night.-

Norih The north cardinal mark is composed of two topmarks with both tips pointing upward.

Northwest

topmark Metal cone-shaped part atop a buoy that serves as a navigation aid during the day; its position signifies .■various meanings.

Northeast

West The west cardinal mark is composed of two topmarks placed tip to tip.

East The east cardinal mark is composed of two topmarks placed base to base.

danger Buoys signal shallow waters, a submerged object or an object' posing a hazard to a boat or a ship.

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY

Southwest

safest water Navigable water is deep enough that it is safe toproceed.

Southeast

South The south cardinal mark is composed of two topmarks with both tips pointing downward.

buoyage regions The color of the buoys that indicate starboard and port is the opposite in various parts of the world.

starboard hand Right side of the ship when looking forward.

MARITIME TRANSPORT

maritime buoyayie system

rhythm of marks by night

light

The light's color and brightness vary during the period as a function of the type of light.

darkness

No light.

Lights that shine at night; their color and the frequency of their flashing signal various meanings, including the source of the light.

marks. It is the opposite of system A, in Vi/hich starboard marks are red and port marks are green. special mark

Buoy marking an area that is regulated for a specific use (such as military isolated danger mark exercises or fishing) or contains spar buoy Long tubular buoy used in harbors and submerged obstacles (such as cables Buoy marking an isolated danger zone beyond which the waters are navigable. or pipelines). in waters that have no tides.

East cardinal mark

Buoy with two base-to-base topmarks that is placed to the east of a danger zone.

light

West cardinal mark

• Buoy with two point-to-point topmarks that is placed to the west of a danger zone.

port hand

Mark the ship must keep on the left side of its prow as it navigates a channel. starboard hand

Mark the ship must keep on the right side of its prow as it navigates a channel.

conical buoy

Floating beacon with a coneshaped superstructure. South cardinal mark

Buoy with two topmarks pointing downward that is placed to the south ot a danger zone.

lateral mark

■ Red or green buoy that indicates the port or starboard limits of the channel. safe water mark

Buoy signaling that the water is navigable.

preferred channel

Navigation lane with beacons; it is the shortest and safest way to a harbor or for navigating near a coast or through a waterway.

secondary channel

pillar buoy

Navigation lane with beacons that is longer or more difficult than the preterred channel.

Floating beacon with a pylon-shaped superstructure

B17 {

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY

•Encoded light beam that serves as a navigation aid at night,

AIR TRANSPORT

airport I Location that contains all the technical and commercial facilities needed to support air traffic.

control tower Structure supporting the control tower cab, which provides a wide view of the runways and terminals.

access road Part of the network of roads serving the airport.

taxiway Lane used by aircraft tor entering or exiting a takeoff or landing runway.

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY

control tower cab Glassed-in office where the air traffic high-speed exit taxiway controllers coordinate aircraft Lane linking the landing runway with a taxiway that is movement such as takeoff, landing and used by aircraft after landing to free up the runway. flight.

Branch for right turns.

I B18

I Lane used^ by aircraft for entering and exiting the apron.

Lane used by aircraft for entering or exiting the maneuvering area.

servico coad service Lane reserved for airport vehicles.

maneuvering Area crossed byarea an aircraft to enter or exit a parking spot

AIR TRANSPORT

passenger terminal

Structure through which passengers pass before or after their flight to pick up or leave their baggage and to go through customs.

parking area maintenance hangar

Structure where aircraft are maintained and repaired

Area where aircraft park between flights for maintenance or overhaul.

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY

telescopic corridor

Mobile corridor connecting the passenger loading area with the aircraft.

service area Area around an aircraft that is reserved for service vehicles and ground crew attending to arriving or departing aircraft.

boarding walkway

taxiway line

radial passenger loading area

Underground corridor linking the main terminal with a radial passenger loading area.

Yellow line painted on the ground that shows aircraft the route to follow on the apron or the maneuvering area.

Pavilion tor passengers to reach aircraft that is linked by an underground corridor or by vehicles with the main terminal. 619

I 1

AIR TRANSPORT

airport

passenger terminal

Structure through which passengers pass before or after their fiight to pick up or leave their baggage and to go through customs.

baggage claim area information counter Area where the baggage conveyor belt Desk where information can be obtained emerges for passengers to pick up their about flights and ground transportation, luggage.

hotel reservation desk Counter where a hotel room can be reserved.

Desk where an airline or travel agent sells tickets tor flights.

lobby Large entrance hall of the terminal automatically controlled door for passengers and the people Door automatically opening and accompanying them. closing for people to go through.

baggage check-in counter Desk where an employee checks and weighs passengers’ baggage and issues boarding passes.

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY

parking lot Area for parking vehicles.

platform Area bordering the track for passengers to enter or exit the railroad shuttle service.

conveyor belt Mechanized rubber belts transporting luggage from the reception area to the baggage claim area.

railroad shuttle service Train that runs frequently between the terminal and the city or the nearest station. runway Strip of land on which an aircraft speeds up before takeoff or brakes after landing. holding area marking Line that shows an aircraft where to wait for clearance from the control tower before entering the runway for takeoff.

620

runway designation marking Number that, when multiplied by 10, shows the runway’s position in relation to magnetic north.

runway center line markings Wide broken white line that shows the center of the runway.

runway side stripe markings Wide soiid white line that marks the edges of the runway.

♦

Mandatory checkpoint for passengers before boarding where their identification and iuggage are inspected. observation deck Mezzanine that is open to the public and overlooks the departure and arrival area and the runways. passport control Booth where passengers show their passports before entering or leaving the boarding room.

freight dispatching Room where luggage and cargo are inspected, sorted and loaded onto carts transporting them to the aircraft.

flight information board Panel listing and updating all the airport's arrivals and departures as well as the flight departure gate numbers.

waiting area Area where passengers wait before boarding.

passenger transfer vehicle Vertically adjustable vehicle with a cabin for transporting passengers between the aircraft and the terminal.

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY

customs control Booth where passengers from international flights show their passports upon arriving and declare any imported merchandise.

room where tax-free goods are soid (e.g., perfume, alcohoi, ieather goods).

freight receiving Room where luggage and cargo that have been unloaded from the cargo hold are transferred to the conveyor belt, which in turn moves them to the baggage claim area.

exit taxiway

B21

AIR TRANSPORT

ground airport equipment Equipment and materials for preparing an aircraft for its next flight; this includes cleaning, performing checks, refueling and boarding

to the aircraft's front landing gear.

air start unit Vehicle that is equipped with an air compressor driven by a gas turbine: it pumps air into the aircraft’s jet engines to start them.

jet refueler Truck that pumps fuel from underground tanks into the aircraft's tanks.

electrical power unit Vehicle that is equipped with a transformer to provide electricity to the aircraft when its auxiliary generator set is at rest.

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY

tow tractor Very heavy vehicle that puils or pushes an aircraft onto the maneuvering area or the parking area.

ground air conditioner Truck that contains a device for treating the aircraft’s interior air (ventilation and cooling or heating) when the aircraft is at rest.

lavatory truck Truck that empties and cleans the aircraft’s toilets.

aircraft maintenance truck Vehicle that is used by technical maintenance crew when servicing an aircraft.

wheel chock Object that is placed against the landing gear’s wheels to keep the aircraft stationary when on the ground. I 622

potable water truck Truck that fills the aircraft’s water tanks with drinking water.

boom truck Vehicle that is equipped with a bucket at the end of an articulating pivoting arm; technicians stand in it to work on aircraft.

AIR TRANSPORT

airpoi

Adjustable tripod that supports part of the aircraft (the tail or a wing) when maintenance or repairs are carried out.

baggage conveyor Conveyor belt of adjustable height tor loading and unloading baggage and cargo.

tow tractor Vehicle that pulls the baggage trailer.

baggage trailer Flat trailer or cart that carries containers in which baggage is transported from the terminal to the aircraft.

container/pallet loader Vehicle whose articulated arms raise and lower a level platform for loading and unloading heavy cargo such as containers and cargo on pallets.

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY

catering vehicle Truck whose box can be lifted up to the aircraft: it delivers the food and drink to be served to passengers.

mobile passenger stairs Truck that carries a telescopic staircase, which is positioned at an aircraft door to allow passengers to enter or exit.

universal step Mobile staircase that is positioned manually at an aircraft door to allow passengers to enter or exit.

passenger transfer vehicle Vertically adjustable vehicle with a cabin tor transporting passengers between the aircraft and the terminal.

AIR TRANSPORT

long-range jet I Aircraft that transports passengers and cargo traveling long distances at high altitudes (between 30,000 and 40.000 ft).

trailing edge Back edge of the wing,

aileron Hinged flap on the trailing edge of the wing near the tip for controlling the aircraft’s roll.

trailing edge flap Articulated flap on the trailing edge of the wing that deploys downward to increase the aircraft’s lift on takeoff. spoiler Articulated flap on top of the wing that is deployed immediately after landing; it increases drag and reduces lift to slow the aircraft. antenna Antenna that receives and transmits radio signals to communicate with the control tower or another aircraft. upper deck Upper floor on very large aircraft that contains the flight deck and a passenger cabin. anticollision light Bright red light that is visible from all directions to signal the aircraft's presence.

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY

flight deck Compartment that contains all the navigation and control equipment; the navigation crew pilot the aircraft from here. windshield Highly durable pane made of glass and plastic that provides good visibility.

nose Leading tip of the fuselage

door Airtight door for entering the cabin; some doors are used only in emergencies.

weather radar Device that is used by the technical crew to evaluate weather conditions. first-class cabin Most comfortable part of the cabin where passengers receive special attention; it is always situated at the front of the aircraft.

I B24

galley Compartment where meals tor service are prepared.

nose landing gear Retractable mechanism that enables the aircraft to land; it is located at the front end.

window Airtight window that lets natural light into the cabin.

root rib Metal part that connects the wing to the fuselage.

wing rib Metal part of the wing's frame that is perpendicular to the spars.

spar Metal girder placed in the direction of the wingspan to absorb bending stress.

AIR TRANSPORT

long-range jet

fin

Fixed vertical part of the tail assembly that keeps the aircraft stable.

tail assembly

Moving and fixed surfaces that are located at the tail of the aircraft for steering and stabilizing it.

rudder

Articulated flap at the rear of the fin that steers the aircraft and corrects any yavr/that might occur. fuselage

Aircraft body that is divided into several compartments and whose aerodynamic form reduces air friction it is supported by the wings in flight. passenger cabin

Compartment in which most of the passengers travel and receive basic services; it is also called economy class

elevator

Articulated flap that is attached to the trailing edge of the horizontal stabilizer; it is used to change altitude and correct any pitch that may occur. horizontal stabilizer

Wing made up of the fixed horizontal tail assembly; it stabilizes the aircraft horizontally.

freight hold

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY

Compartment where baggage and cargo are stored.

winglet

Protruding surface atthe wingtip that enhances aerodynamics. main landing gear

Retractable mechanism that enables the aircraft to land; it is located behind the aircraft’s center of gravity under its wings.

wing

Horizontal surface on which aerodynamic forces are exerted to keep the aircraft in the air.

navigation light

Light signaling the direction in which the aircraft is flying: red on the left wing (port), green on the right wing (starboard) and white on the tail. engine mounting pylon

Structure that attaches a turbojet engine to a wing.

wing slat

Articulated flap on the wing's leading edge; it is deployed on takeoff and landing to increase lift.

turbojet engine

Jet-propulsion turbine producing hot gases that are expelled at high speed to provide the thrust necessary to propel the aircraft.

625

AIR TRANSPORT

flight deck I Compartment that contains navigation equipment and controls and from which the crew pilots the aircraft.

speaker Integrated device that relays audible messages such as alarms to the pilots.

autopilot controls Device that enables the aircraft to be piloted and kept on course automatically.

engine and crew alarm display Screen that controls the engines and displays alarm signals in the event of system failure. standby attitude indicator Screen that shows the aircraft’s position in relation to the horizon; it is used in the event the flight display fails.

windshield Highly durable pane made of glass and plastic that provides good visibility.

landing gear lever Control for lowering and raising the landing gear.

lighting Device that diffuses light over a shelf on which the pilots place navigation charts.

overhead switch panel Panel made up of the switches that cut the hydraulic, electric and fuel circuits.

standby airspeed indicator Instrument that shows the aircraft's speed: it isused in the event the flight display tails. standby altimeter Instrument that shows the vertical distance between the aircraft and theground; it is used in the event the flight display fails. navigation display Screen that shows the aircraft’s position and flight plan and weather conditions. primary flight display Screen that shows the main parameters necessary for piloting (aircraft’s position in relation to the horizon, altitude and course).

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY

control column Steering component that causes an aircraft to bank to the left or to the right and to ascend or descend. control wheel Lever that activates the control column from back to front and from side to side.

III speedbrake lever Command stick that releases the wing flaps to brake the aircraft immediately after landing. systems display Screen that controls various systems, such as air pressure and the electric and hydraulic' circuits. first officer’s seat Right seat occupied by the copilot, who is second in command.

captain’s seat Left seat occupied by the pilot, who is in charge of the flight and the’ crew.

transponder Instruments that, with the autopilot, control the engine power and guide the aircraft on its course.

throttles .•• Control levers for the engines: they regulate-'' speed and thrust. communication panels Panel for selecting radio frequencies on which pilots can send or receive.

engine fuel valves Knobs for opening and shutting the fuel supply to the engines.

I B2B

flap lever Control stick that activates the wing slats and the trailing edge flaps. control console Component located between the two seats that contains part of the instrumentation.

air data computer Computer that calculates the flight parameters (speed, altitude and course).

AIR TRANSPORT

turbofan engine Jet engine with a fan and two airflows; one airflow passes through the combustion chamber and the other bypasses it. |

inner stators Set of fixed blades that corrects the airflow that is deflected as it passes through the blades of the axial compressor.

outer stators Set of fixed blades that corrects the airflow that Is deflected as It passes through the fan.

annular combustion chamber Enclosure consisting of two concentric hydraulic cylinders that surrounds the turbine-compressor shaft and where combustion occurs. : i bypass duct : Channel that conducts some of the i air sucked in by the fan, which i contributes to the engine's thrust.

turbine-compressor shaft Axle transmitting the turbine's rotational movement to the compressors. pipe diffuser Conduit with several exit orifices that connects the centrifugal compressor to the combustion chamber; its purpose is to direct the flow and slow down the airflow to increase its pressure.

i i I ;

exhaust duct Opening through which the exhaust gases are evacuated; the duct is usually cone-shaped in order to narrow the gas flow, thus increasing thrust.

axial compressor Engine component in which air is highly compressed by a set of small fan blades to increase the engine’s output and reduce fuel consumption. mounting point Part where the engine is mounted on the aircraft.

centrifugal compressor Engine components that use centrifugal force to compress air and expel if at very high speed to the combustion chamber by the pipe diffuser.

power turbine Turbine that is driven by the gases expelled by the combustion chamber; it drives the axial compressor and the fan. It is independent of the compressor turbine.

fuel control Device measuring the amount of fuel injected into the combustion chamber.

accessory gearbox Mechanism that drives various accessories such as the alternator and the hydraulic, fuel and oil pumps.

fan Blower sucking air into the turbofan engine.

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY

nose cone Part located on the tip of the fan axle that creates an aerodynamic airflow into the fan blades.

exhaust guide vanes Protruding parts directing the exhaust gases straight out. ; :

ignition box Device that produces the electric pulses supplying the system that sets off combustion.

compressor turbine Turbine that is activated by the gas produced in the combustion chamber; it drives the centrifugal compressor and the accessories.

compression Phase during which some of the air flowing through the engine is compressed before it enters the combustion chamber.

combustion Phase during which the compressed air enters the combustion chamber, where it is mixed with fuel and ignited.

exhaust Phase during which the air expands and produces a thrust that activates the turbines and propels the turbofan engine. 1

B27 I

AIR TRANSPORT

examples of airplanes I Ever sinc6 the first airplane, Eole, in 1890, the shape of aircraft has evolved constantly as new aerodynamic discoveries were made and engine power increased. three-blade propeller

float seaplane Airplane designed to take oft from and land on water.

Propulsion device with three blades that are arranged around an axle and driven by a motor.

biplane Airplane with two superimposed and parallel sets of wings.

float

light aircraft Airplane that usually has a single engine and cruises between 90 and f 50 mph; it is used for recreation and traveling short distances.

Watertight structure attached under the fuselage that enables the seaplane to float and move on water.

wings

Surfaces upon which aerodynamic forces are exerted to cause the airplane to fly.

wing strut

Rigid or flexible component that braces an airplane’s wing and connects the wing to the fuselage or connects the two wings on a biplane.

high frequency antenna cable

Wire enabling radio communication for the aircraft.

business aircraft Airplane with a limited number of seats: it is usually used by heads of corporations for business trips.

two-blade propeller

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY

Propulsion device with two blades that are arranged around an axle and driven by a motor.

canopy

Glassed covering over the cockpit.

vertical take-off and landing aircraft Airplane that can move vertically in order to take off from and land on short runways; it is usually used in combat.

winglet

Protruding surface at the wingfip that enhances aerodynamics.

amphibious fire-fighting aircraft Airplane with large water tanks; it is used to fight forest fires. swiveling nozzle

Duct that can be pointed downward to increase the engine’s vertical thrust during vertical landing and takeoff.

three-blade propeller

Propulsion device with three blades that are arranged around an axle and driven by a motor. water-tank area

Area with a hatch that scoops up water from the surface of a body of water to fill its tanks so that it can dump the water in flight. I 628

float

Watertight structure that prevents the airplane from tipping when it fills its tanks.

AIR TRANSPORT

examples of airplanes

stealth aircraft Aircraft that cannot be detected by radar because of the radarabsorbing facets covering its fuselage.

rotodome Domelike rotating structure that houses radar antennae.

radar aircraft Surveillance aircraft for locating and identifying aircraft in flight.

facet Flat surface with a protruding edge that disperses any radar waves hitting it and makes them undetectable. radar-absorbent material Material that absorbs radar waves before they strike any metal part of the aircraft in order to muffle the sound of the echo.

strut Structure that supports the rotodome.

cargo aircraft Plane with large freight capacity; it is used to transport goods.

supersonic jetliner Passenger aircraft whose cruising speed (1500 mph) is faster than the speed of sound (761 mph). The Concorde was the best known commercial aircraft of this type. TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY

variable ejector nozzle Duct whose mouth widens as the plane climbs, thus enabling the engines to increase output.

droop nose Articulated nose that is lowered on takeoff and landing to provide the pilot with better visibility. delta wing Thin triangular wing that is especially aerodynamic.

examples of tail shapes Moving and fixed surfaces that are located at the tail of the aircraft tor steering and stabilizing it.

T-tail unit ilunit made up of two horizontal mponents attached at the top of a vertical component.

triple tail unit Tail unit made up of three vertical components attached to a horizontal component.

fuselage mounted tail unit Tail unit made up of two horizontal components attached to the tail.

fin-mounted tail unit Tall unit made up of two horizontal components attached halfway up a vertical component.

629

AIR TRANSPORT

examples of wing shapes I From one era to the next and depending on the type of aircraft, the shape and position of the wings in relation to the fuselage has varied.

Straight wing Long wing of consistent width and perpendicular to the fuselage; it is found on low-speed planes such as cargo and light planes.

variable geometry wing Arrow-shaped wing found on combat aircraft; the angie it forms with the fuselage can be changed inflight.

swept-back wing Arrow-shaped wing that is found on jet planes.

tapered wing Wing that is perpendicular to the fuselage and whose width decreases toward the tip.

delta wing Thin triangular wing that is especially aerodynamic.

forces acting on an airplane Physical phenomena that affect the movement of an aircraft in flight.

lift

Force exerted on an aircraft’s wings to keep it in the air when a certain forward speed is reached. drag

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY

Force opposite to thrust that creates resistance to the aircraft’s forward movement and must be reduced.

thrust Force developed by the engine’s propeller pulling it forward; in jet aircraft, thrust is created by the force of the ducts.

weight Force resulting from the effect of the Earth’s gravity acting on the aircraft’s mass; the force of the engines must overpower this to keep the aircraft in the air.

movements of an airplane I Changes 6xert6d on an aircraft in flight that affect its behsvior; a pilot must know how to correct th6m. pitch Rotational movement of an aircraft around its transverse axis; it is caused by an imbalance of pressure on the nose and tail.

Rotational movement of an aircraft around its longitudinal axis; it is caused by an imbalance in the lift of the wings. yaw Aircraft’s rotational motion around its vertical axis; it is caused by an imbalance of pressure on the leading edges of the wings.

AIR TRANSPORT

helicopter Aircraft whose lift agent is a rotor on a vertical axle.

rotor hub Center part of the rotor head that connects the driveshaft to the blades. rotor blade Long streamlined part of the main rotor that, depending on its angle, lifts and propels the helicopter.

fin Fixed vertical part mounted on the tail boom to keep the helicopter flying straight.

exhaust pipe Opening through which the exhaust gases are evacuated

drive shaft Part driven by the engine that transmits its rotational movement to the hub.

anti-torque tail rotor Rotor on a horizontal axle that prevents the helicopter from spinning due to the effect of the main rotor.

position light Light visible from afar that signals the helicopter's presence.

sleeve tail skid Support attached to the tail end of the boom that protects it and the anti-torque tail rotor in the event of a landing with the nose up.

tail boom Long part of the helicopter’s frame that contains a propeller shaft and supports the rear rotor, fin and stabilizers.

rotor head Rotating mechanism that transmits the required power and angle.

horizontal stabilizer Horizontal wing mounted on the tail boom to stabilize the helicopter’s horizontal movement.

flight deck Compartment that contains navigation equipment; the pilot operates the helicopter from here.

ail inlet Opening through which air enters to supply the helicopter’s engine.

fuel tank ' Reservoir for the helicopter’s fuel.

skid Tube on which the helicopter lands and rests.

control stick Lever for changing the rotor’s tilt; it-' is used to steer the helicopter. landing window Window by the pilot’s feet for seeing the ground when landing.

\ \

landing light Spotlight that is aimed at the ground for landing at night.

x cabin '■ Compartment where the passengers ride. boarding step Step attached to the fuselage for boarding the helicopter.

examples of helicopters Because they can take off and land vertically, helicopters are more effective than airplanes in certain situations. |

water bomber helicopter

Helicopter with a water tank that is used to fight forest fires. tactical transport helicopter

Armed military helicopter for transporting troops, small combat vehicles and various objects. ambulance helicopter

belly tank Tank filled with water by a long pipe hanging underneath: it uses a hatch to empty the water inflight.-

Helicopter for transporting the sick and injured and providing medical assistance. B31

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY

antenna Antenna that receives and transmits radio signals tocommunicate with the control tower or another aircraft.

baggage compartment Compartment for storing luggage.

HANDLING

material handling I Machines and equipment used to move and stack goods in a store or warehouse. forklift truck

Motorized cart for lifting and moving pallets to stack them or load them onto a triirk

„ , ™st along which the carriage slides using a hydraulic system... overhead guard Metal framework that protects the operator and the cab against falling goods.

crosshead Upper pulley of the hydraulic cylinder around which the chain turns to manipulate the carriage. lifting chain Chain that lifts and lowers the carriage along the masts.

mast operating lever Lever controlled by the operator to move the carriage along the masts.

hydraulic system Device using pressurized fluid to-operate the carriage.

carriage Component that supports the fork ----■■ arms and slides along the masts.

engine compartment Electric motor or combustion engine that supplies the power to propel the truck and operate the fork.

fork arm Part at a right angle that is attached to the carriage and, with its twin, makes up the fork.

frame Forklift truck’s metal structure.

fork Instrument made up of two arms that is inserted into a pallet's entry"' to lift it.

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY

pallets Usually wooden platform for loads; forklift and hydraulic pallet trucks can slip their forks underneath them in order to handle goods.

wing pallet Pallet with overhang on one or both of its deckboards.

top deckboard Flat horizontal surface wither without gaps between the planks: the goods rest on it.

entry Space between the deckboards through which the fork arms enfer.

stringer Fart supporting the deckboards and providing the gap for the fork arms to fit through. uunorn aecKooara

box pallet Pallet with three or four sides: it is used to handle bulk merchandise.

Horizontal surface with or without gaps that is attached to the stringer and rests on the ground.

double-decked pallet Pallet with an upper and lower deckboard that is sometimes reversible.

side Wall with or without gaps between the ■ planks that slides back or can be removed: it keeps the goods in place and can withstand loads stacked on top.

pallet Part of the box pallet supporting the load: it supports the box pallet on the ground and provides the place where the forks enter. block Supporting part underneath the deckboard that is wide enough to allow the fork arms to enter. 632

half-side Half wall that is sometimes detachable: it facilitates the loading and unloading of the contents of the pallet.

single-decked pallet Pallet with one deckboard.

HANDLING

material handling

mast

hand truck Pivoting device with a nose plate that slides under a load and is then tipped up to move it.

Post along which the carriage slides using a hydraulic system.

hydraulic pallet truck Cart with a fork for stacking loads at various heights.

hydraulic cylinder

.■ Device using pressurized fluid to operate the carriage.

steering lever

Column linked to the steering axle for manually steering the truck. fork

Instrument made up ottwo arms that is inserted into a pallet’s entry to lift it.

mast control lever

Lever controlled by the operator to move the carriage along the masts.

frame

Metal structure of the truck.

solid rubber tire-

stabilizing shaft

Pivoting rod connecting two wheel hubs; it rotates on a vertical assembly to change the direction of the truck when moving it.

Long part that is placed parallel to one of the forks to balance the truck while it lifts a load, thus avoiding tipping.

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY

steering axle

platform pallet truck Hand truck with a metal frame that can be lowered to lift a deckboard and its load slightly and move it. flatbed pushcart Hand truck with a frame that supports a deckboard where the load to be moved is placed.

633

HANDLING

cranes I Examples of lifting devices for picking up and moving very heavy loads. tower crane Crane used on construction sites with a usually horizontal jib mounted on top of a tower. jib tie Metal cable that distributes the tension.

trolley Vehicle running along and under the jib; the hoisting rope is suspended from it.

jib Metal lattice that pivots on the tower and lifts and extends the hoisting system.

counterjib ballast Concrete mass attached to the counterjib to balance the weight of the jib and its load. trolley pulley System of several pulleys that together enhance leverage.

counterjib Metal lattice that supports the ballast.

hoisting rope Durable cable of variable length for manipulating loads.

operator’s cab Cab at the top of the tower from which the operator manipulates the crane.

hook Strong curved piece of metal for suspending the load.

hoisting block System of pulleys that work with the trolley pulley to Improve leverage to lift heavy loads.

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY

tower mast Metal lattice of varying height that supports the jib.

counterweight Blocks of concrete stacked at the base of the tower to stabilize the crane.

truck crane Mobile telescopic crane that is mounted on the chassis of a straight truck.

I B34

telescopic boom Boom whose parts slide one inside the other so that its height can be adjusted and it can be stored compactly for transportation.

elevating cylinder Hydraulic device that consists of a telescopic arm for raising and lowering the boom.

operator’s cab Cab attached to the chassis from which the operator manipulates the crane.

HANDLING

cranes

gantry crane Lifting device with posts and cantilevered girders that move along rails or on tires to handle containers.

hoisting system

Device moving along the jib that uses cables, winches and pulleys to lift and move containers.

containeis

jib

Metal boxes of standardized size for transporting cargo

Horizontal component overhanging the crane that extends the hoisting system as far out as possible.

tower

Post that supports the crane.

running track

Rail along which the crane moves.'

container Metal box of standardized size for transporting cargo.

Metal part running the width of the container at the top.

side wall

corner fitting

Metal reinforced part on each corner of the container with slots for hoisting hooks.

end door

corner structure

Durable metal part where two sides meet; it serves as a support post for containers stacked on it.

fork pocket

Opening in the bottom of the container tor a forklift truck’s fork.

bottom side rail

Metal part running the length ot the container at the bottom.

bottom-end transverse member

Metal part running the width of the container at the bottom.

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY

top-end transverse member

HEAVY MACHINERY

bulldozer I Excavation machine for pushing materials; it is made up of a crawler tractor, a blade and often a ripper.

diesel motor compartment

Combustion engine in which the compressed air becomes sufficiently hot to ignite the injected fuel.

air pre-cleaner filter

Device that removes dust from the air entering the engine.

cab

Compartment from which the operator controls the bulldozer.

exhaust pipe stack

Conduit through which the combustion gases are expelied into the ambient air.

blade lift cylinder

Hydraulic device with a telescopic arm for raising and lowering the blade. ■-

ripper cylinder

Hydraulic device with a telescopic arm that manipulates the ripper.

blade

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY

Concave metal equipment for moving earth by pushing it along the ground; it is held up by two articulated arms and caused to swivel by hydraulic cylinders.

tooth

cutting edge

Bottom sharp part of the blade that scrapes the ground: it is replaced when worn out.

push frame

Lengthwise part articulating with the roller frame and the blade.

Sprocket on the final drive that meshes with the track to provide traction.

track idler

Wheel connected to the final drive by the roller frame; it keeps the track taut and aligned.

final drive

Motor wheel with te.eth that drives the track.

track

Chain made up of articulated shoes that rolls between the wheels and the ground: it allows the bulldozer to move over rough terrain. track roller frame

Lengthwise part forming the track’s chassis; the final drive and the track idler are attached toil

ripper tip tooth

Part attached to the end of the tooth that breaks into hard ground; it is replaced when worn out.

i i i

shank protector

Part attached on the inner side of a tooth to brace the tooth; it is replaced when worn out. ripper shank

Part of the ripper that digs into the ground to break it up.

crawler tractor

Machine that can move along rough ground by means of two tracks; it is equipped with a blade and a ripper. I 636

blade

Concave metal equipment for moving earth by pushing it along the ground; it is held up by two articulated arms and caused to swivel by hydraulic cylinders.

ripper

Equipment for breaking up hard earth; it is made up of a frame fitted with one to three teeth and is mounted on the back of a bulldozer.

HEAVY MACHINERY

wheel loader Excavation machine made up of a wheel tractor, a backhoe and a front-end loader,

dipper arm

dipper arm cylinder

Oscillating part of the backhoe that moves the bucket toward and away from the tractor.

Hydraulic device consisting of a telescopic arm that controls the movement of the dipper arm.

bucket cylinder

boom

Hydraulic device composed of a telescopic arm that controls the movement of the bucket lever.

Oscillating part of the backhoe that moves the dipper arm and thus the bucket up and down. cab

Compartment from which the operator controls the wheel loader.

backward bucket

Bucket for digging into the ground; it is loaded by dragging it toward the tractor.

bucket lever

Part impelled by the bucket hydraulic cylinder that allows the bucket to swivel on a horizontal axis.

bucket

Deep trough that can be raised and tipped.

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY

bucket cylinder

Hydraulic device consisting of a telescopic arm that controls the backand-forth motion of the bucket.

boom cylinder

Hydraulic device consisting of a telescopic arm that controls the movement of the boom.

lift arm

diesel engine compartment

Lever that connects the loader to the tractor; it raises and lowers the loader.

Combustion engine in which the compressed air becomes sufficiently hot to ignite the injected fuel.

lift-arm cylinder

cutting edge

Hydraulic telescopic device that raises and lowers the lift arm.

Protrusions along the rim of the bucket that cut into the material to be moved.

bucket hinge pin

Set of parts that causes the backhoe to move around a vertical axle to swivel the bucket from side to side.

front-end loader

Equipment for lifting objects or material to be moved or loaded; it consists of a bucket and a lift arm impelled by hydraulic cylinders.

wheel tractor

Machine whose chassis can be articulated; it is equipped with a backhoe and a loader.

backhoe

Equipment for digging into the ground and moving rubble; it consists of a bucket, an arm and a boom impelled by hydraulic cylinders. 637 I

HEAVY MACHINERY

scraper I Machine that uses a blade to scrape the ground or roadbed and store the rubble in a bowl for disposal. steering cylinder gooseneck

Arch serving as a coupling between the bowl and the tractor.

One of two hydraulic cylinders on each side of fhe gooseneck fhaf articulates with the bowl behind the tractor. elevator

Belt fitted with chains and vanes that •pulverizes the excavated material and chucks it into the bowl; in reverse gear it empties the bowl.

tractor engine compartment

Part of the machine made up of a powerful diesel engine and a cab from which to drive and operate it.

draft tube

Transverse tube welded to the gooseneck; it supports the two draft arms and uses hydraulic cylinders to lower and raise the bowl. bowl

Open container in the front with a cutting edge; it is loaded and unloaded while in operation and removed for transport.

cutting edge

draft arm

Usually toothed blade that is One of two shafts on each side that mounted on the front of the bowl; it is supported by the draft tube, the scrapes off the top layer of a bowl is raised and lowered between roadway or other surface. them.

hydraulic shovel I Machine made up of a pivot cab with a bucket attached for moving various types of material.

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY

arm cylinder

Hydraulic device consisting of a telescopic arm that controls the movement of the arm.

boom cylinder

Hydraulic device consisting of a telescopic arm that controls the movement of the boom.

hinge pin cab

Axle enabling the arm to articulate with the boom.

Compartment from which the operator manipulates the shovel.

arm

Oscillating part of the backhoe that moves the bucket toward and away from the tractor. ■

boom

Oscillating part of the backhoe that moves the arm and thus the bucket up and down.

counterweight

Weight counterbalancing the load In the shovel to stabilize the shovel.

bucket cylinder

Hydraulic device consisting of a telescopic arm that controls the back-' and-forth movement of the bucket.

diesel engine compartment

Combustion engine in which the compressed air becomes sufficiently hot to ignite the injected fuel. •frame

The hydraulic shovel's metal structure.

outrigger

Retractable component that stabilizes the machine when the shovel is in use. pivot cab backward bucket

Bucket for digging into the ground; it is loaded by dragging it toward the tractor.

tooth

Protrusions along the rim of the bucket that cut Into the material to be moved.

Platform fhaf supports the boom and rotates on the turntable.

turntable

Circular path on which the cab rolls as it pivots on a vertical axle.

HEAVY MACHINERY

grader Machine with a swiveling blade situated between two wheel shafts for leveling the ground or clearing debris off a roadway.

blade lift cylinder

Hydraulic cylinder that raises and lowers one cab end of the blade. Compartment from which the blade shifting mechanism driver operates the grader. Set of articulated arms to which the hydraulic cylinders are attached; these arms cause the blade to move and swivel. exhaust stack

Vertical upper part of the conduit that evacuates exhaust gas from the .engine.

overhead frame

Front part of the chassis; it is long enough to allow the blade to swivel without striking the wheels...

engine compartment counterweight

Device converting the combustion of fuel and air into mechanical energy.

Counterbalance that prevents the machine fronn lifting up when it meets an obstacle offering strong resistance.

front axle

Bowed axle made up of a device that acts as a walking beam to compensate for uneven ground. blade front wheel

turntable

Ring with a toothed crown that Wheel that changes the grader's direction; it also tilts into a turn to causes the blade to rotate around a vertical axle. brace against drag when it meets an obstacle offering strong resistance.

Piece of equipment for leveling the ground that can be positioned in any direction.

drive wheels

Wheels driven by the engine to impel the machine; they are mounted on a walking beam to compensate for uneven ground.

blade rotation cylinder

Hydraulic cylinder that causes the pivoting movement of the blade.

Truck equipped with a dump body; it is used tor bulk transport.

canopy

Metal surface that protects the cab from falling material during loading. Crosspiece welded to the outside walls of the dump body to reinforce it. cab dump body

Compartment from which the driver operates the truck.

Open or closed container; when raised by the elevation cylinder, it discharges its bulk material.

diesel engine compartment

Combustion engine in which the rmpressed air becomes sufficiently hot to ignite the injected fuel. ladder

Device composed of treads and side rails that provides access to the cab.

frame

•

Metal structure of the dump truck. 639

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY

dump truck

HEAVY MACHINERY

tractor I Motorized machine used for operating farm equipment and tools. tractor: rear view The back end of the tractor is fitted with the equipment necessary to haul farm equipment or supply mechanical power to it.

headlight

Lamp on the rear of the vehicle that illuminates the work area.

compression link

Bar fastened to a tool that is coupled to the draft link to prevent ■it from tipping up or down. taillight

Lamp that illuminates automatically when the front lights are on and shines more brightly when the operator steps on the brake pedal.

rock shaft lift arm

Part controlled by the hydraulic cylinder that raises and lowers a tool by means of the lifting link and the ■ draft link. lifting link

hydraulic coupler

Part adjustable to several positions that connects the draft link to the rock shaft lift arm.

Device for attaching the hydraulic hoses so that power can be transmitted to the attached tool.

power takeoff hydraulic cylinder

Mechanism consisting of a grooved shaft that uses the engine’s power or the tractor’s movement to drive a tool or equipment being towed.

Hydraulically powered device made up of a cylinder and a piston,' which drive the draft link.

draft link

coupler head

Bar with a coupler head for towing.

Linking device between the tool and the draft link.

agricultural machinery.

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY

tractor: front view There are tractors with two or four driving wheels and two or four wheels that change the direction of the tractor.

steering wheel

Circular instrument used by the operator for steering the guide -wheels.

exhaust stack

Vertical upper part of the conduit that evacuates exhaust gas from the engine,-

fender

Part of the body that covers part of the wheel and serves as a shield from flying mud.

cab

Compartment from which the operator drives the truck and operates the tools or agricultural machinery.

, rim

Metal circle constituting the wheel’s circumference and upon which the tire is mounted.

headlight

Lamp on the front of the vehicle that illuminates the space in front.

tread bar

counterweight

Mass that balances and stabilizes the tool hitched to the tractor.

driving wheel engine compartment

Device converting the combustion of fuel and air into mechanical energy.

I B40

Raised part of the tire tread that improves traction for various usage conditions.

Tread or set of treads built into the body for climbing up to or down from the cab.

front wheel

Wheel that changes the tractor’s direction; it is usually smaller than the rear wheel.

Wheel that receives the engine's power and propels the tractor.

HEAVY MACHINERY

agricultural machinery Mechanized devices used in farming. I

leg Metal part that connects the trog to the beam.

beam Horizontal bar that supports the parts of the plow and receives the pulling action.

coupler head Device that secures the ribbing plow to the tractor’s towing hitch.

cotter’s shaft - Metal structure that supports the colters.

frog Metal part attached to the end of the leg that supports the moldboard and the shear.

cotter Round part that cuts the furrow slice vertically.

moldboard Metal surface that lifts and plows in the furrow slice that was cut up by the colter and the shear.

shear Steel blade that cuts the furrow slice horizontally.

heel Part on which the plow rests when it is not supported by the tractor.

disc arm Metal structure to which the discs are attached.

ribbing plow Flowing-tilling device for cutting yp plowing in furrow slices.

frame Tandem disc harrow’s metal structure.

tandem disc harrow Device with four disc trains arranged in two opposing V patterns: it loosens the soil that has already been plowed and eliminates weeds.

height adjustment Crank for adjusting the depth of the discs’penetration into the soil.

hydraulic hose Tube connected to the tractor’s hydraulic coupler that uses a fluid (oil) to transmit power from the engine to the device’s mechanisms. draw bar hitch Device that secures the tandem disc harrow to the tractor’s towing hitch.

disc Dish-shaped part that breaks up clods of earth.

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY

cultivator Device with tines for working the top layer of the soil; it usually completes the plowing operation. frame Cultivator’s metal structure. rotary hoe Device whose mechanism is powered by the towing action of the tractor; it is made up of blades that aerate and level the field.

tine Curved prong that digs into the soil to work it by moving it sideways.

manure spreader Device for scattering a mixture ot litter and fermented animal waste over the soil to fertilize it.

box Container that holds the manure.

chain drive Belt that transmits the rotational ■ movement of the power-takeoff shaft to the moving floor of the trailer to bring the manure back to the beater.

beater Rotating device that disperses manure over the soil.

power-takeoff shaft Device that hitches the machine’s shaft to ' the tractor’s power train to transmit the necessary power to operate it. jack stand Telescopic support for the draw bar hitch that supports the trailer when stationary.

hydraulic hose Tube connected to the tractor’s hydraulic coupler that uses a fluid (oil) to transmit power from the engine to the device's mechanisms.

draw bar hitch Device that secures the manure spreader to the tractor’s towing hitch.

641

HEAVY MACHINERY

agricultural machinery

rake Device for turning over hay.

frame

Metal structure of the rake.

height adjustment

Crank for adjusting the height of the rake bar.

tooth

Curved prong whose tip scrapes the ground to lift the hay. teeth, which lift and turn over the hay. flail mower Device that cuts the forage stalks as it moves and prepares them tor the next harvesting phase (drying on the field and collection).

pickup reel

tow bar

Unit that bends the stalks toward the crushing roll.

Metal part with a draw bar hitch head that secures the flail mower to ■ a tractor.

Curved tip for picking up the cut stalks.

hydraulic hose

Tube connected to the tractor’s - hydraulic coupler that uses a fluid (oil) to transmit power from the engine to the device’s mechanisms.

crushing roll-

One ot two cylinders that crush and bend the stalks as they are fed between them; the crop is then deposited in a row on the ground.

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY

hay baler Device that harvests the forage and compresses it into bales.

draw bar hitch head

with beveled sections and is of adjustable height; it is used to cut the crop stalks while moving.

- Device that secures the flail mower to the tractor’s towing hitch.

plungerhead

Mechanical device that pushes the hay or straw into the press chamber by squeezing it forcibly. ■

press chamber

Device that shapes the bales of hay ,• or straw. binder

Device that ties the bales of hay or straw using string or wire.

tow bar

Metal part consisting of a towing hitch that connects the hay baler to the tractor. power-takeoff shaft

Device that hitches the machine’s shaft to the tractor’s power train to transmit the necessary power to operate it.draw bar hitch head

Device that secures the hay baler to the tractor’s towing hitch.

Rotating unit that picks up the cut,.-' grass (such as straw or forage) to convey it to the plungerhead.

forage harvester Device that harvests herbage (such as alfalta, clover and corn) for feeding livestock.

wagon

Trailer for transporting the harvested forage.

spout

Device that forces the chopped forage into the wagon.

power-takeoff shaft

Device that hitches the machine’s shaft to the tractor’s power train to transmit the necessary power to operate it. rotating auger

Threaded shaft that drives the forage into the mincer and then to the spout. pickup cylinder

Rotating unit that gathers the forage, which is then chopped and blown into the wagon. I 642

tooth

Curved prong that picks up the forage from the ground.

tow bar

Metal part consisting of a draw bar hitch head that connects the forage harvester to the tractor.

draw bar hitch head

Device that secures the forage harvester to the tractor’s towing hitch.

HEAVY MACHINERY

agricuitural i:-achine:y

seed drill Farming tool that spreads and plows seeds into the soil following straight lines (furrows).

forage blower Farm machine that forces the harvested forage (e.g., grass, wheat and corn) into the silo.

grain tube Tube through which the seeds flow from the bottom of the hopper to be dropped into the furrow.

ensiling tube Duct through which the forage is blown into the silo.

hopper Container that is usually shaped like an inverted pyramid; it holds the seeds to be sown. chain drive Distribution unit that regulates the flow of seeds into the grain tube. colter Round part that cuts the furrow slice vertically.

covering disk One of a pair of circular parts that work together to close up the furrow.

press wheel Wheel that tamps the earth to plow the seeds down to a certain depth.

maneuvering bar Rod for adjusting the blower to the desired position.

fan’s tube ' Duct through which the forage is blown toward the ensiling tube.

fan-' Machine that produces airflow to force the forage through the ensiling tube and onto the silo. feed tableRotating plate that moves the forage into the fan.

disk spacing lever Lever for changing the distance between the sowing lines.

cab Compartment from which the driver operates the combine harvester.

grain elevator Mechanism that conveys the harvested grain to the tank.

combine harvester Vehicle that harvests seed crops, usually grain; it cuts, threshes and separates the seeds from the chaff.

grain tank Container that temporarily stores harvested grain.

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY

rotating auger Double rotating worm that gathers the harvest to the center of the header, where it is conveyed to the feeding tube.

hopper Container that holds harvested forage coming from a trailer, truck or ensiling trailer.

divider Unit at the end of the cutter bar that separates the furrow meant to be cut from the others. unloading tube Duct through which the grain is transferred from the tank to a trailer. straw spreader Propeller device that spreads hay - from fhe back of the harvester the width of the cut to facilitate plowing the hay under the soil.

motor Device converting the combustion of fuel and air into mechanical energy. bat Toothed bar that rotates on the • - - ■'' pickup reel’s transverse axle. feeding tube Usually rotating unit that regulates the flow of the harvested crop arriving at the thresher, which separates the grain from the chaff.

tooth Prong on the bat that causes the crop stalks to fall.

pickup reel Rotating unit underneath the cutter bar that draws the stalks into the rotating auger.

cutter bar Unit that consists of a metal blade with beveled sections and is of adjustable height; it is used to cut the crop stalks while moving.

header Trough usually made of sheet metal into which the cut crop is conveyed; from there it is sent through the feeding tube to the thresher.

B43

646

1 Geothermal and fossil energy I

‘

Geothermal energy uses the Earth’s internal heat and is a renewable energy source; fossil fuels such as coal and petroleum are nonrenewable energy sources.

I 644

657 Hydroelectricity \

A nonpolluting renewable energy source, hydroelectricity accounts for 20% of the electricity consumed around the world.

The power to perform work, produced from natural phenomena (e.g., the Sun and the wind) or raw materials (e.g., coal and petroleum).

676

Nuclear energy

Solar energy

Large quantity of energy that is released in the form of heat; this occurs during a nuclear

Harnessed solar radiation has many applications, including solar-panel heating and electricity

reaction (fission of atom nuclei). The heat is used

produced with solar cells and solar furnaces.

to produce electricity.

Wind energy

1 A renewable energy source, wind energy harnesses the power of the wind and converts It into mechanical or electric energy.

GEOTHERMAL AND FOSSIL ENERGY

production of electricity from geothermal energy Hot water contained in the ground near a volcano, geyser or thermal source is piped to the surface by drilling to extract steam and produce electricity.

steam Gaseous stale of water; steam pressure operates the turbine. -..

turbine Steam-powered machine whose wheel transmits mechanical energy to the generator and causes it to rotate.

generator Turbine-powered rotating machine that converts mechanical energy into electric energy to direct it toward a transmission network.

condenser Circuit that cools the steam from the turbine and condenses it into water.

separator Device that separates water from steam, which it recovers to operate the turbine; the water is reinjected into the aquifer.

high-tension electricity transmission Using high-voltage lines to transmit electricity over long distances reduces the strength of the current and, as a result, energy losses. voltage increase At the outlet end of the power plant, the •transformer increases the voltage; this reduces energy losses during transmission over long distances.

water-steam mix Hot water extracted from the aquifer; as if rises to the surface, it is partially turned into steam.

-cooling tower Device that cools the condenser’s hot water on contact with the air; some of the water evaporates and the rest is reinjected into the condenser and the aquifer.

upper confining bed Layer of impermeable rock that covers the confined aquifer.

■water Liquid made up of hydrogen and oxygen that becomes steam at 212°F; the water transfers Earth’s internal heat.

geothermal field Area of Earth’s crust where a pocket of hot confined water is close enough to the surface to be exploited.

lower confining bed Layer of impermeable rock that transmits heat from the magma chamber to the aquifer.

production well Borehole dug into the ground to allow the hot water contained in the aquifer to be pumped to produce electricity.

confined aquifer injection well Layer of porous sedimentary rock Borehole that is drilled into the between two impermeable layers where ground to return water to the water accumulates at a temperature aquifer, where it is reheated after its between 300°F and 750°F. heat has been extracted.

magma chamber Pocket of magma (molten rock emerging from Earth’s crust) that constitutes a heat source; it transmits its thermal energy to water.

thermal energy

ENERGY

I Energy that is produced by turning water into steam through the burning of fuel (e.g., petroleum and coal) or through nuclear reaction. production of electricity trom thermal energy The heat that is given off by burning combustible fuels in the thermal power plant converts water into steam; the steam turns a turbo-alternator unit to produce electricity.

crusher Device that pulverizes the coal carried by the conveyor belt into relatively fine fragments.

stack Pipe through which gases produced by burning coal are discharged; these gases are first partially cleaned to reduce pollution.

cooling tower Device that cools the heated water in the condenser through contact with the air; a small amount of water evaporates and the rest is reinjected into the condenser.

coal storage yard Area where the coal extracted from a mine is stored to ensure a-, continuous supply to the thermal power plant.

high-tension electricity transmission Using high-voltage lines to transmit electricity over long distances reduces the strength of the current and, as a result, energy losses. voltage decrease The transforme'r reduces the voltage ii order to increase the strength of the current; this allows a greater number c consumers to be served.

conveyor Materials-handling device that consists of a conveyor belt (sturdy belt on rollers) that carries coal to the crusher. belt loader Movable materials-handling device that is fitted with an inclined conveyor belt; it is used mainly to raise loads.

pulverizer Device that pulverizes coal into a very fine powder so that it burns’ more easily in the steam generator. steam generator Device that uses the heat produced from burning coal to convert water into steam; the steam powers the turboalternator unit. coal-fired thermal power plant Plant that produces electricity from thermal energy by burning coal.

I B4B

transmission to consumers Electricity is carried to areas of consumption over low-voltage distribution lines. condenser Circuit that cools the steam from the turbine and condenses it into water, which is reintroduced into the steam generator.

turbo-alternator unit Device with a turbine that transmits the water’s mechanical energy to the alternator’s rotor to make it turn to produce electricity.

voltage increase At the outlet end of the power plant, the transformer increases the voltage; this reduces energy losses during transmission over long distances.

GEOTHERMAL AND FOSSIL ENERGY

coal mine The underground or open-pit facilities that are set up around a coal deposit in order to extrset it. | bench The levels of a quarry that are arranged like steps of a staircase and from which coal or ore is extracted.

ground surface The land that covers the deposit

open-pit mine Type of mining that is used for shallow deposits: coal or ore is extracted by digging a succession of benches from the surface of the ground downward.

overburden Part of the ground that covers the ore beds; it is removed to reach the deposit. face Vertical surface created by dynamiting a deposit to extract its ore.

bench height Vertical distance between the horizontal planes of two benches.

ore Solid fossil fuel that is black and contains a large amount of carbon.

ramp Roadway between two benches; it is inclined so that motorized vehicles can remove the ore extracted from the various levels.

haulage road Access road leading to the quarry; it is used to haul coal to the treatment plant.

crater Depression that forms the bottom of the quarry; it is a result of the extraction of deposits.

bucket wheel excavator Earthmover that consists of a wheel fitted with buckets (scoops); it is used to dig into rock to extract materials, which are then dumped onto a conveyor.

strip mine Type of mining that is used especially tor large shallow deposits; coal or ore is extracted by digging a trench in the ground surface.

mechanical shovel Earthmover that consists of a • movable cab with an articulated arm fitted with a bucket (scoop); it is used for digging and handling loads.

dump Pile that is made up of residue from mining operations.

overburden Part of the ground that covers the ore beds; it is removed to reach the deposit.

trench Lengthwise excavation that is made down to the top of the ore layer in order to extract its coal. roof Geologic stratum that covers the ore seam; it is of more recent formation than the ore. face Part of the quarry that is being excavated and from which ore is progressively extracted.

bulldozer Excavation machine for pushing , materials; it is made up of a crawler tractor, a blade and often a ripper.

■belt loader Movable materials-handling device that is fitted with an inclined conveyor belt: it is used mainly to raise loads. B47 [

ENERGY

conveyor Materials-handling device that consists of a conveyor belt (sturdy belt on rollers) that is used to transport coal extracted from the mine.

GEOTHERMAL AND FOSSIL ENERGY

coal mine jackieg drill

Percussive tool that is powered by compressed air; it is used to bore holes into hard rock. The air leg makes the job easier for the drill operator. hammer drill

Percussive tool that is powered by •compressed air; its piston (cylindrical part) Is pushed by the air leg and hits the drill rod, causing it to bore into the rock.

bit

Cutting end of the drill rod that is used to bore info the rock.

drill rod

Usually hollow, steel rod that Is activated by the hammer drill’s piston to strike the rock and bore into it.

water hose

Flexible hose used to inject water under pressure to prevent wear on the drill rod and the bit and to discharge waste.

air leg

Movable cylindrical part that supports the hammer drill; it transmits air pressure to the drill from the compressor to which it is attached.

air hose

Flexible hose through which oil is fed to the hammer.

water separator

Device that removes any trace ot humidity from the compressor’s air to prevent damage to the hammer. oiler

Device that allows oil to enter the hammer to prevent wear of its moving parts. maintenance shop

Work area where machinery is maintained and repaired. pithead

ENERGY

The surface facilities needed for underground mining (including extraction machinery, storage areas and offices).

dump

Pile that is made up of residue from mining operations.

main fan

Device that ensures air exchange in the mine; air is drawn through one shaft and exits through another.

loading bunker

Reservoir where processed coal is stored before being loaded onto freight cars to be transported by rail to the power plant.

I 648

GEOTHERMAL AND FOSSIL ENERGY

coal mine pneumatic hammer handle

control lever

The two elements that allow a worker to manipulate the hammer.

Grip used to operate the hammer; the lever opens the throttle valve so that air can enter the hammer.

Percussive tool that is powered by compressed air; with the help of a piston, it activates a tool, which breaks through very hard matter such as rock and concrete.

lubricator throttle valve

Movable part that is opened by the control lever to let compressed air' Into the hammer.

Device that automatically oils the various parts of the hammer to prevent wear.

flexible hose connection

Fastening device with a metal part that accepts the flexible hose so that compressed air can enter the hammer.

silencer

Device that lessens the noise caused when air exits the hammer.

flexible hose '

Flexible hose through which compressed air from the compressor it is attached to enters the hammer. exhaust port

chuck

Part of the hammer to which the tool is fastened.

Opening through which compressed air is expelled from the pneumatic hammer. retainer •

Device that holds the tool in place In the chuck.

headframe

Opening at the top ot the shaft that connects the aboveground facilities miners’ changing-room (including ventilation fans and Area with sanitary facilities (showers, toilets) where hoists) to the underground areas miners can go mainly to change their clothes. being mined.

tool

Cylindrical rod that is set in motion by compressed air pressure from the hammer; it is used to break hard surfaces.

winding tower

Building that houses the shaft’s hoisting equipment (including motors and hoisting cables); it provides communication between •the surface and the mine galleries. ENERGY

conveyor

Materials-handling device that consists of a conveyor belt (sturdy belt on rollers); it is used to carry coal to the treatment plant. hoist room

Area that houses the hoist (cylinder) on ■which the hoisting cables are wound; it controls movement of the elevators and skip hoists in the shaft. treatment plant

Place where all processing activities (including crushing and washing) are carried out to prepare the coal for market.

rail track

The tracks formed of two parallel rails on which trains travel to transport coal.

maritime transport

Means ot transport that uses barges to transport coal over water.

B49

GEOTHERMAL AND FOSSIL ENERGY

I underground mine

winding tower

Property in which excavations are carried out to extract deeply embedded (between 30 and 11,500 ft) coal for industrial mining.

Building that houses the shaft’s hoisting equipment (including motors and hoisting cables); it provides communication • between the surface and the mine galleries. headframe

Opening at the top of the shaft that connects the aboveground facilities (including ventilation fans and hoists) to the underground areas being mined.

winding shaft

Shaft that is dug vertically into the ground; coal is removed from the mine through it using hoisting -machinery. pillar

vertical shaft

Shaft that is dug perpendicular to the surface; it serves various leveis and is used mainly to transport personnel, equipment and ore.

Mass of ore that is left unmined at regular intervals in an excavation (chamber); it provides stability for -the upper layers.

elevator

Power lift fitted with a cab that transports coai or miners between the various levels.

room

Cavity that remains after the ore is extracted; pillars support its roof. level

The horizontal passageways that branch off from the shaft at the same depth; they are usually at regular intervals. top road

- Horizontal passageway that serves the highest level of a panel.

-deck

Extraction layer between two levels; mining is usuaiiy done in stages and in descending order.

chute

Vertical or inclined passageway through which ore, equipment, personnel and air move from one level of the mine to the other.

-skip

Elevator consisting of a skip bucket that is activated by a hoist; it is used to bring coal and people to the surface.

ENERGY

cross cut

Horizontal passageway that cuts through the ore bed perpendicularly; it provides communication between the passageways and heips to ventilate the mine.

ore pass

.Inclined route that takes coal to a lower level; coal that falls on the mine floor is usually crushed before being brought to the surface.

manway

Passageway aiiowing workers to move around in the mine.

panel

Unit o't rock that is being mined; it is contained be.tween vertical and horizontal planes and is demarcated by various passageways.

drift

Passageway dug horizontally along the grade line of the ore seam; it can also be dug into the ore vertically.

-landing

Landing located around a shaft on each level; coal is collected here before being moved fo the surface.

sump

Bottom of the shaft in which water runoff accumulates inside the mine before being pumped to the surface. bottom road

face

Horizontal passageway that serves the base of a panel.

Opening that is dug iateraily into the rock as coai is extracted

winze

Vertical or inclined passageway that connects two levels; it is dug downward from inside the mine and not from the surface.

I 650

GEOTHERMAL AND FOSSIL ENERGY

oil Flammable, relatively viscous oily liquid that is used as an energy source; it is made up of various hydrocarbons resulting from the | decomposition of plant life over millions of year. surface prospecting

Searching for potential oil deposits by studying the structure of the subsoil using a seismograph.

seismographic recording

A recording made using an apparatus called a seismograph; the analysis of its shock wave echoes detects the presence of rock layers thaf might contain pockets of petroleum or gas. shock wave petroleum trap

The shock wave spreads and sends back an echo, which varies with the density and depth of the layers of subsoil; with this information, the composition of the subsoil can be determined.

Assemblage of porous rocks that contain recoverable oil reserves, which are produced from marine or land deposits.

drilling rig crown block

All the drilling machinery and devices that are used to excavate and extract oil from the ground.

derrick

Mechanical device that is mounted on top of the derrick; it has several pulleys and, with the traveling block, it supports the drill pipes.

Metal structure erected over an oil well; tools for drilling through rock are raised and lowered through it.

swivel

Piece attached to the lifting hook and the kelly; it is used to introduce mud into the drill pipe to cool and lubricate the bit.-..

traveling block

Movable mechanical device with ■pulleys; it is attached by cable to the crown block and fitted with a lifting hook. lifting hook

mud injection hose

rotary system

Steel part that is attached to the -traveling block; it is used to support the swivel and the drill pipes.

Flexible hose that introduces the drilling mud into the swivel.-.,. drilling drawworks

Drilling device in which a kelly is attached to a rotary table; with the help of powerful motors, it transmits the rotative movement to the kellys.

Device that consists of a cylinder on which hoisting cables are wound; it is used to lower the drill pipes and bit into the well and to lift them out...

kelly

Special square rod that is screwed to the top of the drill pipes and driven by the rotary table. rotary table

Circular table that is moved by powerful motors; it transmits its rotative movement to the drill pipes by means of the kelly.

vibrating mudscreen

Perforated vibrating tray that is used to filter mud as it exits the well to remove debris and recycle the mud. anticline

Geologic stratum that results from the convex folding of rock formations; large pools of oil often accumulate in it. drill pipe

Hollow steel rods that are joined together according to the depth of the excavation; their rotation activates the bit.

■mud pit

Basin that contains mud (a mixture of water, clay and chemical products) used mainly to cool and lubricate the bit and to remove debris.

drill collar

avy steel tube immediately above the bit that . rplies a certain weight to the bit to help it cut into the rock.

mud pump

Device that circulates the mud in the drilling rig. bit

gas

Rotating drill bit with toothed steel or diamond wheels; it bores into rock to break it up and drill a hole. oil

Flammable, relatively viscous oily liquid that is used as an energy source; it is made up of various hydrocarbons resulting from the decomposition of plant life over millions of year.

Mixture of gaseous hydrocarbons (mainly methane) that are found in underground deposits, which sometimes also contain crude oil; it is used mainly as a fuel.

engine impervious rock

Layer of impermeable rock that covers and prefects the oil deposit; it prevents hydrocarbons from migrating into other rocks.

Device converting the combustion of fuel and air into mechanical energy.

ENERGY

substructure

Metal infrastructure that supports the derrick, engines and auxiliary equipment.'.,.

GEOTHERMAL AND FOSSIL ENERGY

OR production platform

Facility used to extract underwater oil deposits: the separation and treatment of hydrocarbons are mainly done here.

crane

derrick

Materials-handling device fitted with a rotating jib: a hook suspended from the jib is used to and move loads.

Metal structure erected over an oil well: tools for drilling through rock are raised and lowered through it.

oil/gas separator

Device used to remove the gas from the crude oil from the well.

gas lift module

Device used to introduce pressurized gas into the deposit to force oil up in the well to increase production.

oil processing area

Area where crude oil is pretreated at the head of the well.

flare

Device that draws off and burns in the air unmarketable gases collected in the separator.

helipad

Site where helicopters land and take off.

radio mast

Metal conductor used to send and receive radio waves: it provides communications mainly with coastal stations and ships.

lifeboat

ENERGY

Unsinkable craft used to evacuate workers from the platform in an emergency. hull column

Large steel tube that rises above the pontoon: it supports the production platform above the surface of the water.

anchor wires

They anchor the pontoon securely to the ocean floor to ensure the stability of the platform.

export pipeline

All the steel pipes that carry oil from the platform to the land facilities: the oil can also be transported by ship.

Christmas tree

well flow line

652

Steel tubes that carry crude oil from the producing well to the manifold: these tubes connect several producing wells together.

Group of devices at the head of the producing well that regulate the flow of oil being extracted from the deposit.

GEOTHERIVIAL AND FOSSIL ENERGY

oil offshore prospecting Vibrations from an exploding charge in the sea are used to locate oil deposits; prospecting offshore is more difficult than on land.

seismographic recording A recording made using an apparatus called a seismograph; the analysis of its shock wave echoes detects the presence of rock layers that might contain pockets of petroleum or gas.

shock wave The shock wave spreads and sends back an echo, which varies with the density and depth of the layers of subsoil; with this information, the composition of the subsoil can be determined. blasting charge Quantity of explosives (substances capable of discharging high-temperature gases over a very short time period) that produce shock waves when detonated.

petroleum trap Assemblage of porous rocks that contain recoverable oil reserves, which are produced from marine or • land deposits.

offshore drilling There are various types of underwater oil drilling installations; the one used depends on the location of the deposit and the depth of the water.

ENERGY

emergency support vessel Floating structure equipped with specialized equipment; it is used for rescue operations on drilling rigs.

semisubmersible platform Movable structure that is anchored to the seabed and used at depths of 350 to 1,650 ft; it is mounted on pontoons submerged at about 100 ft to provide stability. fixed platform Structure that is mainly used at moderate depths (up to 1,300 ft); it rests on the seabed on pillars buried deep in the sea floor.

jack-up platform Movable structure that is used in shallow water (between 65 and 330 ft); it is raised above sea level on retractable pillars resting on the ocean floor.

B53

GEOTHERMAL AND FOSSIL ENERGY

Oi. Christmas tree

Group of devices at the head of the producing well that regulate the flow of oil being extracted from the deposit.

pressure gauge Device that measures the oil pressure inside the producing well.

master gate valve Main device that regulates the flow of oil; it can completely shut off the outflow.

flow bean Calibrated opening of a flow line through which oil flows; it is used to limit the flow from a producing well.

pipeline ■Steel piping that carries oil from the well to the refining facilities. tubing head Equipment to which oil production and extraction tubes and devices (Christmas tree, tubing) are attached. tubing Last column of small steel tubes to be inserted in the well; they are used to bring oil to the surface.

tubing valve Device that regulates the flow of oil extracted from the well and carries it in flow lines, here toward an oil pipeline. casing first string First column of large-diameter tubes that are inserted into the producing well mainly to strengthen its walls.

crude-oil pipeline

Continuous underground, aboveground or underwater oil pipeline that can be thousands of miles long (the Trans-Siberian pipeline is 3,800 mi long).

ENERGY

derrick Metal structure erected over an oil well; tools for drilling through rock are raised and lowered through it. Christmas tree Group of devices at the head of the producing well that regulate the flow of oil being extracted from the deposit. buffer tank Large container that stores crude oil temporarily before it is pumped back into the pipeline. aboveground pipeline Oil pipeline that rests on aboveground supports to protect it from frozen ground (e.g.,the Alaska pipeline). terminal Facility located at the end of the pipeline that includes equipment such as tanks and pumps; it receives the crude oil before it is refined. refinery Plant in which crude oil is refined (separated and scrubbed) to obtain a broad range of finished products (including motorfuel and oils).

I 654

offshore well Floledug in the sea floor to extract oil deposits; equipment such as the Christmas tree rests on the seabed.

production platform Facility used to extract underwater oil deposits; the separation and treatment of hydrocarbons are mainly done here.

submarine pipeline Pipeline installed on the seabed that carries oil extracted from an underwater deposit to shore. pumping station Installation located at regular intervals along the pipeline that is fitted with motorized pumps; it ensures that the oil flows inside the pipeline. tank farm All the facilities (such as tanks and pumps) that store large quantities ot crude oil to be sent later to the refinery. central pumping stationPowerful pumping station that maintains the pressure required to move the oil along the pipeline to the next pumping station. ■pipeline The steel piping that carries oil from one treatment facility to another. intermediate booster station Booster station that reinforces the action of the central station and maintains the flow of oil in the pipeline network.

GEOTHERIVIAL AND FOSSIL ENERGY

oil tanks Large covered cylindrical containers that are usually made of steel; liquid or gaseous oil products are stored here between the time they are refined and sold.

spray nozzle breather valve

Movable part that regulates the internal pressure of the tank; pressure fluctuates during emptying and filling and with the temperature..

Device that sprays water onto the roof of the tank to cool it when the temperature rises.

manhole

fixed-roof tank Fixed roof that keeps the tank sealed tightly; it is used to store heavy products such as diesel fuel, kerosene and asphalt.

Round opening in the tank that is covered with a plate; workers can .•pass through it.

lagging

Material that covers the wall of the 'tank to keep it watertight and prevent corrosion. tank gauge float

splash plate

Element that floats on the surface of the stored ■liquid; it measures its level.

Gutter used to collect water draining from the roof.

manhole

Round opening in the tank that is covered with a plate; workers can pass through it.

spiral staircase

Staircase whose stairs wind around the wall of the tank to the root.

automatic tank gauge

Device used to measure the level of the liquid in the tank; the tank gauge float’s movement is transmitted to a magnet, which moves the hands on adial.

manometer

Device that measures the pressure of the product inside the tank.

secondary inlet

Small pipe through which liquids are introduced into the tank.

drain valve

Device for emptying the liquid from the tank.

bund wall

Cement wall around the tank that protects the environment in the event of accidental leakage.

concrete drain

main inlet

Large pipe through which liquids are introduced into the tank.

ground

floating-root tank Tank whose floating roof rests directly on the surface of the liquid to minimize the stairs evaporation ot hydrocarbons; it is used to Structural element giving access to store the most volatile products. thereof offhetank.

manhole

Round opening in the tank that is covered with a plate; workers can' pass through it.

floating root

Metal cover that rests on the surface of the stored liquid; it fluctuates with the level of the fluid and slides vertically inside the shell.

top deck

Upper part of the roof; the space between the top and bottom decks is used to contain evaporated -hydrocarbons. sealing ring

Part that fills the space between the -roof and the shell to prevent any hydrocarbons from evaporating and polluting the atmosphere. ladder

Movable device that consists of rungs (crossbars); it is used to climb up and down. shell

Vertical cylindrical wall of the tank. thermometer

drain valve

Device that sets and controls the temperature of the product inside the tank.

Device for emptying the liquid from the tank. filling inlet

■Operation by which a liquid product is introduced into the tank. 655

ENERGY

Wire that connects the tank and its contents to the ground to prevent static bottom deck electricity from accumulating and avoid the risk of fire. Lower part of the roof; it rests directly on the surface of the stored liquid.

Small concrete trench used to drain off the product in the event of a spill or when the tank is emptied.

GEOTHERMAL AND FOSSIL ENERGY

refinery products

petrochemical Industry

Refining of crude oil yields. hundreds of useful products.

Plant that treats petroleum-based raw materials (crude oil and natural gas) to obtain marketable chemical products.

petrochemicals

Chemical products derived from petroleum-based products: they are found in fertilizers, detergents, plastics and other products. chemical treatment

Operation that improves the gasoline derived from crude oil by adding chemicals and mixing in kerosene to obtain jet fuel.

By-product (butane, propane) of the refining of crude oil: it is used as fuel in the home and as motor fuel.

7/ 7

jet fuel

Aviation fuel used to power jet engines.

catalytic reforming plant I

Treatment plant for gasoline products extracted from crude oil; it alters their molecular structure to increase their octane number,

; i ! i

gasoline

Motor fuel that is used mainly by the automotive industry to power internal combustion engines.

cooling

Operation that cools the vapor at the top of the tower (condensation) in order to separate out hydrocarbons such as butane and propane.

iT^ fr7

C-/ vJ

kerosene gasoline

Fuel used for lighting and heating.

Light fraction yielded by the first petroleum distillation; it is used ■ mainly as motor fuel. ^

stove oil

, •'

Fuel used mainly in home furnaces.

kerosene

By-product of the fractionation of crude oil that is chemically treated to provide various lighting and heating fuels.

f fractionating tower f

diesel oil

Fuel used mainly by the transportation industry to power diesel engines.

Column used to separate crude oil into its various fractions according to their boiling points: the light fractions rise to the top of the column.

heavy gasoline

heating oil

By-product of the fractionation of crude oil that is chemically treated to provide motor fuels and specialized fuels.

Fuel used in home heating systems and industrial installations requiring little energy. bunker oil

Fuel used in high-powered heating systems and electric power plants; it is also used to power large diesel engines.

fuel oil ENERGY

By-product of the fractionation of crude oil: after treatment, motor fuels and specialized heating fuels are derived from it.

marine diesel

Fuel especially designed for ships. fractionating tower

Column used to separate fueloil into its various fractions by vaporization and condensation to obtain various motor fuels.

tubular heater

Furnace with tubes that heats the crude oil to partially convert it to vapor before it enters the fractionating tower.

greases solvent extraction unit

long residue

Plant that uses a solvent to remove impurities from base oils yielded by vacuum distillation.

Residue made up of heavy nonvaporized fractions; it accumulates at the base of the fractionating tower after the hydrocarbons have been separated.

Pasty substances made of mineral oil and soap: they are used by industry to lubricate mechanical parts.-

lubricating oils

Viscous substances that are used mainly to reduce friction between two moving surfaces. vacuum distillation

paraffins

Treatment that is used to separate out heavy residues at the bottom of the tower at low boiling temperatures.

Water-insoluble substances that have various uses; these include candle making, packaging and pharmaceutical products.

storage tank

'f'

Large-capacity covered cylinder that is usually made of steel; crude oil is stored in it to maintain a constant rate of refining.

crude oil

Natural mineral oil that is made up of various hydrocarbons; it has been extracted from an oil deposit and not refined at all. I 65B

asphalt

asphalt still

Plant where bitumen (petroleum’s heaviest fraction) is treated and mixed with other substances to yield asphalt.

Mixture of bitumen and other substances that is used mainly to pave roads.

HYDROELECTRICITY

hydroelectric complex The reservoir structures and installations that use water power to produce electricity.

crest of spillway

Cement crest over which the reservoir’s overflow discharges when the spillway gates are opened. reservoir top of dam spillway gate

Movable vertical panel; it is opened to allow the reservoir's overflow to pass through.

Upper part of the dam; it rises above the water level of the reservoir by several yards.

spillway

headbay

Basin formed by the construction of a dam; it holds back a very large volume of water so that the flow rate can be controlled.

Part of the reservoir immediately in front of the dam where the current originates.

penstock

Channel that discharges excess water from the reservoir during flooding to avoid submerging the dam.

gantry crane

Channel that carries water under pressure to the power plant’s turbines.

Hoisting device in the form of a bridge; it moves along rails.

m Z

no CO

control room

afterbay

diversion tunnel

Underground conduit that diverts water during construction.

Area of the watercourse where water is discharged after passing through the turbines.

i I i :

i i :

power plant

spillway chute

Plant that uses an energy source, here water, and converts it into electricity.

Inclined surface along which discharged water flows out.

training wall

log chute

Wall that separates the spillway chutes- it is used to direct the water flow

Structure that allows floating wood to travel from upstream to downstream of the dam.

Area that contains the various control and monitoring devices required for the production of electricity.

bushing

Device that allows the conductor to pass through the wall of the transformer and separates it from the latter.

machine hall

Area that houses the generator units used to produce electricity.

dam

Barrier built across a watercourse in order to build up a supply of wafer for use as an energy source.

657

HYDROELECTRICITY

hydroelcf Aic oomolex

cross section of a hydroelectric power plant Hydroelectric power plant: plant that produces electricity from energy generated by flowing water.

gantry crane Hoisting device in the form of a bridge: it moves along rails.

gate Movable vertical panel that controls the volume of water in the penstock.

transformer Device used to alter the electric voltage; voltage is increased as the current leaves the power plant so that it can be carried over long distances.

circuit breaker Mechanism automatically cutting off the power supply in the event of overload. busbar Large aluminum conductor that transmits electric current from the alternator to the transformer. bushing Device that allows the conductor to pass through the wall of the transformer and separates it from the latter.

lightning arrester Device that protects the electric facilities from power surges caused .-by lightning. traveling crane Hoisting device that travels along ■■'aboveground parallel rails; it is used to lift and carry heavy loads.

machine hall -Area that houses the generator units used to produce electricity. access gallery Underground passageway that 'Provides access to various parts of the dam so that it can be inspected and maintained.

gantry crane --- Hoisting device in the form of a bridge; it moves along rails.

0 cr LU

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scroll case .Duct shaped like a spiral staircasf that is used to distribute water uniformly around the turbine to make it turn smoothly. k*'

afterbay Area of the watercourse where water is discharged after passing through thb turbines.

’ •

^ ,

■

gate a ....Movable vertical panel that controls the discharge of water to tilGtSilfSCG

: : :

water intake Structure that directs water from the headbay to the penstock to power the plant.

screen Assembly of bars placed in front of the water intake to hold back anything that could hinder the operation of the turbine. reservoir Basin formed by the construction of a dam; it holds back a very large volume of water so that the flow rate can be controlled. I B58

draft tube : Conduit at the base of the turbine : that increases the runner's output : by reducing the pressure of the i water as it exits. penstock Channel that carries water under pressure to the power plant’s turbines.

generator unit Device with a turbine that transmits the water's mechanical energy to the generator's rotor to make it turn to produce electricity.

tailrace Channel that discharges water toward the afterbay in order to return it to the watercourse.

HYDROELECTRICITY

generator unit_ Device with a turbine that transmits the water’s mechanical energy to the generator's rotor to make it turn to produce electricity, stator

rotor

Movable part of the generator that is made up of electromagnets; its rotation induces an electric current in the stator.

thrust bearing

Unit that bears the thrust of the turbine and the weight of the rotating parts of the generator unit.-

Stationary part of the generator that consists of a coil of copper conductors, which collects the electric current produced by the rotor.

exciter

Device that supplies electric current to the rotor’s electromagnets.

gate operating ring generator

Movable device that controls the opening and closing of the wicket gates.-

Machine that consists ot a rotor and a stator; it produces an electric current.

runner blade

Stationary curved plate on the turbine's runner; it receives the thrust of the water to turn the runner. shaft

Cylindrical part that communicates ■'the movement of the turbine's runner to the generator’s rotor.

turbine headcover

Structure that covers the upper part of the turbine’s runner.

spiral case

Duct shaped like a spiral staircase that is used to distribute water uniformly around the turbine to make it turn smoothly. stay vane blade

Fixed panel that receives '-pressurized water from the spiral case and directs it over the wicket gates. stay ring

Set of two rings linked together by the stay vanes.

ENERGY

bottom ring

Circular part under the wicket gates that holds them in place. draft tube

hydraulic turbine Machine whose runner is powered by water; it transmits mechanical energy to the rotor to make it turn.

Conduit at the base of the turbine that increases the runner’s output by reducing the pressure of the water as it exits.

draft tube liner

Covering that is usually made of steel; protects the draft tube from erosion.

runners

bucket

Kaplan runner Type ot runner that is suited to low heights ot water (usually between 30 and 200 ft) and variable flow rates.

Pelton runner Type of runner that is suited to high water sources (usually over 1,000 ft) and low flow rates.

Small bucket that is attached to the turbine’s runner; water enters it to turn the wheel.

Movable parts of the turbine that transmit the movement of the water to the shaft to which they are attached to turn the rotor.

coupling bolt

Element made up of a nut and a bolt that attaches the runner to the shaft plate to transmit Its movement to the runner. blade

Stationary curved plate on the turbine’s runner; it receives the thrust of the water to turn the runner.

hub

Part of the runner that holds the shaft; the runner blades are attached to it.

Francis runner Most common type of runner that is suited to average heights of water (usually between too and 1,000 ft).

runner blade

Movable part that is fixed to the hub of the runner; it turns through the action of water power on it.

bucket ring Disk housing all the turbine buckets that activates the runner.

ring

Circular part that supports the wicket gates.

hub cover

Cover for the lower cone-shaped part of the hub. 659

HYDROELECTRICITY

examples of dams I There are masonry dams, concrete dams and embankment dams; the choice depends on criteria such as the nature of the ground, the shape of the valley and the materials available. buttress dam Used mainly in wide valleys, it consists ot an impermeable wall, which is shored up by a series ot buttresses to transmit the thrust of the water to the toundation.

cross section of a buttress dam

reservoir Basin formed by the construction of a dam; it holds back a very large v volume of water so that the flow ,Y' rate can be controlled. y

buttress Block ot concrete reinforcing a wall that has to stand up to the thrust of the water; it provides stability to the .••dam. foundation blockage Block of concrete that anchors the foundation in the ground to prevent .-■movement.

y y■

foundation Concrete structure that supports the weight of the dam and transmits it to the ground to provide stability to the dam.

ENERGY

embankment dam Formed of mounds of earth or rocks, it is used mainly when the subsoil does not allow for construction of a concrete dam.

top ot dam Upper part of the dam; it rises above the water level of the reservoir by several yards. cross section of an embankment dam

wave wall Small wall located at the top of the upstream shoulder that protects the dam against waves.

berm Horizontal ledge that stabilizes the upstream or downstream shoulder. clay core Central portion of the dam that is usually made of compact clay to make it watertight.

downstream shoulder Soil embankment that, together with the upstream shoulder, provides stability to thestrijcture. drainage layer Layer of permeable materials^that is inserted into large-scale dams to collect infiltrated water. drainage blanket Layer of permeable materials on the foundation of the dam; it collects infiltrated water and prevents erosion of the base of the dam.

reservoir Basin formed by the construction of a dam; it holds back a very large volume of water so that the flow rate can be controlled. pitching Layer of rock or concrete blocks that covers the upstream shoulder to prevent erosion.

downstream toe Area where the downstream shoulder and the foundation of tt dam meet.

upstream toe Area where the upstream shoulder and the foundation of the dam' meet. upstream blanket Impermeable layer that consists of compact clay; it rests on thebottom of the dam to prevent infiltration.

I 660

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upstream shoulder Soil embankment located on the reservoir side; its mass provides stability to the dam.

cut-off trench Area ot the foundation of the dam that is connected to the core; it contains impermeable materials to limit leakage and infiltration under the dam.

sand Granular material that is inserted between the core and the shoulder- if filters particles carried by the water flow to prevent erosion,

Sy,

foundation of dam Natural terrain (such as rock, sand or clay) on which the dam is built.

HYDROELECTRICITY

examples of dams arch dam Its curvature allows most of the water’s thrust to be transmitted to the usually narrow valley slopes supporting it.

cross section of an arch dam

reservoir Basin formed by the construction of a dam; it holds back a very large volume of water so that the flow rate can be controlled. cantilever Imaginary vertical element that is used to calculate the arch dam (usually by breaking it down into horizontal arches and vertical .r'cinmp\;or pipmpnt';'!

|iL‘ti|ihi^ial joint Material that fills the space between the dam and the pulvino over the entire length of the structure it allows the structure to transmit the thrust of the water to its lateral supports. pulvino Supporting mass of the dam foundation that bears its weight and transmits it to the ground. afterbay Area of the watercourse where water is

gravity dam Its huge mass resists the thrust of the water to prevent it from overturning or sliding; this type of dam is usually used to hold back large volumes of water.

cross section of a gravity dam

top of dam Upper part of the dam that usually contains a roadway.

ENERGY

reservoir Basin formed by the construction of a dam; it holds back a very large volume of water so that the flow rate can be controlled.

ii|)stieaiii face Dam face on the reservoir side.

(lo'.vnstieam face Usually sloping dam face on the afterbavside.

afterbay Area of the watercourse where water is discharged after passing through the turbines.

cut-off trench Watertight structure that extends the foundations of the dam into the ground; it limits leakage and infiltration under the dam.

6B1

HYDROELECTRICITY

steps in production of electricity I In a hydroelectric power plant, water is turned into electricity, which is carried to consumers along a transportation and distribution network.

energy integration to the transmission network

energy transmission at the generator voltage

The electricity produced is integrated into the network.

Electric power produced by the generator is transmitted to a transformer at the power plant outlet.

high-tension electricity transmission supply of water

Basin created by building a dam, which holds back a large volume of water.

Using high-voltage lines to transmit electricity over long distances reduces the strength of the current and, as a result, energy losses.

voltage increase

At the outlet end of the power plant, the transformer increases the voltage; this reduces energy losses during transmission over long distances.

voltage decrease

Before integrating the electricity into the distribution network, the voltage is progressively decreased to 240 V. transmission to consumers

ENERGY

The electricity is carried to areas of consumption by low-voltage distribution lines.

head of water

The dam raises the water level to create a vertical drop along the length of the penstock.

transformation of mechanical work into electricity

production of electricity by the generator

The generator converts water power into electricity.

water under pressure

The water takes on energy as it flows down the penstock and is carried with force to the turbine.

The generator produces electricity through the movement of the rotor in the stator.

rotation of the turbine

Flowing water applies pressure to the turbine’s blades to make it turn.

turbined water draining

After passing through the turbine, the water rejoins the watercourse.

I BB2

transmission of the rotative movement to the rotor

The movement of the turbine is transmitted to the rotor by the shaft.

HYDROELECTRICITY

electricity transmission EiBctricity is carried by overhead and underground iines; due to high cost, underground iines are used mainly in cities. overhead connection medium-tension distribution line

Overhead line that distributes electricity at a voltage between 750 and 50,000 V; its conductors are located at the top of electricity poles.

insulator

hot line connector

Linking piece with a bolt, which is tightened to bring together two conductors to establish an electric connection between them.

Piece of nonconducting material that connects the distribution line • conductors to the support.

The equipment and overhead conductors that connect a subscriber’s electric system to the public distribution network.

brace

Slanted part that connects the pole to the crossarm to hold it in place horizontally.

crossarm

Horizontal element located at the top of an electricity pole; insulators are attached to it.

fuse

Protection device for the electric circuit; it falls from the fuse holder to cut the current in the event of a surge.

lightning arrester

Device that protects the electric facilities from power surges caused by lightning.

fuse cutout

Unit that consists of a fuse and a fuse holder.

bushing

Insulator and point where the current enters the medium-tension transformer.

fuse holder

Electric junction point where the fuse is attached and on which it articulates so the fuse can fall over.

transformer

Device that alters electric voltage; _ voltage is decreased before being--"' distributed by low-tension lines to areas of consumption.

terminal

insulator

supply point

low-tension distribution line

Part on which low-tension 'distribution line conductors are joined to the transformers.

Overhead line that distributes electricity up to a Place where the customer’s service voltage of 750 V; its conductors are located entrance is connected to the lowtension distribution line. under the transformer.

Piece of nonconducting material that connects the distribution line conductors to thesuoDort. pylon

overhead ground wire

Metal beam that supports the electric conductors along the overhead transportation lines.

Conductor that is connected to the ground and attached above the bundles of the-overhead lines to protect them from lightning, crossarm

■ground-wire peak

Horizontal element that protrudes on each side of the pylon; it supports the bundles by means of suspension insulator strings.

Projection atop the pylon that supports the overhead ground wire. ENERGY

pylon window pylon top

Space bounded by the inner side of the arms of the K-frame and the beam gantry.

Upper portion of the pylon where "the insulator strings and bundles are attached,

K-frame beam gantry

Part of the pylon that rests on the waist; it has two branches that end at the beam gantry.

Horizontal element of the pylon 'top; it supports the bundles inside the pylon window.

waist

suspension insulator string

Demarcation bar between the pylon ^ top and body that is held tightly between them.

Insulators that are assembled in a vertical or oblique chain; the overhead line conductors hang from it.

node

■bundle

Point at which several legs and-'' bars come together,

Conductor cables that are kept a constant distance apart by spacers; they are used to transport current.

panel

Part of the pylon between two horizontal members.

pylon body

Part of the pylon support between the top and the foot.

horizontal member'

Horizontal bar that connects the main legs to strengthen them.

pylon foot

main leg

base width

The main tower legs of the pylon body; they support mainly vertical weights.

Space between the foundation axes of the main legs.

diagonal

Lower part of the pylon that is usually underground; the legs are anchored to it.

Diagonal bar that connects two main legs or a horizontal member and a main leg. 663

HYDROELECTRICITY

tidal power plant I Plant that harnesses tidal power (the motion of the rising and falling tides) to produce electric power. inactive dike

Part of the dam made up mainly of rocky material; it is built between the plant and the operating dam to separate the basin from the sea. ■

gate operating dam

Structure with gates that control the basin level in relation to the level of the sea.

bank

Strip of land bordering the sea.

Movable vertical panel that controls the rate of flow of the water between the sea and the basin.

sea

Vast body of saltwater at some distance inland: it is not as deep as' an ocean. power plant

Part of the dam housing bulb units that are powered by the rise and fall' of the sea to produce electricity.

lock

Structure with doors and gates that is built between the sea and the--., basin: it allows boats to pass from one level to the other.

administrative building

substation

The devices (such as transformers and changeover switches) that increasethe voltage of the electricity and carry it to the network. basin

ENERGY

Area in which water is stored at high tide: the basin empties out' through the penstocks at low tide.

cross section of a power plant

top of dam

Upper part of the plant: it usually has an access road.

basin side

At low tide, the sea is lower than the basin and it empties out: at ^igh tide, the action is reversed.

operating floor

Part of the plant that houses the equipment needed to operate the bulb units (including maintenance and control devices).-...

sea side

At high tide, the sea is higher than the basin and it fills up; at low tide, the action is reversed. access shaft

Vertical shaft connecting the operating floor to the generator sothat inspection and maintenance can be carried out. bulb unit

A turbine is connected by a horizontal axis to the rotor of a generator unit, which turns under the action of the tide. runner blade

Movable part that is fixed to the hub of the runner: it turns through the action of water power on it. I B64

turbine runner

Movable part of the turbine that converts energy from the water it receives into mechanical energy, which is transmitted to the generator’s rotor.

penstock

Channel that carries water to the plant turbines, from the sea to the basin or from the basin to the sea.

NUCLEAR ENERGY

production of electricity from nuclear energy A nuclear fission chain reaction is started and controlled inside the reactor to produce electricity.

dousing water tank Vat that contains water to cool the radioactive steam in the leactor in the event of an accident; this prevents a rise in pressure. containment building Concrete building used to collect the radioactive steam from the reactor in the event of an accident.

safety valve Device that lowers the pressure inside the reactor by discharging the radioactive steam to the containment building.

coolant Liquid or gas (including heavy water and carbon dioxide) that circulates inside the reactor; it harnesses and transports the heat released during fission of the fuel.

moderator Substance (ordinary water, heavy water, graphite) that slows the fastmoving neutrons emitted during fission to increase the probability of new collisions.

fuel Matter placed in the core of the reactor that contains heavy atoms (uranium, plutonium); energy is extracted from it by fission.

water turns into steam -The hot coolant heats the water of the generator and brings it to the boiling point.

fn YYorvn rk/vriri

■reactor Tightly sealed area where fission of the fuel is carried out in a controlled manner to release heat.

1®

fission of uranium fuel The nuclei of the atoms break up; this frees ■■ neutrons and releases energy in the form of heaf. sprinklers Devices that release water to condense radioactive steam.

heat production The fission of atoms releases intense heat (between 575°F and 925°F), which is transmitted to the coolant.

transfer of heat to water The coolant releases the heat given off by the fission of uranium to the steam' generator.

steam pressure drives turbine Steam from the steam generator turns the turbine runner, which is connected to the generate

ENERGY

hot coolant The coolant extracts heat from the fuel and carries it toward the steam generator.

cold coolant After releasing its heat to the steam generator, the cold coolant returns to the reactor.

turbine shaft turns generator The rotational movement of the turbine is transmitted to the generator’s rotor.

production of eiectricity by the generator The generator produces electricity through the movement of the rotor in the stator. electricity transmission Using high-voltage lines to transmit electricity over long distances reduces the strength of the current and, as a result, energy losses.

voltage increase At the outlet end of the power plant, the transformer increases the voltage; this reduces energy losses during transmission over long distances.

water is pumped back into the steam generator After passing through the turbine, water produced by the condensation of the steam returns to the steam generator.

condensation of steam into water At the turbine outlet, the steam cools and condenses into water.

water cools the used steam Cooling of the steam from the' turbine is done with river or lake water.

BB5

NUCLEAR ENERGY

fuel handling sequence I Uranium is made into pellets, which are pressed into fuel bundles to be used in the reactor and then stored in cooling bays^

equipment lock

loading area

Area through which equipment and fuel pass between the service building and the reactor building.

Area of the reactor building where new fuel is stored before being used.

reactor

Tightly sealed area where fission of the fuel is carried out in a controlled manner to release heat.

service building fueling machine

Remote-controlled device that inserts new fuel into the reactor.

Enclosure that contains the plant’s auxiliary systems such as storage and fuel decontamination equipment.

new fuel storage room

Enclosure where new fuel is stored before being introduced into the reactor building.

port

Tube used to insert fuel into the fueling machine.

accept machine

ENERGY

Remote-controlled cylinder that removes the spent fuel from the reactor and carries it to the discharge bay, spent fuel port

Tube used to reclaim spent fuel from the accept machine.

elevator

Mechanical device used to put spent fuel into the discharge bay.

discharge bay

reception bay

Water-filled basin that receives spent fuel as it exits the accept machine; the wafer acts as a protective barrier against the radiation emitted by the fuel.

Water-filled basin into which spent fuel from the discharge bay is carried.

failed fuel canning

storage tray

Failed fuel bundles are covered with a watertight casing.

Tray on which spent fuel is stacked.

transfer canal

Water-filled channel used to transfer the spent fuel mechanically from the reactor building to the service building tor storage. spent fuel storage bay

Water-filled basin where the spent fuel is stored for several years before it can be disposed of safely.

I B6B

canned failed fuel

Failed fuel bundles are stored in a water-filled basin.

failed fuel bay

Water-filled basin in which failed fuel is stored.

NUCLEAR ENERGY

fuel bundle Fuel pencils that are grouped in parallel for introduction into the reactor.

pressure tube

Tube that holds the fuel bundles and circulates the coolant at a preset pressure. spacer

Part that is soldered to the cladding of the pencils to maintain a preset distance between them.

end plate

Metal grille that is soldered to the ends of the pencils to keep them in

pencil

Watertight metal cladding in which fuel pellets are loaded.

bearing pad

Metal part that is soldered to the pencils around the circumference of the bundle; itis used as a support surface as they are introduced into the pressure tube.

pencil

Watertight metal cladding in which fuel pellets are loaded.

end cap

Cylindrical part soldered to the_ ends of the cladding of the pencil’ to make it watertight.

end plate

fuel pellet

Metal grille that is soldered to the ends of the pencils to keep them in place.

Small quantity of fuel that consists of powder pressed into a sheathing tube and then inserted into the metal cladding of the pencil.

nuclear reactor Tightly sealed area where fission of the fuel is carried out in a controlled manner to release heat.

ENERGY

reactor building

Concrete structure surrounding the reactor vessel; it is a protective barrier against radioactivity. fuel pellet

containment building

Small quantity of fuel that consists of powder pressed into a sheathing tube and then inserted into the metal cladding of the pencil.

Concrete structure surrounding the reactor vessel; it is a protective barrier against radioactivity.

fuel bundle

Fuel pencils that are grouped in parallel for introduction into the reactor.

spent fuel storage bay

Water-filled basin where the spent fuel is stored tor several years before it can be disposed of safely.

pressure tube

reactor vessel

Tube that holds the fuel bundles and circulates the coolant at a preset pressure.

The core of the nuclear reactor consists of tubular spaces where fission is produced and the coolant and moderator circulate. BB7

NUCLEAR ENERGY

nuclear generating station I Plant that produces electricity from thermal energy generated by the fission of fuel atoms in a reactor.

reactor building airlock

Secure area where equipment and personnel can pass safely through the reactor building spent fuel discharge bay

Water-tilled basin that receives spent fuel as it exits the accept machine; the water acts as a protective barrier against the radiation emitted by the fuel. turbine building

Enclosure housing the devices (turbines and generator) used to ’ produce electricity. generator

Turbine-powered rotating machine that converts mechanical energy into ■ electric energy to direct it toward a transmission network. turbine

Machine in two sections whose steam-activated runner transmitsmechanical energy to the rotor shaft of the generator.

transformer

ENERGY

Device used to alter the electric voltage; the voltage is increased atthe station outlet in order to carry the current over long distances.

condenser

Water collected from the water table flows in a circuit to cool the steam from the turbine and condense it into water. low-pressure steam inlet

Heated steam is reinjected into the turbine, where it releases its remaining energy.

condenser water outlet

Water in the condenser returns to its original source. reheater

Device used to increase the temperature of the steam from thefirst section of the turbine to reinject it into the second section. turbine stop valve

Device that blocks steam from entering the turbine.

668

separator

high-pressure steam inlet

Device that removes any water from the steam to prevent damage to the turbine’s runner.

Steam from the steam generators is carried to the first section of the turbine; here, it cools down and loses some of its energy.

NUCLEAR ENERGY

nuclear generating station i

dousing water valve

steam generator

!: Device that releases water from the Idousing water tank in the reactor building to condense the radioactive steam,

Apparatus that turns water into steam, which in turn activates the turbine.

dousing water tank

Vat that contains water to cool the radioactive steam in the reactor in the event of an accident; this prevents a rise in pressure.

deuterium oxide upgrading

In power stations where heavy water is used as a moderator, a filter holds back steam (deuterium oxide) .at the mouth of the stack. reactor building

Concrete structure surrounding the reactor vessel; it is a protective barrier against radioactivity. steam generator room cooler

•Cooling system that controls the temperature of the room housing the generators.

spent fuel storage bay

■Water-filled basin where the spent fuel is stored for several years before it can be disposed of safely.

heat transport pump

Apparatus that circulates the coolant fluid between the reactor and the steam generator.

feeder header

- Large-diameter pipe that collects the coolant fluid at the reactor inlet and outlet.

reactor

Tightly sealed area where fission of the fuel is carried out in a controlled manner to release heat. calandria

Safety containment wall that separates the reactor from the rest of the building. ENERGY

fueling machine

■Remote-controlled cylinder used to load and unload the reactor.

control room

Area that houses the personnel and equipment used to operate and monitor the power station.

steam release pipes

All the pipes used to carry steam to the separator outlet. main steam header

• Device that collects and disperses steam from the steam generators.

main steam pipes

All the pipes used to carry steam to the steam generator outlet.

condenser cooling water inlet

Channel through which water from a watercourse is pumped into -the condenser. condenser backwash outlet

Channel through which condensed water from the steam in the turbine returns to the water table. condenser backwash inlet

- Inlet channel for the water needed for the condensation circuit of the steam in the turbine. condenser cooling water outlet

-Channel through which the water from the condenser returns to the watercourse from which it came. BBS I

NUCLEAR ENERGY

carbon dioxide reactor I D6velop6d for the most part in Groat Britain and France, it was replaced by the pressurized water reactor, which performs better and is less expensive.

fueling machine

Remote-controlled device that inserts new fuel into the reactor. concrete shielding

Concrete structure that holds back radioactive products in the event of an accident.

fuel; natural uranium Natural uranium: fuel extracted from mines: if consists of a mixture of three uranium isotopes (uranium-234,-235 and-238). control rod

carbon dioxide gas coolant

Carbon dioxide that recovers the heat from the reactor core and transfers it to the heat exchanger.

Tube that contains a neutronabsorbing material (boron, cadmium) that is introduced into the reactor core to control its power. reactor core

heat exchanger

Tubing system that is submerged in the hot carbon dioxide: here, water is turned into steam to power the turbine.-

Center section of the nuclear reactor where fission reactions take pibce.

moderator: graphite Moderator: medium that slows the speed of the neutrons to maintain a continuous chain reaction.

steam outlet

Water that has been vaporized in the carbon dioxide is carried to the turbine to produce electricity.-

blower

Device that circulates carbon dioxide In the reactor core.

feedwater

coolant; carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide: gas that is heavier than air and is produced by burning graphite.

Piping carries water from the condenser to the heat exchanger, where it is turned into steam.-

heavy-water reactor

ENERGY

I The advantage of this type of reactor is that it does not require fuel enrichment: it is used mainly in Canada, Argentina and India.

pump

Apparatus that circulates the coolant fluid between the reactor and the steam generator... control rod

Tube that contains a neutronabsorbing material (boron, cadmium) that is introduced into the reactor core to control its power,-,, pressurized heavy water

Heavy water that is heated in the reactor core is kept under pressure'''to prevent it from boiling.

steam generator

Device that uses heat from the 'coolant to turn water into steam to activate the turbine. concrete shielding

, Concrete structure that holds back radioactive products in the event of fuel; natural uranium an accident, Natural uranium: fuel extracted from mines: it consists of a mixture of three uranium isotope pressurizer (uranium-234, -235 and-238). Device that keeps the coolant water at a preset temperature to prevent it from boiling.

fuel

Matter that is placed in the reactor core: it contains heavy atoms (uranium, plutonium) from which power is extracted by fission.-., fueling machine

Remote-controlled device that inserts new fuel---. into the reactor. moderator tank

Steel tank that contains cold heavy water from the moderator.

safety tank

Tank where cold heavy water from the moderator flows to stop fission reactions in the event of an emergency. I B70

Steam from the generator is carried "to the turbine and generator to produce electricity.

feedwater

\ Piping carries water from the condenser to the steam generator, where it is turned into steam.

uVsn*’

moderator: heavy water Heavy water: water consisting of he hydrogen (deuterium) and oxygen: I slowdown neutrons.

uuiu iluavy water

A pumping system ensures that heavy water around the moderator tank circulates, cools and is -purified. coolant: pressurized heavy water Heavy water is kept at a set pressure to prevent it from boiling.

NUCLEAR ENERGY

pressurized-water reactor The most common type ot reactor in the world; water trom the coolant is kept under heavy pressure to prevent it from vaporizing.

concrete shielding Concrete structure that holds back radioactive products in the event of an accident.

ffi

fuel; enriched uranium Enriched uranium: uranium produced by treating natural uranium to increase the quantity of tissionable isotopes (uranium-253) contained in it.

pressurizer Device that keeps the coolant water at a preset temperature to prevent it from boiling. control rod Tube that contains a neutronabsorbing material (boron, cadmium)that is introduced into the reactor core to control its power.

moderator: natural water Natural water; water found in its natural state.

reactor core Center section of the nuclear reactor where fission reactions take place.

steam generator Device that uses heat from the coolant to turn water into steam to -activate the turbine.

steam outlet Steam from the generator is carried to the turbine and generator to produce electricity.

feedwater Piping carries water from the condenser to the steam generator, where it is turned into steam.

pump Apparatus that circulates the coolant fluid between the reactor and the steam generator. coolant: pressurized water ’ressurized water: natural water kept under a preset pressure to prevent it from boiling.

boiling-water reactor In this second most common reactor, boiling occurs directly in the reactor core; it is used mainly in the United States, Sweden and Japan, |

reactor tank Safety containment wall that separates the reactor from the rest of the buildino,-

fuel; enriched uranium Enriched uranium: uranium produced by treating natural uranium to increase the quantity of fissionable isotopes (uranium-253) contained in it.

moderator: natural water Natural water: water found in its natural state.

reactor core Center section of the nuclear reactor where fission reactions take place.

concrete shielding Concrete structure that holds back radioactive products in the event of an accident.

pump Device that continuously circulates water inside the reactor.

steam outlet Steam produced in the reactor tank is carried to the turbine to produce electricity.

control rod Tube that contains a neutronabsorbing material (boron, cadmium) that is introduced into the reactor core to control its power. dry well Compartment around the reactor tank; it holds back radioactive products in the event of an accident.

feedwater Piping that carries water from the condenser into the reactor tank, where it is converted into steam.

wet well Compartment containing water that reduces the pressure in the dry well -in the event ot an accident. coolant; boiling water Boiling water; natural water that boils and vaporizes on contact with the heat released by the fuel.

condensation pool Water-filled basin that is used to lower the pressure in -the reactor tank in the event of an accident. B71

SOLAR ENERGY

solar cell I Device used to convert solar energy directly into electric energy (photovoltaic effect).

solar radiation

Alithe electromagnetic wayes emitted by the Sun.

antireflection coating

Coating product that is deposited on the negative region to reduce light retlection and optimize solar radiation absorption.

metallic contact grid

Metal grille that collects the electric .•current being generated.

negative region

negative contact

Layer of semiconductive material (silicon) to which phosphorous is added to release electrons.-.,

Metal element that ensures that the electric current tiows through the -circuit to which it is attached.

positive/negative junction

Contact area in which electrons are exchanged between two layers to create an electric current; radiation moves the charges between these regions to create voltage. positive region

Layer of semiconductive material (silicon) to which boron is added--to produce a layer with insufficient electrons.

positive contact

Metal element that ensures that the electric current flows through the circuit to which it is attached.

flat-plate solar collector I Device that collects solar radiation and heats a coolant, which in turn will be used in residential settings to heat water or the home.

coolant outlet

solar radiatio/1

The coolant exits the collector at high temperature.(up to about 175°F) and is stored or used immediately.

ENERGY

All the electromagnetic waves eitjtted by the Sect.

glass

Translucent covering (glass tiberglas polycarbonate) that allows solar radiation to pass through the heat produced is trapped in the collector

frame

Collector's insulating case that is enclosed in glass.

flow tube

, Tube containing a coolant (water, air) that is used to recover and carry heat to the absorbing plate. absorbing plate

. Black metallic sheet that harnesses heat from solar radiation and transfers itfo the coolanf fluid. coolant inlet

Cold coolant flows into the circulation tubes to absorb the solar energy trapped by the collector.

insulation

Material placed on the back side ot the collector to reduce heat loss.

SOLAR ENERGY

solar-cell system Unit that is usually made up of 36 solar cells, each of which produces a voltage of 0.5 V; it is used to power low-voltage devices.

solar-cell panel Interconnected solar cells that are mounted onto a protective support; it usually produces between 15 and 20 volts. aglar radiatioii the el^^omagnetiAwaves emittea by the Sun^ glass Glass covering that allows solar radiation to passthrough.

energy-saving bulb Bulb whose electricity consumption is lower and its life longer than an incandescent bulb.

solar cell Device used to convert solar energy directly into electric energy (photovoltaic effect).

frame Sealed box that is encased in glass and contains the solar-cell panel. fuse Electric connection device devised for interrupting the current in the event of electric overload by melting one of its components.

diode Electronic component that ensures the current flows in one direction only; this prevents the system's battery from discharging overnight.

negative contact Metal element that ensures that the electric current flows through the circuit to which it is attached.

battery Unit that stores the electricity produced by the collector and retrieves it to power a device, here an incandescent lamp.

terminal box Box in which the electric cables powering the battery are connected to the collector’s positive and negative contacts. positive contact Metal element that ensures that the electric current flows through the circuit to which it is attached.

673

SOLAR ENERGY

solar furnace I Plant that concentrates solar radiation to reach very high temperatures (over 5,400°F) as part of a research effort to develop experimental materials (including astronautic materials and ceramics). solar radiation 'All the electromagnetic waves emitted by the Sun.

solar ray reflected

• Solar rays that reach the heliostats are sent to the parabolic mirror.

target area

Point where solar rays reflected by ■ •the parabolic mirror converge. furnace

Reaching temperatures of over 5,400°F, it is mainly used to ■process and develop materials. parabolic mirror

Curved mirror that concentrates the Sun's rays toward one point in the furnace (the target area).

tower hill

Heliostats are placed on slopes to prevent energy loss due to shade or the interception of reflected rays by neighboring mirrors.

reflecting surface

Polished metallized glass that receives solar radiation and direct it to the parabolic mirror.

Structure atop which the furnace is placed to collect luminous energy; it usually reaches a height of 65 ft.

bank of heliostats

Heliostats: remote-controlled adjustable mirrors that follow the Sun’s trajectory and concentrate solar radiation toward the boiler at the top of the tower.

^ production of electricity from solar energy ENERGY

I Heating the coolant directly with solar rays turns water into steam, which then turns the turbo-alternator to produce electricity. solar radiation

The Sun emits waves in the form of luminous radiation (41% visible light, 52% infrared light and 7% ultraviolet light).

coolant solar ray reflected

Solar rays trapped by heliostats are sent to the boiler.

Fluid (e.g., a mixture of melted salts) that traps the heat from concentrated solar radiation and carries it to the turbine.

boiler

Enclosure in which the concentrated heat from the Sun’s rays raises the temperature of the coolant.

tower

Structure atop whicti the boiler sits and collects -luminous energy; it can reach 325 ft in height. hot coolant

The coolant extracts heat from the boiler and carries it to the steam generator and turbine. turbo-alternator

_ Device that uses steam to convert the ■ mechanical force generated by the rotation of the turbine into electricity. transformer

Device used to alter the electric •voltage; the voltage is increased at the plant outlet in order to carry the current over long distances. electricity transmission network

Electricity is carried over vast distances by a network of cables that extends from the power plant to consumers. bank of heliostats

Heliostats: remote-controlled adjustable mirrors that follow the Sun’s trajectory and concentrate solar radiation toward the boiler at the top of the tower, I 674

pump

cold coolant

steam generator

Device that ensures that the cold After releasing its heat to the steam Device that uses heat to convert coolant liquid flows to the boiler. generator, the cold coolant returns water into steam to activate the to the boiler. turbo-alternator.

condenser

Circuit that cools the steam from the turbine and condenses it into water, which is reintroduced into the steam generator.

SOLAR ENERGY

solar house Solar energy can be used to heat and supply hot water to a home.

solar collector Device that traps heat from solar radiation and releases it to the coolant fluid. ventilation Piping that ensures that fresh air enters and stale air exits the home. Trombe wall Solar collector with double glazing on a wall that faces south; it is used to distribute heat in a room.

heat exchanger Device that transfers the heat produced by the collector to the home’s hot water system.

filter Device that holds back impurities , contained in the pool water.

pool Man-made basin designed for swimming.

ENERGY

heat exchanger Apparatus used to release the heat \ of the coolant liquid generated by \ the collector to the home’s water system. expansion tank Reservoir for absorbing water expansion; it keeps the water pressure in the system steady. circulating pump Apparatus that circulates the cooled coolant from the heat exchanger to the solar collector.

service pipe Pipe connecting a public water supply to the house,

storage tank Insulated metal tank that contains clean hot water to be distributed in the home.

shutter Flap gate used to control the entry of heat into the home.warm air Air heated by solar radiation is introduced into the room by convection. air gap Space between the wall and the glazing in which airflows; as air heats up on contact with the wall, it rises naturally in this space. concrete wall Masonry structure that is about 15 in thick; it has a black surface to absorb heat from the Sun to heat the air.

water-heater tank Apparatus that produces clean hot water by gas or electric heating: this auxiliary system is used when there is insufficient sunlight, mainly in winter.

circulating pump Apparatus that ensures that the cooled water flows from the pool to the solar collector,

Trombe wall

solar radiation All the electromagnetic waves emitted by the Sun.

Solar collector with double glazing on a wall that faces south; it is used to distribute heat in a room.

double glazing Each of two glass plates placed in front of the concrete wall; they allow solar radiation to penetrate and retain the heat.

absorbing surface Black wall that catches solar radiation and converts it into heat. cold air Fresh air enters the home at the base of the air gap and is heated on contact with the wall.

675

WIND ENERGY

windmill Machine that converts wind energy into mechanical energy; it was used in the past to mill grain and pump water. tower mill

The tower mill appeared later than the post mill: it consists of a usually circular, stationary body and a roof that rotates with the help of a fantail.

cap

post mill

rotor

Movable upper part of the tower that contains the rotor; it turns to position the sails facing the wind.

The mill body pivots on a vertical axis when a tail pole is activated by the miller.

Part of the windmill that turns; it consists of rotating blades, which drive the windmill machinery.

stock

Wooden arm to which the sailframe is attached. sail

tail pole

Wooden structure that is attached to the stock; the force of fhe wind turns it to drive the rotor.

fantail

Orientation device that is attached to the cap, allowing it to rotate to keep the sails in the direction ot the wind.

Orientation device opposite the rotor; it is activated by a winch and turns to keep the sails in the direction of the wind.

hemlath

Thick wooden sailbar on the side of the frame that keeps the narrower sailbars inside the sail.

windshaft

Cylindrical part on which the sails turn; it transmits the movement of the rotor to the windmill machinery. sail cloth

Cloth attached to a sail that collects wind energy; a large sail cloth is used for weak winds and a small sailcloth for strong winds.

sailbar

Elongated piece of wood that forms asaii.

floor

Level for accessing the inside of the mill; grain is usually stored at its base. gallery

Passageway used to move around the mili fioor.

tower

Structure that supports the cap; it houses all the machinery for milling grain.

^ wind turbines and electricity production

frame

All the sailbars forming the outline of the sail.

post

Structure on which the windmill rests and turns.

steps

Structural element for accessing the inside of the windmill.

•

ENERGY

I Wind turbine: machine that harnesses energy from the wind and converts it into mechanical energy to activate the alternator.

vertical-axis wind turbine

guy wire

Wind turbine whose axis is perpendicular to the wind.

Cable that connects the top of the -vertical axis to a concrete base to hold the wind turbine in an upright position.

strut

Elorizontal piece that connects the blades to the central column to strengthen them.

central column

Vertical cylindrical part to which the blades are attached; the force of the wind on the blades causes it to rotate.

aerodynamic brake

Emergency braking system; it consists of shutters attached to the biades, which automatically deploy when the wind turbine gathers too much speed.

rotor

Rotating part of the wind turbine that is usually made up of two or three blades; its rotation drives the alternator to produce electricity. blade

Aerodynamic part that is attached to the central column; the force of the wind turns it to drive the rotor.

base

Structure that supports the wind turbine's rotor and houses the equipment used to produce electricity (including the gearbox and the alternator).

I 676

WIND ENERGY

wind turbines and electricity production

horizontal-axis wind turbine The most common type of wind turbine; its axis positions itself in the direction of the wind.

nacelle cross-section

anemometer

Instrument that measures wind speed using cups that rotate around a mobile shaft at varying speeds.

blade

Aerodynamic part that is attached to the hub; the force of the wind' causes it to rotate to drive the rotor.

wind vane

Instrument that indicates wind direction using a vane that rotates around a vertical axis. lightning rod

ball bearing

Metal rod that is attached to the -nacelle; it protects the wind turbine from lightning, which it directs toward the ground.

Part that consists of steel rings with steel balls inserted between them; it reduces friction as the shaft rotates.

alternator

Rotating machine that is driven by the high-speed shaft; it converts mechanical energy into electric energy and then directs it to the transmission network.

nacelle

hub

Metal structure that encloses and protects ■the main mechanical elements of the wind turbine (including the gearbox and the alternator).

Part of the rotor to which the blades are attached; it turns the low-speed shaft.

high-speed shaft

low-speed shaft

Cylindrical piece that transmits the ■ high-speed movement of the rotor to the alternator; it turns at about 1,500 rpm.

Cylindrical part that transmits the rotor hub’s movement to the gearbox; the low-speed shaft usually turns at 20 or 30 rpm. speed-increasing gearbox

Part that increases the rotational speed of the rotor to drive the alternator. tower

Tower that reaches 260 ft in height; it supports the nacelle and rotor and houses the electric cables.

production of electricity from wind energy Wind farms contain a group of wind turbines, which are driven by the wind; they produce electricity and carry it along the transmission and distribution networks to which they are connected.

horizontal-axis wind turbine

The most common type of wind turbine whose axis is parallel to the direction of the wind.

high-tension electricity transmission

voltage decrease

Using high-voltage lines to transmit electricity over long distances reduces the strength of the current and, as a result, energy losses.

Before integrating the electricity into the home network, the voltage is progressively decreased to 240 V.

transmission to consumers

The electricity is carried to areas of consumption by low-voltage distribution lines.

energy integration to the transmission network

The electricity produced is integrated into the network.

second voltage increase

first voltage increase

Increase in voltage; transformers carry high-voltage electricity produced by the alternator to reduce loss during transport. B77

T' I

test tube

Cylindrical tube used to conduct various chemical experiments on small quantities (normally, it is not filled above one-third).

stand

Petri dish

Unit consisting of a base and a rod; it supports various laboratory apparatuses such as burettes and flasks.

Flat transparent box for culturing microorganisms; it has a cover to protect them from contamination.

SCIENCE

gas burner

Device that is fueled by gas to produce a flame for heating chemical products.

bottle

Container of various sizes and shapes and usually with a straight neck for holding liquids.

wash bottle

Flexible container that is squeezed lightly to squirt a liquid; it is used especially for cleaning equipment (test tubes, pipettes).

round-bottom flask

beaker

Erlenmeyer flask

Spherical container used mainly for boiling liquids.

Graduated container with a spout; it is used to create reactions (precipitation, electrolysis) and to measure approximate amounts of liquid.

Graduated cone-shaped container that is used very frequently in laboratories; it can have a stopper and is used especially for mixing and measuring liquids. B85 I

PHYSICS; MECHANICS

gearing systems I Mechanisms consisting of toothed parts that mesh to transmit the rotational motion of the shafts they are a part of.

oyiinui lUdl pdll UIdl lldllSieiS lUe

rotational movement of one part to • another. gear tooth Protrusion on the gear wheel; the teeth of one wheel enter the gaps of another wheel to form a gearing system. rack and pinion gear Gearing system converting a rotational movement into a horizontal movement (and vice versa); it is often used in the steering systems ot automobiles.

toothed wheel Wheel with teeth that mesh with the teeth of another wheel to transmit rotational movement to it.

double pulley system Sed

spur gear Most common gearing system linking two parallel shafts that changes the speed and force of a rotation; it is used especially in automobile transmissions.

bevel gear Gearing system linking two shafts at right angles that changes the direction of rotation; it is used especially in car jacks.

worm gear One-way gearing system (only the screw can drive the wheel) for slowing down the speed of rotation between two perpendicular axles; it is used especially in the automobile industry (Torsen differential).

" two pulleys with a rope running around them to lift a load. Using two or more pulleys reduces the amount of effort'

pulley Device with a grooved wheel (sheave wheel) around which a rope passes to transmit the effort exerted on the load.

rope Cord that slides on the pulley and is pulled to lift the load.

SCIENCE

effort Force exerted on the pulley’s rope to lift the load.

load Weight whose inertia exerts a force opposite to the force exerted on the rope.

lever I System consisting of a bar pivoting on a fulcru.m to lift a load. The amount of effort required is related to the position of the pivot and the length of the bar.

bar Rigid moving bar around the fulcrum on which an effort is exerted to lift the load.

effort Force exerted on the lever bar in order to shift the load.

I B8B

PHYSICS: ELECTRICITY AND IVI A G N E T I S IVI

magnetism Action exerted by magnets and magnetic fields and phenomena. Magnetism can be characterized by the forces of attraction and repulsion between two masses.

repulsion

Force by which two bodies push against each other. Two poles of the same orientation (both positive or both negative) repulse each other. north pole

End of the magnet from which field lines originate and around which the exterior magnetic action is intense.

neutral line

Line separating the north and south lines of the magnet and exhibiting no magnetic phenomena.

magnetic field

magnet

Area around the magnet where magnetic forces represented by lines of force are exerted, resulting in electron movement.

Body producing an exterior magnetic field; it attracts iron, nickel and cobalt as well as their alloys.

field line

Imaginary line representing the direction of the magnetic forces between the north and south poles. south pole-

End of the magnet to which the field lines are directed and around which the exterior magnetic action is intense.

attraction

Force by which two bodies are pulled toward each other; opposite poles attract each other.

parallel electrical circuit It is divided into independent branches, through which the current flows with partial intensity (in a series circuit, all the elements receive the same intensity). battery

i SCIENCE

cells

Devices that transform chemical energy into electric energy in order to power electric devices (here, a lightbulb).

Device composed of one or more interrelated cells; each one accumulates a reserve of electricity whose purpose is to supply electricity to the circuit.

negative terminal

Polarity element of the battery from which the current flows through the circuit.

positive terminal

Polarity element of the battery toward which the current flows through the circuit.

switch

Mechanism allowing the current in an electric circuit to be established or interrupted.

direction of electron flow

power source

The current leaves the battery by the negative terminal, flows through the circuit to power the lightbulbs and returns to the battery by the positive terminal.

Electrons move from the negative terminal toward the positive terminal; this is opposite to the conventional direction of the current, which flows from the positive toward the negative.

bulb

Gas sealed in a glass envelope into which the luminous body of a lamp is inserted. node

Junction point of two or more branches in the electric circuit.

branch

shunt

It enables each device to have its own circuit ■and to function independently. This way, if one lightbulb does not function, the current continues to flow in the rest of the circuit.

Part of the circuit between two consecutive nodes; it constitutes an independent electric circuit.

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PHYSICS: ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM

generators I DevicGs thst conv6rt mGchanical oncrgy (h6rG, a shsfts rotational motion) into olGctric GnscQy by moving a coil insid6 a mapriGt (electromagnetic induction). dynamo Continuous generator of electric current; it is used, tor example, on bicycles for lighting.

field electromagnet

Fixed electromagnet made up of an iron bar and coils; when exposed to an excitation current, it creates a magnetic field. armature

Moving part of the dynamo that is made up of a coil, which produces-, an electric current as it rotates inside the field.

shaft

Cylindrical part that transmits a rotational motion to the dynamo’s armature.

fan wheel

Device with blades that circulates air to cool the dynamo.

commutator

Conductive plates that are insulated from each other and connected to the field coil; they collect and rectify the induced alternating current. coil

Conductive wire that is rolled around -the armature cylinder, which rotates in the magnetic field produced by the inductor to create an electric current. brush

Conductor that rubs against the commutator plates and transmits the continuous current produced by the dynamo to an exterior circuit.

SCIENCE

alternator Generator of alternating current that is used especially in the automobile industry (powering electrical devices) and in power houses.

frame

Metal casing that houses the magnetic field.

armature winding

Conductive wire on the armature; the rotor moves in front of it to produce an alternating current.

armature core

claw-pole rotor

Fixed cylinder with a winding; the rotor turns within it to produce the electric current.

Moving cylindrical part made up of a field winding between two pole shoes; it creates the rotating magnetic field required to operate the alternator.

fan wheel

Device with blades that circulates air to cool the alternator.

brushes

Conductive-parts that rub against -the collector rings and transmit the current produced by the alternator to an outside circuit.

collector rings

Insulated conductor collars that are ■connected to the coil of the field; they gather the induced alternating electric current.

shaft

Rod that is rotated by the pulley, which in turn causes the claw-pole rotor to rotate.

field winding

Conductive wire on the cylinder ■rotor; when exposed to an excitation current, it creates a magnetic field. drive pulley '

Mechanical unit integrated with the shaft; it is rotated by a belt that is connected to an engine. frame

Metal casing that houses the magnetic field.

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PHYSICS: ELECTRICITY AND IVl A G N E TI S IVI

dry cells Devices that transform chemical energy into electric energy (direct current); they usually cannot be recharged and the electrolyte is fixed in place. carbon-zinc cell Battery that produces 1.5 V (also called Leclanche); its use is very widespread (pocket caiculators, portable radios, alarm clocks).

alkaline manganese-zinc cell High-performance battery that produces 1.5 V and has a longer life span than the carbon-zinc cell; it is used in devices such as flashlights, portable CD players and camera flash units.

sealing plug Material that seals the battery. positive terminal Polarity element of the battery from which the current flows. washer Disk that compresses the depolarizing mix.

top cap Upper metal cover; the positive terminal is located at its center. electrolytic separator Porous paper combined with a chemical paste (ammonium chloride) that separates the two electrodes; this allows electrons to pass, thus conducting electricity.-,.

zinc-electrolyte mix (anode) Substance that is made up of zinc and electrolyfe (potassium hydroxide); it constitutes the positive electrode (anode).

sealing material Material (nylon) that seals the battery.

electron collector Zinc rod that is connected to the bottom cap; it collects the electrons from the anode that are attracted to the cathode.--

steel casing Covering that protects the battery..

jacket Battery’s protective plastic casing.

separator Porous paper combined with a chemical paste (potassium hydroxide) that separates the two electrodes; this allows electrons to pass, thus conducting electricity.

carbon rod (cathode) Carbon rod set in the depolarizing mix; it constitutes the battery’s negative electrode (cathode) collecting the electrons returning from the circuit,

manganese mix (cathode) Substance made up of manganese dioxide and carbon; it constitutes the negative electrode (cathode).

depolarizing mix-■ Mixture of carbon and manganese dioxide that augments conductivity by acting as a barrier to polarization.

sealing plug Material that seals the battery.

zinc can (anode) ' Zinc receptacle that constitutes the battery’s positive electrode (anode). bottom cap Lower metal cover; the negative terminal is located at its center,

negative terminal Polarity element of the battery toward which the current flows.

bottom cap Lower metal cover; the negative terminal is located at its center.

direction of electron flow When a chemical reaction occurs, the electrons move from the negative terminal toward the positive terminal, thus creating an electric current.

The scientific study of the behavior of the electron and its applications, such as computers, medicine and automation. printed circuit board Usually plastic insulated card with holes containing electronic components; the circuit is printed on its surface.

ceramic capacitor Component with two conductive plates (silver, copper) separated by an insulator (ceramic); it stores weak electric charge.

plastic film capacitor Commonly used component with two conductive plates (aluminum, tin) separated by an insulator (plastic); it stores electric charge.

electrolytic capacitors Polarized components with two conductive components (aluminum, tantalum) separated by an insulator (electrolyte); they store strong electric charge. integrated circuit Miniature electronic circuit made up of a large number of components (such as transistors and capacitors); it is created on a semiconducting wafer usually made of silicon.-...

packaged integrated circuit Integrated circuits are used especially in microprocessors, stereo equipment, calculators, watches and electronic games.

lid Cover that protects the integrated circuit in its package.

wire Conductive element that connects the circuit components to a connection pin.

packaged integrated circuit Electric circuit under a plastic or ceramic, casing; it has pins for connecting it to the circuit board. printed circuit All of the conductive metal bands on an insulated base (card), which connect a circuit’s components and allow a current to flow through it.

resistors Electronic component that ■"regulates the amount of current flowing in a circuit. dual-in-line package Most common type of package currently in use for integrated circuits; it usually has between eight and 48 pins, which are evenly distributed along each side of the package.

connection pin Metal part that connects the integrated circuit package with the metal bands of the printed circuit to which it is soldered. B89

SCIENCE

electronics

PHYSICS; OPTICS

electromagnetic spectrum I Electromagnetic waves that are classified in ascending order of energy (frequency); they propagate al the speed of light (300,000 km/s).

microwaves Short electromagnetic waves; their many applications include radar detection and microwave ovens. radio waves Very long electromagnetic waves (about 1 meter) having low frequency: they are used to transmit information (television, radio).

ultraviolet radiation Electromagnetic waves used especially to tan skin and in microscopy, medicine and lighting (fluorescent tubes).

infrared radiation Electromagnetic waves emitted by warm objects; their many uses include heating, medicine, aerial photography and weaponry.

X-rays Electromagnetic waves used especially in radiology; frequent exposure can be harmful.

gamma rays Electromagnetic waves of very high frequency that are emitted by radioactive bodies; they are the most radiant and harmful rays and are used especially in treating cancer.

visible light Electromagnetic radiation that is perceived by the human eye and ranges from red to violet.

wave I Oscillation caused by a disturbance; as it propagates through a medium (mechanical waves) or a vacuum (electromagnetic waves) it carries energy. displacement Gap in relation to the mean position.

crest • Highest point of the wave.

SCIENCE

trough Lowest point of the wave.

wavelength Distance between two consecutive crests or troughs; it corresponds to the distance traveled by the wave over time (its period). amplitude Maximum displacement of a wave -in relation to its mean position; it corresponds to the amount of energy transmitted.

mean position Horizontal line around which the wave oscillates, carrying energy.

propagation Motion of a wave leaving its source.

color synthesis I Technique of generating color by combining light rays or subtracting them to obtain a colored image. additive color synthesis The superimposition of primary colors (blue, green and red) is used especially in electronic screens (television, computer, video) to obtain intermediate tints.

blue

cyan

blue

-green

magenta

white

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yellow

subtractive color synthesis The absorption of certain light rays (blue, green, red) by colored filters (yellow, magenta, cyan) is used in industries such as photography, film production and printing to obtain intermediate tints.

black

red

PHYSICS; OPTICS

Vision Ability to perceive shapes, distances, motion and colors; it is related to light rays and varies depending on the degree of sensitivity of the eye. retina Inner membrane at the back of the eye covered in light-sensitive nerve cells (photoreceptors); these transform light into an electrical impulse that is carried to the optic nerve.

object Light rays emanating from an -object pass through the eye’s various media to form an inverted image on the retina.

focus Point where light rays converge to form an image; the brain interprets the retina’s upside-down image as right-side-up.

light ray Line along which light emanating from an object propagates. The retina converts light rays into nerve impulses, which are then interpreted by the brain.

lens Transparent elastic area of the eye; focuses images on the retina to obtain clear vision.

vision defects Images do not form on the retina, thus resulting in blurry vision; such defects are corrected by eyeglasses, contact lenses or even surgery. astigmatism Usually caused by a curvature of the cornea, it is manifested by blurred vision when viewing both near and far objects, depending on various axes.

hyperopia The image of an object is formed behind the retina due to a defect in the light rays’ convergence as they pass through the lens. This makes near objects hard to see.

myopia The image of a distant object is formed in front of the retina due to a defect in the light rays’ convergence. This makes distant objects hard to see.

normal vision The image of an object is formed on the retina after passing through the lens, which, depending on the distance of the object, expands or contracts to give a sharp image.

cornea Transparent fibrous membrane extending the sclera and whose curved shape makes light rays converge toward the inside of the eye.

::i focus Point where light rays converge to form an image; the brain interprets the retina’s upside-down image as right-side-up.

focus Point where light rays converge to form an image; the brain interprets the retina's upside-down image as right-side-up.

convex lens Corrects hyperopia by causing light rays emanating from an object to converge and project an image onto the focus of the retina.

focus Point where light rays converge to form an image; the brain interprets the retina’s upside-down image as right-side-up.

toric lens Has various powers depending on the rays’ axes of convergence; it is used to offset the visual distortion caused by the cornea.

lenses Transoarent pieces of material (usually glass) that cause light rays to converge or diverge to form a sharp image (eyeglasses, microscopes, ^ telescopes, cameras). converging lenses Thicker in the center than on the edges; they cause parallel light rays emanating from an object to converge onto the same point.

diverging lenses Thicker on the edges than in the center; they cause parallel light rays emanating from an object to diverge.

biconvex lens Lens with both faces bulging outward. positive meniscus Lens where the concave side (curving inward) is less pronounced than the convex side ■•(bulging outward).

plano-concave lens Lens with one flat side and one concave side (curving inward).-

concave lens Lens with one side curving inward; the greater the curvature, the more the light rays diverge.

plano-convex lens convex lens Lens with one side bulging outward; the greater the bulge, Lens with one flat side and one convex side (bulging outward). the more the light rays converge.

biconcave lens Lens with both sides curving inward.

negative meniscus Lens where the concave side (curving inward) is more pronounced than the convex side (bulging outward). 691

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concave lens , Corrects myopia by causing light rays emanating from an object to diverge and project an image onto the focus of the retina.

PHYSICS: OPTICS

pulsed ruby laser I Device that produces a thin and very intense colored light beam; its various applications include fiber optics, manufacturing and surgery.

reflecting cylinder

cooling cylinder photon

Energy particle that emits the rubychromium atoms as they are excited by flashes in the tube.

Laser’s metal casing whose inside is polished so that it reflects the light toward the ruby cylinder.

Casing in which water generally circulates to cool the ruby cylinder, which becomes very hot as it produces the beam.

fully reflecting mirror

laser beam

Reflects all the light energy toward the partially reflecting mirror. The reflection between the mirrors intensifies the light to form a highly concentrated beam.

Straight and powerful monochrome light beam that is emitted by the' device. partially reflecting mirror

Its partial transparency allows light beams to escape.

flash tube

ruby cylinder

Lamp that acts as an energy source by emitting a flash of white light, which excites the ruby atoms and causes them to emit photons.

Ruby bar (crystallized alumina) that contains chromium atoms. It has mirrors at each end. which form the amplification medium to produce the laser beam.

prism binoculars Optical instrument made up of two identical telescopes, one for each eye; it magnifies both near and distant objects.

eyepiece

Optical disk or system of disks through which the eye sees the image produced by the lens.

focusing ring

Ring on each eyepiece for manually correcting for the difference between the user’s eyes.

lens system

Optical system made up ot a set of lenses through which iight passes to transmit a magnified image of an object to the eye.

central focusing wheel

Focusing ring for both the objective lenses; it is used to manually adjust the sharpness of the image.

Porro prism

Dual-prism system (blocks of glass at right angles) found in most binoculars; it diverts thelight rays toward the eyepiece to correct the inverted image formed in the objective lens. hinge

bridge

Mechanism for adjusting the distance between the eyepieces to the user’s eyes.

Part of the frame joining the two telescopes.

body

Cylindrical body of the binoculars that houses the optical system and through which the light rays pass.

SCIENCE

objective lens

Lens that captures the light from the observed object and causes it to converge to form a magnified inverted image.

^ telescopic sight I Optical instrument mounted on a rifle or a measuring device to increase accuracy.

elevation adjustment

Button for positioning the sight vertically to offset any divergence of the target from the reticle. dovetail

Device for mounting the telescopic sight onto a device or firearm.

winding adjustment

Button for positioning the sight horizontally to offset any divergence of

field lens

Lens placed between the objective and the eyepiece to widen the field of vision.

erecting lenses

eyepiece

Lens system that returns the inverted image formed on the objective lens.

Optical disk or system of disks through which the eye sees the image produced by the lens.

objective lens

Lens that captures the light from the observed object and causes ifto converge to form a magnified inverted image. main scope tube

Cylindrical body of the telescopic sight that houses the optical system and through which the light travels. I 692

turret cap

reticle

Part covering and protecting an adjustment button.

Optical system made up of two fine crossed wires to create a precise point as a sighting reference.

PHYSICS; OPTICS

magnifying glass and microscopes Optical instruments used to magnify the image of a near object; they range in strength from low (magnifying glass) to strong (microscope), eyepiece System of lenses that acts as a magnifier; the eye looks through it to see an enlarged image of the image produced by the objective.

revolving nosepiece Rotating plate to which objectives of different powers are fixed to allow them to be used in succession during a study.

microscope Optical instrument that consists of a system of lenses designed for observing organisms that are very small or invisible to the naked eye by magnifying their images.

draw tube Cylindrical tube that houses the microscope’s eyepiece; it is often made up of two converging lenses.

stage clip Springlike metai blade that keeps the glass slide on the stage.-,, objective Lens system that captures the light from an observed object and makes it converge to form an enlarged inverted image,

coarse adjustment knob Medium-precision focusing device for adjusting the distance between the objective and the object under study. ■fine adjustment knob Fligh-precision focusing device tor adjusting the distance between the objective and the object under study.

glass slide Fine glass plate on \A/hich the-... object to be studied is placed. stage Metal plate with an opening in the middle; the glass slide and the--"' components keeping it in place are placed on it.

arm Vertical part of the microscope that supports the components (draw tube, stage) and contains the focusing mechanisms.

condenser ■ Optical system that is usually made up of two lenses, which concentrate the light reflected by the mirror onto the object under study. magnifying glass Converging lens that magnifies the image of an object.

base Support that stabilizes the microscope.

mirror--' Polished glass surface that reflects the surrounding light onto the object under study to illuminate it. draw tube One of two cylindrical tubes that - house the eyepieces; it is often made up of two converging lenses.

eyepiece System of lenses that acts as a magnifier; the eye looks through itto see an enlarged image of the image produced by the objective.

binocular microscope body tube Its two eyepieces allow both eyes to be fully applied; this provides a Metal casing that houses the degree of depth to the image and microscope’s two eyepieces and prevents eyestrain. through which light rays pass. revolving nosepiece Rotating plate to which objectives of different powers are fixed to allow them to be used in •succession during a study.

objective Lens system that captures the light from the observed object and---makes it converge to form an enlarged inverted image.

mechanical stage Adjustable part with two guiding - screws that moves an object from right to left and from front to back on the stage. stage Metal plate with an opening in the -middle; the glass slide and the components keeping it in place are placed on it.

stage clip Springlike metal blade that keeps--' the glass slide on the stage.

-fine adjustment knob Fligh-precision focusing device for adjusting the distance between the objective and the object under study.

glass slide ' Fine glass plate on which the object to be studied is placed.

coarse adjustment knob Medium-precision focusing device tor adjusting the distance between the objective and the object under study.

condenser adjustment knob Screw that centers the condenser’s light beam in the field of vision by moving it along a horizontal plane.

field lens adjustment Device with a variable-diameter opening that adjusts the amount of light illuminating the object. base lamp Support that stabilizes the Electric device that produces a light microscope, beam to illuminate the object under study.

SCIENCE

limb top Upper part of the arm that supportsthe revolving nosepiece.

arm Vertical part of the microscope that - supports the components (draw tube, stage) and contains the focusing mechanisms.

condenser Optical system that usually has two lenses to concentrate the light emitted from the lamp onto the object under study.

mechanical stage control Device for raising and lowering the mechanical stage.

condenser height adjustment Screw for raising and lowering the condenser,

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PHYSICS; OPTICS

magnifying glass and microscopes ^ cross section of an electron microscope Electron microscope; it uses an electron beam (as opposed to light) to provide magnification that is markedly superior to that of an optical microscope.

electron beam

electron gun

Set of negatively charged particles 'that propagate toward the specimen.

Device that usually consists of a tungsten filament that is heated to produce an intense electron beam, w/hich illuminates the specimen.

electron beam positioning

vacuum manifold

Control that positions the electron beam along the optical axis so that it reaches the specimen.

Conduit connected to a pump that creates enough of a vacuum in the microscope that it can function.

beam diameter reduction condenser

The two lenses of the condenser cause the divergent electron beam emitted by the gun to converge.

System of magnetic lenses (electromagnets producing a magnetic field when excited by an electric current) that concentrates the beam onto the specimen under study.

focusing lenses

aperture changer

System of magnetic lenses (electromagnets) that concentrate the electron beam on one spot on the specimen.

Device that adjusts the diaphragm opening in--"' order to change the diameter of the beam. aperture diaphragm

Device with an opening whose diameter can be changed to narrow--''” or widen the diameter of the electron beam.

visual transmission

The electron beam explores the surface of the specimen, which in turn emits electrons to form a pointby-polnt image on the screen.

stage

Adjustable metal plate (stage) on which the specimen is mounted in order to study it.---

vacuum chamber

Part of the microscope in which pressure can be reduced so that the electrons can move. liquid nitrogen tank

electron microscope elements

--Reservoir containing nitrogen to cool the spectrometer.

SCIENCE

spectrometer

instrument for determining the chemical composition of a specimen.-

electron gun

control visual display

Device that usually consists of a tungsten filament that Is heated to produce an intense electron beam, which illuminates the specimen.

Screen that displays the' Image of the specimen eniarged and in relief (as a result of a surface scan by the beam); as well as data on the microscope’s operations. data record system

Instrument for saving data pertaining to the microscopic analysis onto'media such as videocassette and DVD.

specimen chamber

Part of the microscope in which a specimen is placed for observation.

vacuum system console

Compartment housing the vacuum system.

specimen positioning control

Buttons for precisely lining up a specimen in relation to the axis of the electron beam.

control panel

Console containing buttons for-'' operating the microscope. photographic chamber

Photographic device that prints an .image of the specimen onto a” sensitive surface. I 694

MEASURING DEVICES

measure of temperature _ Temperature: physical quantity corresponding to the level ot heat or cold, which is measured by means of a thermometer. | thermometer Instrument tor measuring temperature by means ot a substance (usually a liquid or a gas) contained in a graduated tube.

expansion chamber Space that is taken up by the gas in thecapillary bore; it is pushed back as the mercury rises into it.

Celsius scale Temperature scale that is based on a graduation from 0 (freezing point of water) to 100 (boiling point of water); it was formerly called the centigrade scale.

Fahrenheit scale Temperature scale that is used in some English-speaking countries, on which the freezing point of water is at 32 and the boiling point at 212.

C degrees Symbol representing a unit of measurement on the Celsius scale (Celsius degree).

F degrees Symbol representing a unit of measurement on the Fahrenheit scale (Fahrenheit degree).

clinical thermometer More precise than the alcohol thermometer, it is used to take the temperature of the human body; it is graduated from 94°F to 108°F.

capillary tube End of the glass tube in which the mercury rises or falls with the temperature; the mercury thermometer tube is tilled with gas. scale Divisions of equal length (degrees) marked on the thermometer that constitute the units of measurement.

column of mercury Quantity ot mercury that is contained in the capillary bore; its height varies with the temperature. alcohol column Quantity of alcohol that is contained in the glass tube; its height varies with the temperature.

stem Glass tube containing the capillary bore. constriction Narrowing that prevents the mercury from spontaneously dropping into the bulb as the temperature lowers (the thermometer must be shaken to make it go down). mercury bulb Glass reservoir containing mercury (a liquid metal) that expands and rises in the capillary tube as the temperature rises.

alcohol bulb Glass reservoir containing colored alcohol (methanol, ethanol) that expands and rises in the capillary bore as the temperature rises.

pointer Metal needle connected to the shaft that indicates the temperature on' the dial.

bimetallic thermometer Thermometer that uses the difference in expansion of two metals (usually iron and brass) to measure temperatures between 30°C or 86°F and 300°C or 375F°; it is used especially in industry.

Graduated face with a pointer in front to indicate the temperature.

case Outer covering that encloses and protects the device’s mechanism.

bimetallic helix Band made by welding together two metals with different coefficients of expansion; it curves as the temperature changes.

caused by heat.

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IVIEASURING DEVICES

measure of time

Time: physical quantity corresponding to a phenomenon or an event that is measured with devices such as watches and Stopwatch Instrument that precisely measures lime in minutes, seconds and fractions of seconds.

ring

■Round part for holding or hanging the stopwatch.

minute hand

T, mgiiai watch The time is read from letters and numbers that appear on a clear background.

start button

Metal needle that indicates minutes on a dial graduated from 0 to 30 minutes.'.

Knob that is pushed to start the stopwatch and measure the duration of a phenomenon or event.

reset button

stop button

Button that is pushed to return thestopwatch’s hands to 0.

Knob that is pushed to stop the hands, which then display the precise amount of elapsed time.

second hand

Metal needle that indicates the 60 equal divisions (seconds) of a minute by moving in small jumps.

liquid-crystal display

Crystal that darkens when submitted to electrical current and displays the shapes of letters and numbers.

1/10 second hand

case

Metal needle that indicates the 10 equal divisions of a second on the dial.

mechanical watch Set of geared wheels that reduce the force transmitted by a spiral spring to cause the watch’s hands to rotate.

Outer covering that encloses and protects the device's mechanism. analog watch The time is displayed by hands, which move around the dial.

dial

Graduated face over which the hands move to indicate the time.

fourth wheel

Wheel that transmits energy to the third wheel. third wheel

Wheel that receives energy from the fourth wheel and drives the center wheel.

Very hard stone (formerly a ruby, today a rock crystal) that resistswear; the rotation axle of a wheel rests on it.

winder

SCIENCE

escape wheel

• Part that rewinds the mechanism, consisting of a series of wheels.'

Last wheel of the gear train with special teeth that causes the watch to operate regularly and continuously; it controls the movement of the other wheels. hairspring

Flat spiral spring that causes the wheels of a watch to move over a certain period of time.

- ratchet wheel

Toothed wheel having only one direction of rotation; it is kept in place by the click.

center wheel

Wheel that is connected to the hands and causes them to rotate on the dial. sundial Vertical or horizontal face with divisions that correspond to the hours of the day, which are indicated by the shadow of a gnomon cast by the Sun.

crown

click

Knob with sprockets that is connected to the winder; it is used to manually wind the watch andseti its time.

Small lever that is engaged -between the ratchet-wheel teeth and prevents it from rotating counter to its normal direction. strap

Leather, fabric, plastic or metal bracelet with a clasp; it is used to hold a watch on the wrist.’

gnomon

Part aligned with the Earth’s axis; its shadow indicates the time as it moves over the sundial.

dial shadow

Dark area that results when the gnomon blocks the sunlight and indicates the time in accordance with the position of the Sun.

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■■

Face marked with numbers over which shadows are cast by the gnomon to indicate the approximate time of day.

IVIEASURING DEVICES

measure of time grandfather clock

Clock with a pendulum that is operated by weights and housed in a tall (usually over 2 m high) straight body, which stands upright on the floor.

pediment

Set of decorative moldings that surmount the clock.

body Moon dial

Usually wooden box that houses and protects the clock’s mechanism.

Face divided into 291/2 days that is represented by a moon whose movement indicates the phases of the Moon; first quarter, full moon, last quarter, new moon.

hour hand minute hand

Metal needle that points at the 24 hours of a day on the dial.

Metal needle that points at the 60 minutes of an hour on the dial.

dial

weight

Graduated face over which the hands move to indicate the time.

Fleavy body that hangs from the main wheel; its descent provides the necessary energy for the clock’s mechanism.

pendulum

Unit whose regular swinging motion controls the workings of the clock’s mechanism.

chain

Series of interlaced rings to which weights are attached.

plinth

Base that supports the clock and makes it stable.

weight-driven clock mechanism pinion

suspension spring

Small wheel with teeth that is mounted on a shaft and transmits the rotational movement of one wheel to another.

This clock is operated by weights that, under gravity, drive the hands of the clock in their rotational movement by means of a gear train.

pallet

Anchor-shaped part that frees and constrains the escape wheel’s teeth to maintain the pendulum’s backand-forth movement.

escape wheel

Small rigid plate from which the pendulum hangs.-

SCIENCE

Last wheel of the gear train with special teeth that causes the clock to operate regularly and continuously and controls the movement of the other wheels. spindle

fork

Cylindrical part that transfers the ' rotational movement of one part to another.

Part that is operated by the escape wheel to cause the pendulum’s movement.center wheel

third wheel

Wheel that is connected to the hands and causes them to rotate on the dial.

Wheel that receives energy from the center wheel and drives the -escape wheel.

click

Small lever that is engaged between the ratchet-wheel teeth and prevents it from rotating counter to its normal direction.

minute hand

Metal needle that points at the -60 minutes of an hour on the dial.

pendulum rod hour hand

Rigid bar to which the pendulum bob is attached.

-Metal needle that points at the 24 hours of a day on the dial.

winding mechanism

'■'.. Device that raises the weights to start anew the cycle of the clock’s mechanism.

pendulum bob

Weight attached to the end of the--' pendulum rod. main wheel

First wheel in the gear train that transmits the driving force of the weights to the other wheels to turn them.

ratchet wheel

Toothed wheel having only one direction of rotation; it is kept in place by the click.

weight

Fleavy body that hangs from the main wheel; its descent provides the necessary energy for the clock's mechanism.

drum

Cylinder around which the weights’ cord or chain winds when the clock is rewound. 697

MEASURING DEVICES

measure of weight I Mass, physical quantity that charact6rizes an amount of matter (mass) that is measured by means of a scale. beam balance Compares the mass of a body with that of another body of known mass (weight): when two pans hanging from a bar (beam) are in balance, the two weights are equal.

beam Horizontal metal bar that balances on a vertical axis and has pans hanging from each end.

pan Flat rigid support that holds either the body to be weighed or the weights.

unequal-arm balance Scale used for weighing loads that has a beam with arms of different lengths; the shorter arm supports the pan and the longer arm supports the weights that slide to attain a balance. vernier . Small graduated dial that slides along the beams and provides a very precise reading of the mass.

weight Piece of metal, such as copper or iron, of known mass that is placed on a pan to balance the scale and thereby assess the corresponding mass of a body.

slirjing weight Sliding part that is moved along the beams until a balance between the two masses is attained.

notch Groove in which a sliding weight catches so that a precise reading on the graduated scale can be taken.

rear beam Rigid metal bar along which the sliding weight slides to provide a relatively precise reading of the mass.

iMuyin^iio uaiii|jitiy oyoiciil

Device made up of magnets that reduce the beams’ oscillations when the weights are moved to provide a quick reading of the mass

pan hook Curved part from which the pan is hung by means of rods.

SCIENCE

front beam Rigid metal bar along which the sliding weight slides to provide a very precise reading of the mass.

graduated scale The divisions of equal length marked on the scale's beam that constitute the units of measurement.

base Support that provides stability to the scale.

pan Flat rigid stand on which the body to be weighed is placed.

Roberval’s balance Commonly used scale that operates on the same principle as the beam balance: the pans are stabilized by a shank and rest on the beam.

pointer Metal needle that indicates the point of equilibrium on the dial when the beam is level.

dial Graduated surface with a pointer in front that indicates the point of equilibrium for the two pans.

weight Piece of metal, such as copper or iron, of known mass that is placed on a pan to balance the scale and thereby assess the corresponding mass of a body.

pan Flat rigid support that holds either the body to be weighed or the weights. beam Horizontal metal bar that balances on a vertical axis and supports a pan on each end. base Support that provides stability to the scale.

I 698

IVIEASURING DEVICES

measure of weight spring balance Scale made up of a hook attached to a spring that stretches in proportion to the weight of the object being weighed.

weight

Liquid crystal display that showsthe weight of the item.

electronic scale Commercial scale that weighs and calculates the price of a quantity of merchandise and displays these elements.

ring

Round part for holding or hanging the spring balance.

unit price

Liquid crystal display that shows theunit price of an item. display

pointer

Each of the three liquid crystal displays that show various numericinformation (e.g., weight, unit price and total price).

Pointer connected to the spring that moves along a graduated scale to indicate the weight of the body being weighed. graduated scale

total

platform

The divisions of equal length that are marked on the spring balance and constitute the units of measurement.

Liquid crystal display that shows the price of each weighed articleand, at the end of the transaction, the total price of all purchases.

Flat rigid surface on which the items to be weighed are placed.

hook

Curved part on which the body to be weighed is hung.

function keys

Set of keys that perform various operations (e.g., data entry, calculations and printing receipts).

product code

Key with a number that corresponds to the code assigned to a product.-

numeric keyboard

Set of keys with numbers and symbols that are used especially toenterthe unit prices or codes of items.

analytical balance Used especially in the laboratory for taking very precise weight measurements.

digital display

Liquid crystal display that indicates the weight in numbers. glass case

Glass box that protects the pan from air currents and dust that might cause a false reading of the weight.--

i door access

Sliding doors that provide easy^ access to the inside of the glass case.

pan-

Flat rigid support on which the specimen is placed.

weighing platform

Flat base that a person stands upon to be weighed.

leveling screw

Screw for adjusting the level of the balance’s base.-

699

■ SCIENCE

bathroom scale Scale used for weighing a person; it has a spring mechanism that compresses in proportion to the weight.

printout

Paper on which various data are printed (e.g., the weight, quantity and price of the items weighed).

MEASURING DEVICES

measure of length I Length: the longer dimension of an object as opposed to its width.

ruler Instrument for measuring length. TT

rt-rr-f—,—,—

scale

The divisions of equal length that are marked on the ruler and constitute the units of measurement.

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25 ■

26 .

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measure of distance I Distance: interval separating two points in space. pedometer Device that counts the number of steps taken by a walker or runner to measure the distance traveled.

reset button

Key used to reset the counter to 0. distance traveled

Number of steps taken by the walker or runner converted into miles.

clip

Metal fastener for attaching the pedometer to a belt or article of clothing.

step setting

case

Button for adjusting the average length of a step in the walk or run.

Outer covering that encloses and protects the device’s mechanism.

measure of thickness

SCIENCE

I Thickness: dimension corresponding to the distance between two surfaces of the same body.

vernier caliper Precision instrument for measuring the thickness and diameter of mechanical parts.

clamping screws

Screws that lock the vernier and the clamping block in their final positions in order to preserve the measurement obtained.

main scale clamping block

Part that chocks the vernier against the part to be measured.

vernier

The divisions marked on the vernier to obtain tine measurements.

Small graduated rule that slides along the ruler and is used to read very precise measurements. fixed jaw

Tapered part at the end of the ruler that supports the object to be measured: the object is place between the two jaws, which are gently tightened.

vernier scale

fine adjustment wheel

The divisions of equal length that are marked on the vernier and constitute the units of measurement.

Thumbwheel for making very fine adjustments to the sliding jaw’s position.

ruler

Graduated instrument ending in a fixed jaw that measures the thickness or diameter of an object.

sliding jaw

Tapered part attached to the end of the vernier that slides along the ruler to the object to be measured. micrometer caliper Instrument that measures the thickness or the diameter of relatively small parts; it produces finer results than a vernier caliper.

finely threaded screw

Screw driven by the ratchet knob that moves the spindle against the object to be measured. ratchet knob

Part that stops the finely threaded •screw when the pressure on the object being measured is sufficient. frame

fforseshoe-shaped part that supports the anvil and a graduated device from which the measurement is read.

I 700

anvil

Cylindrical part that is attached to the frame of the micrometer to support the spindle object to be measured; the object is placed between the anvil and the spindle. Cylindrical end of the finely threaded screw.

thimble

Graduated cylindrical part that is activated by the finely threaded screw and measures the thickness with precision.

MEASURING DEVICES

measure of angles Angle: figure formed by two intersecting lines or planes; it is measured in degrees. | theodolite

Sighting instrument that is used especially in astronomy, geodesy and navigation for measuring horizontal and vertical angles.

alidade Part of the theodolite that rotates on a vertical axle to [measure angles by means of the telescope.

adjustment for vertical-circle image Knob that adjusts the sharpness of the image of the vertical circle (graduated from 0° to 360°) in order to read the angles on the vertical axis.

micrometer screw Knob that adjusts the micrometer to give a very precise reading of the circles’ measurements.--,. adjustment for horizontal-circle image Knob that adjusts the sharpness of fhe image of the horizontal circle (graduated from 0° to 360°) in order to read the angles on the horizontal axis.

horizontal clamp Knob that locks the alidade to prevent it from rotating. leveling head level Transparent tube that contains liquid and an air bubble; it serves as a guide forpositioning the leveling head on the horizontal axis.

telescope Optical instrument composed of several lenses; it can be adjusted in the horizontal and vertical planes and is used to observe distant objects. illumination mirror Adjustable polished glass surface that reflects light onto the circles so that the angles can be read.

alidade level Transparent tube that contains liquid and an air bubble; it serves as a guide for positioning the alidade on the vertical axis.

leveling head locking knob 'Knob that locks the alidade to the leveling head.

leveling screw Screw that adjusts the theodolite's 'leveling head level on the horizontal plane. SCIENCE

leveling head Platform serving as a support for--' thetheolodite

optical sight Device \A/ith an eyepiece that precisely aims the telescope at the target whose angles are to be measured.

base plate Plate to which the leveling head is attached by means of three leveling screws.

bevel square

Instrument whose movable arms are used for measuring or for marking an angle.

for measuring and drawing angles,

701

(

SCIENTIFIC SYMBOLS

international system of units I Decimal system established by the 11th General Conference on Weights and Measures (GCWM) in 1960 and used by many countries^

measurement of frequency

measurement of electric potential difference

measurement of electric charge

measurement of energy

coulomb Amount of electricity carried in 1 second by a current of 1 ampere.

joule Amount of energy released by the force of 1 newton acting through a distance of 1 meter.

hertz Frequency of a periodic phenomenon whose period is 1 second.

volt Difference in potential between two points of a conductor carrying a constant current of 1 ampere when the power between these points is 1 watt.

measurement of power

measurement of force

watt Energy transfer of 1 joule during 1 second.

newton Force required to impart an acceleration oft m/sMoabody having a mass oft kg.

measurement of length

measurement of mass

measurement of electric resistance

measurement of electric current

ohm Electrical resistance between two points of a conductor carrying a current of 1 ampere when the difference in potential between them is 1 volt.

ampere Constant current oft joule per second in a conductor.

measurement of Celsius temperature

measurement of thermodynamic temperature

SCIENCE

meter Distance traveled by light in a vacuum in 1/299,792,458 of a second.

kilogram Mass of a platinum prototype that was accepted as the international reterence in 1889: it is stored at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures.

K degree Celsius Division into 100 parts of the difference between the freezing point of water (0°C) and its boiling point (100°C) at standard atmospheric pressure.

kelvin ZeTo Kelvin is equal to minus 273.16°C.

measurement of amount of substance

measurement of radioactivity

measurement of pressure

mol

mole Quantity of matter equal to the number ofatoms in 0.012 kg of carbon 12.

becquerel Radioactivity of a substance in which one atom disintegrates per second.

pascal Uniform pressure exerted on a flat surface of 1 m^ with a force of 1 newton.

candela Unit of light intensity equivalent to a radiant intensity of 1/683 watts persteradian (solid angle).

measurement of luminous intensity

biology I The scientific study of living organisms (humans, animals and plants) from the point of view of their structure and how they function and

O' male Symbol denoting that a being has male reproductive organs.

I 702

female Symbol denoting that a being has female reproductive organs.

Rh+

blood factor negative Individuals not carrying the Rh molecule (antigen) are Rh negative; the Rh factor plays an important role in pregnancy (the parents’ factors must be compatible).

blood factor positive Individuals are Rh positive when their red blood cells carry an Rh molecule (antigen); the Rh factor is positive in about 85% of the population.

death Symbol placed before a date denoting a person’s year of death.

birth Symbol placed before a date denoting a person’s year of birth.

SCIENTIFIC SYMBOLS

mathematics The science that uses deductive reasoning to study the properties of abstract entities such as numbers, space and functions and the I relations between them. *

■o^nne

minus/negative Sign denoting that a number is to be subtracted from another; the result is a difference.

plus/positive Sign denoting that a number is to be added to another; the result is a sum.

multiplied by Sign denoting that a number is to be multiplied by another; the result Isa product.

divided by Sign denoting a number (dividend) is to be divided by another (divisor); the result is a quotient.

equals Sign denoting the result of an operation.

is not equal to Sign denoting that the result of an operation is not close to the same value as the one on the right.

is approximately equal to Sign denoting that the result of an operation is close to the same value as the one on the right.

is equivalent to Sign denoting that the value on the left is the same magnitude as the one on the right.

is identical with Binary sign denoting that the result of the operation noted on the left has the same value as the operation noted on the right.

is not identical with Binary sign denoting that the result of the operation noted on the left does not have the same value as the operation noted on the right.

plus or minus Sign denoting that the positive and negative values of the number that follows bracket a range of values.

is less than or equal to Sign denoting that the result of an operation is equal to or of smaller magnitude than the number that follows.

is greater than Sign denoting that the value on the left is of greater magnitude than the number that follows.

is greater than or equal to Sign denoting that the result of an operation is equal to or of greater magnitude than the number that follows.

is less than Sign denoting that the value on the left is ot smaller magnitude than the number that follows.

empty set Sign denoting that a set contains no elements.

union of two sets Binary sign denoting that a set is composed of the sum of the elements of two sets.

intersection of two sets Binary sign denoting that two sets M and N have elements in common.

is included in/is a subset of Binary sign denoting that a set A on the left is part of the set B on the right.

percent Sign denoting that the number preceding it is a fraction ot 100.

is an element of Binary sign denoting that the element on the left is included in the set on the right.

is not an element of Binary sign denoting that the element on the left is not included in the set on the right.

square root of Sign denoting that, when a number is multiplied by itself, the result is the number that appears below the bar.

fraction Sign denoting that the number on the left of the slash (numerator) is one part of the number on the right of the slash (denominator).

I ■

factorial Product of all positive whole numbers less than and equal to a given number. For example, the factorial of 4 is: 41 = 1x2x3x4 = 24

integral Result of the integral calculation used especially to determine an area and to resolve a differential equation.

infinity Symbol denoting that a value has no upper limit.

Roman numerals

Uppercase letters that represented numbers in ancient Rome; they are still seen today in uses such as clock and watch dials and pagination.

V L fifty Letter whose value is 50 units.

ten Letter whose value is 10 units.

five Letter whose value is 5 units.

one Letter whose value is 1 unit.

one hundred Letter whose value is 100 units.

five hundred Letter whose value is 500 units.

one thousand Letter whose value is 1.000 units.

7G3

SCIENCE

sum Sign indicating that several values are to be added together (their sum).

SCIENTIFIC SYMBOLS

geometry I Mathematical discipline that studies the relations between points, straight lines, curves, surfaces and volumes.

degree Symbol placed in superscript after a number to denote the opening of an angle or the length of an arc, or in front of an uppercase letter to identify a scale of measurement.

minute Symbol placed in superscript after a number that denotes degrees in sixtieths of a measure.

second Symbol placed in superscript after a number that denotes degrees in sixtieths of a minute.

is parallel to Symbol denoting that two straight lines remain at a constant distance from one another.

is not parallel to Symbol denoting that two straight lines do not remain at a constant distance from one other.

right angle Angle formed by two lines or two perpendicular planes that measures 90°.

71 pi

perpendicular Symbol denoting that a straight line meets another at a right angle.

obtuse angle Angle between 90° and 180°.

acute angle Angle that is smaller than a right angle (less than 90°).

Constant that represents the ratio of a circle’s circumference to its diameter: its value is approximately 3.1416.

geometrical shapes I Drawings that represent various geometric forms such as straight lines, circles and polygons. examples of angles Angle: figure formed by two intersecting lines or planes; it is measured in degrees. obtuse angle Angle between 90° and 180°.

right angle Angle formed by two lines or two perpendicular planes that measures 90°.

SCIENCE

acute angle Angle that is smaller than a right angle (less than 90°).

plane surfaces Set of points on a plane that describes an area of space.

parts of a circle Circle: closed plane curve; all its points are the same distance from a fixed point (center). center Point located at the same distance from every point on the circle’s' circumference.

• Section of a circle between two points on the circle.

radius Line that joins a point on a circle’s circumference to its center; it is •one half of the diameter.

quadrant Quarter of a circle’s circumference; it corresponds to an arc of 90°.

sector Surface bounded by two radii and an arc of a circle.

diameter Line that connects two points on a circle’s circumference and passes' through its center.

semicircle A half circle that is delimited by its diameter.

circumference Length of a circle that corresponds to ■the product of its diameter and pi. I 704

SCIENTIFIC SYMBOLS

geometrical shapes polygons Geometric plane tigures with several sides and a number of equal angles.

i triangle Three-sided polygon; triangles are scalene (no side is equal to any other) isosceles (two sides equal) or equilateral (all sides equal).

square Equilateral rectangle with four right angles.

rectangle Quadrilateral whose opposite sides are equal in length; the sides meet at right angles.

rhombus Equilateral parallelogram.

parallelogram Trapezoid whose opposite sides are parallel and of equal length; the sides do not meet at right angles.

quadrilateral Any plane figure with four sides and four angles.

regular pentagon Polygon with five (penta = five) sides and equal angles.

regular hexagon Polygon with six (hexa = six) sides and equal angles.

regular heptagon Polygon with seven (hepta = seven) sides and equal angles.

regular octagon Polygon with eight (octo = eight) sides and equal angles.

regular nonagon Polygon with nine (nona = nine) sides and equal angles.

regular decagon Polygon with 10 (deca = ten) sides _ . and equal angles.

regular hendecagon Polygon with 11 (hendeca = eleven) sides and equal angles.

regular dodecagon Polygon with 12 (dodeca = twelve) sides and equal angles.

Quadrilateral with two sides (bases) that are parallel. It is isosceles when it has two sides that are equal and not parallel, and rectangle when two of its sides form a right angle.

solids Geometric shapes in three dimensions that are delimited by surfaces. SCIENCE

helix Volume or solid ot spiral shape that turns at a constant angle.

torus Volume or solid generated by the rotation of a circle at an equal distance from its center of rotation.

hemisphere Half sphere cut along its diameter.

sphere Volume with all the points on its surface the same distance from its center; the solid thus delimited is a round ball.

cube Volume or solid with six square sides of equal area and six equal edges; it has eight vertices.

cone Volume or solid generated by the rotation of a straight line (generatrix) along a circular line (directrix) from a fixed point (vertex).

pyramid Volume or solid generated by straight lines (edges) connecting the angles of a polygon (base) to the vertex and whose sides form triangles.

cylinder Volume or solid generated by the rotation of a straight line (generatrix) moving along a curved line (directrix).

parallelepiped Volume or solid with six sides (parallelograms) that are parallel in pairs.

regular octahedron Volume or solid with eight triangular sides of equal area; it has six vertices and 12 edges. 705

4**

h'!'

>5? T;!ir

Justice Densely populated urban area whose activities

728

The administration of law in a society.

All activities related to tbe management of

relate to commerce, industry and

assets and currencies.

administration.

Education

736

1 The art of educating and training an individual.

70B

I Economy and finance

Religion

739

Politics

The belief systems, dogma and rites that

The art and practice of governing states and

characterize a human being’s relationship with the sacred.

societies.

Collective environment inhabited by human beings and characterized by institutions, culture, a concern for the common good and collective security.

748

Weapons

764

Instruments or devices used for attack or defense.

Safety

775

The measures taken and the equipment used to ensure the protection of persons and goods.

Health The measures taken and the equipment used to ensure the physical and psychological well-being of the public.

784

Family Group of persons related through common ancestry or marriage.

CITY

metropolitan area Vast urban concentration consisting of a city and its suburbs.

village

A population center that is often rural and usually smaller than a' city. road

Communications route connecting two distant geographic points,' usually urban centers. golf course

Area of land designed for playing golf; it features a course of 9 or 18 holes.

airport

Location that contains all the technical and commercial facilities needed to support air traffic.

central business district

Area that contains the highest concentration of uildings in which the city’s economic activities are carried out. railyard

Set of tracks where freight trains are reconfigured to contain cargo cars with the same destination and then dispatched. factory

Industrial building where machines are used to process raw materials, manufacture products and produce energy.

railroad station

SOCIETY

Covered building for the public where trains and passengers arrive and depart.

warehouse

Building used to store--merchandise.

wharf

Docking area for watercraft: it is designed to allow passengers to--'"' embark and disembark and to load and unload cargo. convention center

Building designed to hold trade shows and fairs (auto shows, book' fairs, agricultural fairs, etc.). parking area-

Area for cars to park.

uuiiiaiiici

LCiiiMiid

Area with installations ant equipment to store, sort and bandit freight containers I 708

CITY

metropolitan area

track

A pair of parallel rails laid end to end and on which trains run. beltway

High-speed road that circles the downtown area, making it possible to divert traffic away from downtown or connect two outlying communities.

freeway

Large thoroughfare with separate one-way lanes and no crossing streets; reserved for high-speed traffic.

landfill

Site designated for waste disposal.

interchange

shupping mail

Covered space that houses retail stores, one or more megastores and various services such as banks and restaurants. residential district

Zone reserved almost exclusively for housing. SOCIETY

country

Land and housing outside an agglomeration.

commercial zone

Zone reserved almost exclusively for business.

suburb

Asmallercommunity withincommuting distance of a city.

stadium

Large building that is covered or uncovered and surrounded by grandstands; it contains a field used for athletic events. downtown refinery

Plant where substances such as sugar and oil are processed.

entral district of a city where the main cultural, economic and commercial activities are carried out. industrial area

Zone reserved almost exclusively for industry.

port'

Area designed for shipping activities.

sports complex

Installations (buildings, playing fields, etc.) that are used for participating in sports. 709

CITY

downtown I Central district of a city where the main cultural, economic and commercial activities are carried out.

central business district Area that contains the highest concentration of buildings in which the courthouse city’s economic activities are carried Building that houses the courts. out.

hotel Business establishment that lodges people for a fee. railroad station Covered building for the public where trains and passengers arrive and depart.

office building Building that houses professional and administrative offices.

opera house A theater that stages musical drama with orchestral accompaniment.

bus station Structures and facilities required for transporting people and cargo by bus. railroad track A pair of parallel rails laid end to end and on which trains run.

quadrangle A four-sided enclosure or court surrounded by buildings (classrooms, dorms, etc.).

university Buildings and campus that make up an institution of higher learning.

city hall Building that houses the municipal government.

SOCIETY

auditorium Establishment built to present plays, shows, dance performances, concerts and so forth.

bar Business establishment with a counter and often tables where alcoholic drinks are sold.

store Business establishrnen.f-where''^ merch^ndrseis'dlsplayed and sold, restaurant Business establishment where meals are served for a fee.

shopping street Main shopping artery.

liTOlIt 11 Hi?-

bank Establishment that provides a variety of financial services.

I 710

coffee shop Business establishment where beverages such as coffee and sometimes light meals are served for a fee.

subway station Structure and facilities that provide passengers access to the subway.

movie theater Establishment with auditoriums used for projecting films.

CITY

downtown

convention center

Vast building that houses the facilities required to stage a variety of evenfs and meefings.

educational institution

Building or complex of buildings housing educafional facilifies (school, junior college, university, etc.). boulevard

Broad often landscaped thoroughfare.

street

Thoroughfare built inside a city and usually lined with buildings. avenue

Thoroughfare broader than a street; it services a district or an area of a city. fire station

Building designed to house firefighters, fire trucks and fire.fighting materials. cemetery

Place where the dead are buried church

'Place of Christian worship. alley

Narrow road usually situated behind -buildings; an alley allows public service vehicles to pass (waste collection, fire trucks, etc.). apartment building

Building usually with several floors 'and containing individual housing units. police station

Building that houses crime prevention personnel and offices.

post office

Building where mail is processed and various postal services are offered to the public. ■service station

Commercial establishment comprising one or several gasoline pumps and carrying out general maintenance of vehicles. museum

Establishment where works of art and other objects of interest are stored and exhibited.

theater

Building designed to present dramatic performances.

SOCIETY

park

Area of a city usually where trees are planted; it is used for recreation or leisure. 'library

Building where items such as books, periodicals and audio materials are classified for consultation or loan.

supermarket

Large self-service retail market that sells a variety of food and household products. car dealer

Dealership where cars of a particular brand are sold; the owner often has exclusive selling rights to a given region.

hospital

Establishment where the sick are given medical and surgical care and where babies are born. 711

CITY

cross section of a street I Depiction of a network of cables and piping systems buried beneath a roadway.

median strip sidewalk

street light

Pedestrian walkway bordering a street,

Automated device used to illuminate a public thoroughfare.

traffic light

A strip separating traffic lanes that go in opposite directions: also called a center divider.

roadway

Surface upon which vehicles drive.

fire hydrant

Automated lighting device that controls traffic at some ,■ intersections. curb

A pipe connected to a water main; firefighters attach their hoses to it to supply their trucks.

Masonry construction bordering the roadway and built above it to control water flow. pedestrian crossing

manhole

^ Lane that is reserved for pedestrian 'traffic as indicated by stripes painted on the roadway at intersections.

Hole with a removable cover foraccessing the water mains.

storm drain

bus stop

.■Area where buses stop to let passengers on and off.

Conduit connecting a building’s downspout to the sewer.

barrier bus shelter

Movable fence placed across the roadway, sidewalk or elsewhere to redirect traffic.

Covered shelter for public transit users

SOCIETY

sewer

service mam

Pipe that collects wastewater and runoff and conveys them to the main sewer.

Extremely high-fiow pipe linked to smaller distribution pipes with far smaller volumes of flow.

traffic light

Automated lighting device that controls traffic at some intersections.

main sewer red light

The red traffic light means "stop”.

: I I

Large-diameter pipe that collects wastewater and sewer runoff and conveys them to a treatment plant.

gas main yellow light green light

The green traffic light means "go".

The yellow traffic light means to slow down and prepare to stop at an intersection.

Pipe that conveys gas‘to buildings and houses.

water main

Pipe that conveys drinking water to buildings and residences.

pedestrian light

Automated lighting device that controls pedestrian traffic at some intersections. pedestrian call button

Manual control used to obtain a green light.

I 712

electricity cable

■'Cable linking an electrical power station to its users. telephone cable

Cable linking atelephone exchange to its users.

CITY

office building Building that houses professional and administrative offices, |

panoramic window

Large window set into a wall; it provides a wide view of the surrounding area.

office tower

Tall building that houses otfices.

podium Broad spacious section of a building made up of one or more floors and located at the base of a building; the tower rises above it.

rotunda

Circular building often topped with a dome.

main entrance

commercial area

podium and basement

Covered or underground pedestrian walkway that is lined with stores. glassed roof

Large glassed surface forming the walls and roof.

public garden

Pleasure garden inside a building that is designed for relaxation. restaurant

Business establishment where meals are served for a fee. SOCIETY

street

Thoroughfare built inside a city and usually lined with buildings.

Motorized vehicle for city or intercity transportation of passengers who are standing or seated.

Installation that consists of articulated steps on a continuously turning chain; it allows movement between two levels of a building. subway

Underground or partly underground train that runs on electric tracks and serves a city’s districts.

delivery entrance

loading dock

escalator

bus

; ; i ; lobby

Concourse used to access other rooms as well as stairs and elevators.

Entrance that provides access to a building for purposes of unloading freight.

Installation used to handle and load freight.

elevator

Mechanical apparatus with a car that provides automated movement of people between the levels of a building.

parking

Area for cars to park,

713

CITY

shopping mall I Covered space that houses retail stores, one or more megastores and various services such as banks and restaurants.

electronics store Retail outlet that sells electronic goods such as televisions, stereos and videocassette recorders.,, jewelry store Retail outlet that sells articles made of precious metals and gems.-

restaurant Business establishment where meals are served for a fee.

clothing store Retail outlet that sells designer clothing that is less expensive than made-to-measure clothing.

bookstore Retail outlet that sells books.

leather goods store Retail outlet that sells items madeot leather.

pet shop Retail outlet that sells pets and petsupplies. gift shop Retail outlet that sells items for giving such as dishes, decorative objects and toys.

do-it-yourself store Retail outlet that sells the equipment and materials needed to-'' renovate, install or fix things around the house. toy store Retail outlet that sells children’s toys and board games.

bowling alley Establishment designed for bowling.

SOCIETY

bar Area with a counter and often tables where alcoholic drinks are sold. lingerie store' Retail outlet that sells undergarments and sleepwear for women.

perfume store Retail outlet that sells perfumes and beauty products.

pharmacy Retail outlet that sells medication and hygiene products.

hairdresser Retail outlet that specializes in hair care, cutting and styling. photographer Retail outlet that provides photography and development services and sells cameras and accessories. music store Retail outlet that sells CDs and cassettes.

I 714

travel agency Business that specializes in travel planning; the travel agency acts asan intermediary between the customer and the tour operator. smoke shop Retail outlet that sells tobacco, cigarettes and smoking accessories.

walkway Pedestrian concourse that provide access to stores on a level. movie theater Establishment with auditoriums used for projecting films.

CITY

shopp

■ -‘d

automated teller machine

(ATM) Machine used to obtain money using a debit card.

bank

dry cleaner

Establishment that provides a variety of financial services.

Retail outlet that specializes in cleaning and pressing clothes. loading dock

■Installation for unloading and handling crates of merchandise.

optician

- Retail outlet that sells eyeglasses and contact lenses. department store

Large store with sections for product - categories such as clothes and cosmetics; department stores are often anchor stores for the mall. coffee shop

Business establishment where -beverages such as coffee and sometimes light meals are served for a fee.

day-care center

Babysitting service provided while -parents do their shopping.

florist

Retail outlet that sells flowers and -ornamental plants. supermarket

Large self-service retail market that 'sells a variety of food and household products.

key cutting shop

- Business that specializes in making and selling keys.

home furnishings store

- Retail outlet that sells furniture and interior design accessories.

photo booth

Small booth equipped with an automated camera that takes fastdeveloping photographs. SOCIETY

information booth

Kiosk where customers can obtain information on where to find stores -and services in the shopping mall. pay phone

Telephone located in public places; - it functions when coins or payment cards are inserted into the phone box. newsstand

Retail outlet that sells newspapers 'and magazines. restrooms

••Rooms equipped with toilets and sinks. sporting goods store

shoe store

Retail outlet that sells sports articles such as sportswear, equipment and accessories. fast-food restaurant

Business that serves rapidly prepared food at popular prices,

bench

Long narrow unupholstered seat with or without a back, seating several people.

•Retail outlet that sells tootwear and related accessories. pastry shop

Business that sells bread, pastries and other goods that are sometimes baked on-site.

post office

Outlet where mall Is processed and various postal services are offered to the public. 715

CITY

department store I Large store with sections (departments) for various product categories such as clothes, stationery and cosmetics.

men’s underwear Section that sells undergarments for men,

women’s casual wear Section that sells women’s clothing for everyday wear.

women’s coats Department that sells women's outerwear, which closes in front and is worn to protect against the cold and inclement weather.

swimsuits Section that sells women's swimwear, which comes in one piece or two pieces (bikinis),--,.

checkout counter Counter where clerks record the details of each article bought, calculate the amount due, and collect the money or the credit card information.

women’s sweaters Department that sells women's clothing for the upper body in a variety of fabrics and stitch patterns,-,,

fitting room Area where customers can try on articles of clothing before they decide to purchase.

women’s sportswear

lingerie Section that sells women’s undergarments and stockings,women’s suits Section that sells women’s suits, which are made up of a skirt orpants and a jacket of the same fabric. women’s nightwear Section that sells women's clothing torindoor wear, including sleeping.

women’s shoes

men’s suits Section that sells men’s suits (pants, jackets, vests, etc,).

stockroom Room used to store merchandise. running shoes Section where running shoes made of leather or canvas and rubber aresold: running shoes are designed to be light and flexible.

men’s accessories Department that sells men’s articles such as belts, hats and scarves, ■

SOCIETY

men’s shoes

men’s pants mattresses and box springs Department that sells beds in various sizes. men’s shirts

neckties Section that sells neckties, which are worn under the collar for decorative purposes.

household linen Department that sells Items such as bathroom and kitchentowels, table linen and bedding.

audiovisual equipment Department that sells Items such as stereos, camcorders, televisions and videocassette recorders,decorative accessories Department that sells household ornaments.

kitchen articles Department that sells various, utensils, articles for baking,’ cookware, etc. receiving area Space designed to receive merchandise.

I 716

loading docks Installations used to handle and unload crates and pallets of merchandise.

major domestic appliances Section that sells kitchen and laundry appliances such as refrigerators, stoves, dishwashers, washing machines and dryers.

CITY

department store luggage Department that sells luggage used to carry various objects and travel effects ; ^ watches and jewelry I Department that sells watches and finely ! wrought ornamental objects made from : precious materials (e.g., gold, silver, ; precious stones). ;

women’s accessories Department that sells women’s articles such as belts, hats and scarves.

^ .••'

cosmetics Department that sells tacial beauty products used to bring out certain features and conceal blemishes.

perfume Department that sells perfume, which is diluted with water and ..-alcohol, as well as eaude toilette.

^ men’s nightwear Section that sells mens indoor clothing, men s sportswear including sleepwear. Department that sells men s clothing for participating in physical activities and .-informal wear.

,,-■■■ ..-•■

men’s sweaters Department that sells men’s clothing for ..■■•■'"the upper body that are made in a ...--■■ variety of fabrics and weaves.

men’s casual wear ■Section that sells men’s clothing for everyday wear. ...-children’s shoes

men’s coats Department that sells men’s outerwear, -which closes in front and is worn to protect against cold and inclement weather.

.- -girls’ wear size 7 to 17

boys’ wear size 7 to 17

boys’ wear size 2 to 6

■ -girls’ wear size 2 to 6

-children’s sportswear

■ baby wear

candies 'Department that sells candies and chocolate. checkout counter Counter where clerks record the details of 'each article bought, calculate the amount due, and collect the money or the credit card information. bathroom articles Section that sells accessories used to furnish and decorate a bathroom. stationery Department that sells office supplies.

toys Department that sells toys and educational games for children.

gifts Department that sells greeting cards and gift-wrapping paper.

■lobby The department store’s entrance area.

small domestic appliances Section that sells kitchen and household appliances such as food processors, toasters, vacuum cleaners and steam irons.

dinnerware, glassware and silverware Section that sells articles used to serve food and drinks.

717

CITY

convention center I Vast building that houses the facilities required to stage a variety of events and meetings.

banquet hall Large site used for assemblies, banquets, social events, etc.

control room Room equipped to control sound, lighting and projection.-

auditorium

Hall designed for the public to attend lectures and audiovisual presentations.

administrative offices

, •

SOCIETY

Rooms where tasks related to the management of the convention' center are carried out.

simultaneous interpretation booth

Room set aside for interpreters, who provide an oral translation of a conference.

management Office-

Office occupied by the person who manages the convention center’s various services.

meeting rooms-"'

Rooms used by small groups to hold meetings and discussions.

VIP lounge Room reserved for distinguished guests.

break-out room Room designed for working sessions involving small groups.

conference room Room that is big enough to hold a relatively large number of people.

I 718

CITY

convention center

organizers’ offices Meeting rooms used by a convention’s organizers.

exhibition stand Area where exhibitors showcase their products or services

movable panel Lightweight divider usually with feet that is used to enclose an exhibition stand. exhibit hall Hall where exhibition stands are set up

loading dock Installation used to unload crates and pallets containing convention articles, equipment, etc.

kitchen Room where meals are prepared

bar Area with a counter and tables where alcoholic drinks are sold

restaurant Business establishment where meals are served for a fee.

hall Large open space used to access other rooms.

SOCIETY

restrooms Rooms equipped with toilets and sinks.

cloakroom Space designated for storing clothes, hats, umbrellas and so forth.

information desk Kiosk that provides information on events and services at the convention center.

security service Room equipped with monitors where staff watch over the convention center’s various rooms.

ticket office Counter where admission tickets are purchased.

revolving doors Revolving doors composed of three or four glass wings that pivot around a vertical axis; they are pushed open like a turnstile.

entrance

719

CITY

restaurant I Business establishment where people pay to eat a meal prepared on the premises and served at their table; a restaurant’s quality and prices * vary depending on the menu.

store room Room for storing nonperishable items.

refrigerator Appliance that maintains an average temperature of 4°C; it is used for storing and chilling food..,

office Workplace tor administrative personnel.

refrigerated display case Refrigerated unit for storing cold dishes that are prepared in advance.

wine cellar Cabinet for keeping wine at constant temperature and humidity.

freezer Appliance that maintains an average temperature of -18°C; it\ freezes food to preserve it.

customers’ restrooms Rooms equipped with toilets and sinks.

wine steward Person in charge of the wine cellar; the wine steward helps customers choose a wine and sometimes serves it as well. service table Furniture used for making extra utensils available to staff so they can provide fast service. coat check Space near the entrance where customers check their coats, hats, umbrellas and such. !

buffet Table on which hot and cold dishes are made available so that people can serve themselves. maitre d’ Person who manages the reservation system, greets customers and supervises the dining room staff. staff entrance

SOCIETY

staff coatroom Room near the entrance where employees store their clothes, hats, umbrellas and such.

refrigerators Appliances that maintain an average temperature of 4°C: they are used for chilling and storing drinks. bartender Person responsible for preparing and serving drinks.

bar counter Raised narrow counter on which drinks are served.

bar stool Chair without arms that allows people to sit at the same level as the bar counter. bar Area with a counter and often tables where alcoholic drinks are sold.

pay phone Telephone located in public places; it functions when coins or payment cards are inserted into the phone box. customers’ entrance

booth Separate compartment for small groups.

dining room Room designed and furnished for serving meals; its decor often reflects the type of food served.

CITY

restaurant kitchen ^

Room where meals are prepared I under the direction of a chef who is assisted by a kitchen staff. hood Ventilation appliance expelling or recycling air that contains cooking fumes and odors. station chef Person in charge of preparing the various dishes on the menu; specialized staff such as the sauce cook, roast cook and pastry chef answer to the station chef.

pot-and-pan sink Sink in which pots and pans and related cooking utensils are washed.

dishwasher Appliance designed to automatically wash and dry dishes.

cleaning supplies Cupboard for storing cleaning products.

dishwasher Person in charge of washing cooking utensils and dishes.

work top Flat work surface designed primarily to prepare food.T

prerinse sink Sink in which dishes are rinsed before being placed in the dishwasher.

ice machine Appliance with a water source that makes and distributes ice cubes. dirty dish table

hot plate Element used to cook food.

busboy Person who clears the tables during and after service.

clean dish table

oven Appliance for cooking or heating food.

hot food table Counter for keeping dishes warm

SOCIETY

deep fryer . Utensil for deep-frying foods.

gas range Appliance for cooking food, equipped with gas-fed burners and an oven. waiter Person who takes the customers’ order, serves the meals and settles the check.

electric range Electric appliance for cooking food, equipped with surface elements or griddles and an oven. menu

Itemized list of dishes served in a restaurant.

chef Person whose main duties are to manage the kitchen staff, purchase supplies and plan menus. check

wine list

Itemized list of wines and spirits served in a restaurant. :

restauratTgll

Bill indicating the total amount to be paid by the customer.

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721

CITY

self-service restaurant I Restaurant with numerous food counters where customers can put together a meal of their choosing.

work top Flat work surface designed primarily to prepare food,

bread and cheese

hot food

sink Water-fed basin equipped with a drain; it is indispensable for cooking and cleaning tasks.

cooking utensils Utensils used for cooking food, especially in the oven or on the stove.

soup , cold room Refrigerated space forstoring--. perishables.

store room Room for storing nonperishable items.

hors d’oeuvres and cold food

salads

SOCIETY

self-service display case Unit for displaying hot and cold food, which customers serve themselves.

trays Flat rigid utensils for carrying--' refrigerator Appliance with two compartments, one for keeping food cold and the other for freezing it.

range hood Ventilation appliance expelling or recycling air that contains cooking fumes and odors.

silverware and napkins

counter Raised narrow table at which customers can eat.

range Electric appliance for cooking food.

cooking plate Element for cooking food.

I 722

cooking area All the equipment needed for preparing food.

stool Seat without arms or back where people sit at counter level.

CITY

self- service restau-a:

kitchen Room where meals are prepared.

glasses Receptacles tor drinking.

fruits and desserts

percolators Electric cotfee makers tor preparing large amounts of cotfee.

dishwasher Appliance designed to automatically wash and dry dishes.

glass washer Appliance designed to automatically wash glasses.

storage rack Unit for arranging and protecting .-various kitchen objects. soda fountain Device that dispenses nonalcoholic beverages made from carbonated •water, flavoring and sugar. condiments Natural or artificial substances used in "cooking to bring out the flavor in a dish or to complement it. cloakroom .....----Space for storing clothes, hats, umbrellas and so forth.

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-pay phone Telephone located in public places; it functions when coins or payment cards are inserted into the phone box.

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restrooms Rooms equipped with toilets and sinks.

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dining room Hall for eating meals.

microwave ovens Ovens made available to customers to warm up their meals.

'Checkout counter Counter where clerks record the details of each article bought, calculate the amount due, and collect the money or the credit card information. chair Seat consisting of a back and legs but no arms.

4 p

SOCIETY

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table Article of furniture consisting of a flat surface supported by one or more legs; people sit around it to be served.

garbage can Container in which leftovers are discarded.

723

CITY

hotel I Business establishment that lodges people for a fee. reception level The ground floor of the hotel. men’s room Men’s restroom equipped with toilets and sinks.

screen White screen on which images are projected.

dining room Flail for eating meals.

meeting room Room used by small groups to ..hold meetings and discussions.

ladies’ room Women’s restroom equipped with toilets and sinks,

kitchen Room where meals are prepared.

cocktail lounge Room where alcoholic beverages ...-■-■are served for a fee; people can sit at the bar or on couches around low tables.

food reserves Food stored for future use.

janitor’s closet Room for storing cleaning products and housekeeping supplies.

office -Workplace for administrative personnel.

loading dock Installation for unloading and"-' handling crates of freight.

stairs ""■■■Structural component enabling movement between floors.

laundryRoom where laundry is washed.

linen room Room for storing linens such as sheets and towels.

elevator Mechanical apparatus with a car ■■■that provides automated movement of people between the levels of a building.

lounge Room for waiting or relaxing.

hotel rooms Rooms designed to lodge people.

hall Concourse used to access other rooms as well as stairs and elevators.

single room Room that contains one bed and is designed for one or two people.

lobby Flotel entrance area.

desk Worktable that usually contains drawers. bedside lamp Movable light fixture with a sho'rt shaft that is used on a bedside -table.

double bed Large bed designed for two people. television set Receiving device that generates the sound and picture elements of programs--... broadcast by a television station or recorded on cassette or disc.

SOCIETY

front desk Customer reception area where reservations are taken, room keys are given out and hotel bills are paid.

telephone Device allowing the human voice to ■ be transmitted over a distance by means of a network of telephone lines.

mirror Polished glass surface that reflects light and images and used for--... purposes such as styling hair and applying makeup.

bedside table Small table placed at the head of a bed; it might contain one or more drawers.

bathroom Room designed for personal hygiene; it is equipped with running water and sanitary fixtures.

single bed Bed designed for one person.

sink Sanitary fixture in the form otabasin; it is used for washing.

love seat Sofa fhaf seafs fwo people.

toilet Sanitary fixture for disposing of bodily waste; it comprises a toilet bowl and a tank. bath and showerSanitary facilities for washing the body; one is an elongated tub and the other, a jet of water.

I 724

double room Room confaining fwo beds.

room number

door Opening connecting the hotel hallway to the room; it can be locked.

wardrobe Closet for storing clothes.

CITY

common symbols Pictograms used in public areas or along thoroughfares to advertise services or warn of prohibitions. |

men’s rest room

camping (trailer and tent)

women’s rest room

picnic area

no wheelchair access

wheelchair access

picnics prohibited

camping prohibited

camping (tent)

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cottee shop

restaurant

service station

tire extinguisher

SOCIETY

telephone

pharmacy

y—V TAXI

intormation

information

currency exchange

taxi transportation

725

JUSTICE

prison I Place of detention designed to hold people awaiting trial and people already serving sentences.

control of staff entries and exits Prison staff such as guards, cooks and educators are required to sign in and out.

workshop Area where inmates work in various fields such as carpentry, shoe repair and sheet metal.

chapel Place of worship.

staff entrance..

library--. Room where items such as books, periodicals and audio materials are classified for consultation or loan.

assistant warden’s office

office Workplace for administrative personnel.

visitors’ front office Reception area for people who want to see an inmate. -

visiting room Room set aside for visits; inmates and visitors are usually separated by a pane of glass.

visitors’ entrance

walk-through metal detector Visitors are required to walk through a magnetic device that detects thepresence of firearms or other metal objects deemed to be dangerous.

SOCIETY

visitors’ waiting room

coatroom • Space designated for storing clothes, hats, umbrellas and so forth. patrol wagon Vehicle for transporting prisoners.

garage Structure used for parking vehicles.

inmates’ entrance-

inmates’ admission office Room designed to receive and register new inmates.

I 72B

infirmary Premises equipped to provide medical care to inmates and to treat minor injuries. laundry Room where laundry Is washed.

kitchen Room where meals are prepared,

shower Sanitary fixture for washing the body under a spray of water.

JUSTICE

prison

gymnasium 'Hall for practicing indoor sports.

control center Surveillance station designed to provide guards with a view of the • entire prisoner area.

courtyard Uncovered area that is enclosed by ■ buildings or walls surmounted with barbed wire; the courtyard is used for outdoor activities.

classroom ' Room designed to provide formai education to a group of inmates.

indoor activity area •Games room equipped with table games, card games and such.

dayroom - Common room used by inmates to chat and watch television.

SOCIETY

multipurpose room Room that can be adapted fora number of uses, including shows and film screenings. isolation cell Windowless cell used to confine an inmate who has committed a serious offense.

picture window Opening containing a large window. control center Surveillance station designed to provide guards with a view of the entire prisoner area. grille Bars set inside a wall opening and used to close off a cell.

dining room Hall where inmates eat their meals.

barred window

Room used to hold one or more inmates.

727

JUSTICE

court I Place where trials are held before a judge and sometimes a jury to determine if a person accused of a crime is guilty or innocent. judges’ bench Judges preside over trials and ensure that proceedings are in accordance with the law; at the conclusion of a trial, the clerks’ desk judge delivers a verdict and a sentence if Table where clerks sit to record the the verdict is guilty. proceedings.

jurors’ room Room in which jurors deliberate: jurors are citizens selected at random, usually from voters' lists. toilet Premises designed to satisfy basic functions and equipped with toilets and sinks.

prosecution counsels’ bench Prosecuting attorneys ensure that laws are enforced on behalf of society: they attempt to prove that the accused is guilty. courtroom Area of the court reserved for the main players in a trial, including the judge, jury, accused and attorneys.

judges’ office Office used by judges to meet with assistants and attorneys and to prepare judgments.

jury box Box reserved for the jury, who deliver a verdict of guilty or not -guilty at the conclusion of atrial.

clerks’ office Duties of clerks include assisting judges, drawing up charges, informing judges of specific points of procedure and collecfing evidence.

witness stand ^ Stand from which a witness gives 'testimony or serves as an expert witness under oath. audience Witnesses and the public sit at the back of the courtroom; priority is given to family members of the accused and the victim.

SOCIETY

cells-’ Rooms where the accused are held while awaiting their court appearance.

security vestibule Corridorthat leads directly from--'’ the cells to the prisoner’s dock.

/ /

defense counsels’bench' Defense attorneys advise and represent the accused and attempt to prove the person's innocence

counsels’assistants Assistants help attorneys with tasks such as research, questioning witnesses and writing reports. ’HV

,, person alleged to have committed a crime remains during the trial.

lobby Court entrance area.

interview rooms Rooms in which attorneys consult with their clients.

examples of currency abbreviations I Currency abbreviation: abbreviation assigned to the currency of a country or group of countries; its reference value Is guaranteed by a competent authority, usually a central bank. cent A subdivision of certain currencies, including the dollar, the rupee and the shilling.

dollar Decimal monetary unit used in certain countries where English is spoken, including Canada, the U.S., Australia and New Zealand, I 728

euro The euro is the common currency of fhe countries that belong to the European Union; it was introduced in January 2002.

rupee The rupee is the currency of India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and the Seychelles; it is a descendant of the silver rupee, which was first used in the 16th century.

peso The peso is the currency of Chile, Colombia, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Mexico and Argentina: it is a descendant of the Spanish gold peso introduced in the 15th century.

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new shekel The new shekel is the currency of Israel: it replaced the old shekel in 1985.

pound The pound is used in the United Kingdom, Cyprus, Egypt and Lebanon, among other countries; it is the oldest currency in Europe.

yen The yen is the currency of Japan; the word means “round” or “circle” in Japanese.

ECONOMY AND FINANCE

money and modes of payment All the legal instruments of payment issued by a bank. coin: obverse The coin is currency in the form of embossed metal; specific coins are characterized by their value, appearance, weight and diameter.

banknote: front A banknote is paper currency issued by a country’s central bank or by an economic community.

initials of the issuing bank

security thread hologram foil strip

A feature to prevent counterfeiting; a dark line that is visible intransmitted light is inserted into the paper.

A feature to prevent counterfeiting; the image on the strip changes when the banknote is tilted.

date

The year a coin was issued.

watermark

A feature to prevent counterfeiting; .•an image that is visible in transmitted light is incorporated into the paper.

official signature

Banknotes are signed by people such as the central bank’s governor-, (Canada) or president (ED) or the Secretary of the Treasury (U.S.).

color shifting ink

A feature to prevent counterfeiting; •a special ink is used that changes color when viewed from various angles.

edge

Surface forming the thickness of a coin; it can be smooth, grooved or engraved. portrait

Portrait of a famous person such as a prime minister, president, king or queen that appears on a banknote.

coin: reverse

serial number

Each banknote is identified by a unique combination of numbers and letters. banknote: back

8980.

serial number

Each banknote is identified by a 'unique combination of numbers and letters.

flag of the European Union

outer ring

■Slightly raised ring marking the edge of a coin.

motto

Saying or maxim that symbolizes a country or expresses an idea or a -common experience.

denomination

■A coin’s value is indicated on the reverse.

SOCIETY

-The value of a banknote is indicated on the front and back.

- name of the currency magnetic stripe

Band containing the information required to use a credit card.-

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daughter

Relationship between a father or mother and a female child.

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FAMILY

family relationships

daughter Relationship between a father or mother and a female child.

parents The fafhe'rand mother of a child.

aternal aunt elationship between a chilFariT the sister ot his or her father.

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cousin Relationship between a child and the son or daughter of his or her uncle or aunt.

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cousin Relationship between a child and the son or daughter of his or her uncle or aunt.

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paternal uncle Relationship between a child and the brother of his or her father.

nephew Relationship between a male child andnis aunt or uncle. son

father__

''RefilonshTp b'etwee a father of mother and a male child.

Relationship between a chitd'and the male parent.

brother Relationship between a male or temale child and a male child who shares the same mother and father.

husband Relationship between a wife and her spouse.

parents TheTather and mother ofa'chlfd.

children ’"^‘parenTsToFord'augh’te’r sister Relationship between a male or temale child and a temale child who shares the same mother and tat her.

wife Relationship between a husband and his spouse. ___ mother

daughter

'HelatidnshiFdetween a the temale parent.

maternal uncle Ite I at i 0 n s h i p betwee n a cTi i fd a ni’" the brother ot his or her mother.

SOCIETY

RelatTohshTp between a'father or mother and a temale child.

niece "Relation s h i p betweFalemair child and her uncle or aunt. cousin Relationship between a child and the son or daughter of his or her uncle or aunt.

maternal aunt Relationship between a child and the sister of his or her mother.

parents The father and mother of a child.

cousin Relationship between a child and the son or daughter of his or her uncle or aunt.

son Relationship between a father or mother and a male child.

785

788

790

Sports facilities I Fields and Installations designed for

794

j Track and field I

Ball sports iI

! This sport brings together some 30 events:

participating in sports and staging competitions.

Individual or team sports played by throwing or hitting a solid or inflated ball.

races, speed walking, marathon, jumps, shot put, combined events (heptathlon, decathlon).

815

Racket sports

Gymnastics

Popular all over the world, these sports have two to four opposing players with rackets; they rally

Gymnastic sports include rhythmic, artistic,

a ball or shuttlecock on a defined playing

acrobatic and aquatic gymnastics, as well as stretching. Gymnastics builds up the body and

surface.

makes it supple.

842850 Combat sports 1■

i Aquatic and nautical sports I

—

Sports in which two armed or unarmed opponents confront each other in combat.

|1 Strength sports I

Sports and recreational activities that take place In or on water.

852

Sports that develop muscular strength and size (weightlifting, power lifting and bodybuilding).

Equestrian sports

-1 Sports practiced by a rider on a horse; they include competitions of skill, speed and endurance and team games.

Activities practiced for recreational purposes (fun, relaxation, health) and often taking the form of competitions sanctioned by official bodies.

859

1 Precision and accuracy sports

870

j Cycling

872

I Motor sports

I 1 Sports whose objective is to hit a target of various shapes and sizes (such as a pocket, hole, jack or bowling pin) using various means (such as a bow, firearm, billiard cue, ball or club).

877

1 Winter sports

894

1 Mountain sports

1 Sports on vi/heels

896

1 Sports that use a board or skates fitted with small wheels; they include team, acrobatic and speed activities.

! Sports practiced on snow or ice.

900

1 Sports characterized by driving a motorized vehicle such as a race car, motorcycle, snowmobile or personal watercraft.

1 Sport practiced on a bicycle.

902

Sports or leisure activities connected with climbing and mountaineering.

I Outdoor leisure Leisure activities that take place outdoors.

I Aerial sports | Sports or leisure activities done in the air using specialized apparatus and equipment.

914

Games

Leisure activities that are played according to established rules and require intelligence, skill and luck.

7B7 [

SPORTS FACILITIES

sports complex I Installations (buildings, playing fields, etc.) that are used for participating in sporls^

swimming pool Man-made basin designed for swimming.

velodrome Track designed for cycling competitions; its sharply banked turns allow competitors to reach high speeds.

arena Building used mainly for ice sports; it houses a skating rink and ancillary amenities such as stands and locker rooms,

diving well Man-made basin designed for diving.', swimming stadium Facility that features pools designed for aquatic activities such as swimming, diving and water polo and ancillary amenities such as lockers and exercise rooms.-.,.

training area Zone where athletes prepare for sports competitions by doing various exercises.

shooting range Site designed tor target shooting using firearms such as rifles and pistols.

archery range Site designed for target archery using a bow and arrow.

tennis courts Surface designed for tennis that is made of clay, cement, synthetic turf or grass.

equestrian sports ring Circuit with obstacles that a horse and rider must negotiate within a set time during an equestrian event.

golf course Area of natural land designed for playing golf; it features a course of 9 or 18 holes.

baseball stadium Field covered with natural or synthetic grass that is used to play baseball. stands Structure with tiered seats that is often partially covered; it is tor spectators attending sporting events. SPORTS AND GAMES

gymnasium Hall for practicing indoor sports.

sports hall Very large structure and installations that are used mainly for indoor sporting events, stadium Large building that is covered or uncovered and surrounded by grandstands; it contains a field used for athletic events.

throwing and jumping area Area designed to hold throwing (discus, hammer, javelin) and jumping (high jump, long jump, triple jump, pole vault) competitions. athletic track Oval circuit designed to hold races such as sprints, hurdles and relays.

I 788

marina Port especially designed for pleasure craft such as sailboats and speedboats.

field hockey field Field covered with natural or synthetic grass that is used to play field hockey.

lane Strip bordered by buoys, which mark oft a zone reserved for watercraft.

soccer field competition course basin Field covered with natural or synthetic Man-made basin of regulation size grass that is used to play soccer. where aquatic competitions such as rowing and canoeing are held.

SPORTS FACILITIES

scoreboard Display surface posting information related to a sporting event in progress (time, standings, results, etc.).

game clock Instrument indicating the time left in a period. score Number of points scored by eachteam or player in a game.

period Each of the segments of a match; its duration is fixed by the rules of the sport. fouls/penalties Sanctions imposed on a player who fails to follow the rules of thegame; they take the form of penalty points or minutes. video replay Screen on which the highlights of agame are replayed for spectators.

competition Sporting event in which several players or teams play against each other; it might be a championship, a cup, a tournament or a rally. |

first round: 128 players Event in a competition in which two of 128 players or teams play against each other; the winners move on to the second round.

third round: 32 players Event in a competition in which two of 32 players or teams play against each other; the winners move on to the fourth round.

quarterfinal: 8 players Event in a competition in which two of eight players or teams play against each other; the winners move on to the semifinals.

draw Table showing the names of players or teams competing at various stages of a tournament.

final: 2 players Final: last event of the competition; the winning player or team takes the tournament.

SPORTS AND GAMES

winner Player or team that wins the event.

finalist Each of the two players or teams that qualify for a final.

second round: 64 players Event in a competition in which two of 64 players or teams play against each other: the winners move on to the third round.

fourth round: 16 players Event in a competition in which two of 16 players or teams play against each other; the winners move on to the quarterfinals.

semifinal: 4 players Second to last event in a competition in which two of four players or teams play against each other; the winners move on to the final. 789

TRACK AND FIELD

arena I Field designed for participating in track and field and for staging competitions; it is often surrounded by grandstands for seating spectators.

200 m starting line scoreboard Display surface posting information related to a sporting event in progress (time, standings, results, etc.),

5,000 m starting line

long jump and triple jump Track and field event that requires jumping as far as possible from a given point (long jump) or taking several strides before jumping (triple jump).

shot put Event in which athletes throw a heavy ball (12 pounds or 7.257 kg for men and 8.8 pounds or 4 kg for women) as far as possible.

steeplechase hurdle jump Track event held on a 3,000 m circuit that includes artificial obstacles (hurdles, water jumps), which the runners are required to clear...

lane Long narrow strip bordered by white lines and reserved tor a runner or team during a race..

110 m hurdles starting line.

takeover zone Area in which the runners on a relay team pass the baton to the next runner.

100 m and 100 m hurdles starting line

equipment

SPORTS AND GAMES

All the regulation equipment used for sporting events, including timekeeping systems, starting pistols, cameras and hurdles.

starting pistol

Firearm used by a judge to signal the start of a race by firing blanks into the air.

I 790

throwing circle Area where the athlete winds up to throw the shot; the thrower may not leave this area before the shot touches the ground.

pole vault Athletic event in which a pole is used to vault over the highest possible crossbar.

track Oval circuit designed to hold races such as sprints, hurdles and relays,

TRACK AND FIELD

arena

discus and hammer throw Disciplines in which athletes attempt to throw a discus (2 kg for men and 1 kg for women) or hammer (16 lbs or 7.257 kg for men and 4 kg for women) as far as possible.

1,500 m starting line

safety cage Wire fence bordering the throwing circle; it protects the spectators, competitors and officials in the event of a missed throw. throwing circle Area where the athlete winds up to •throw the discus or hammer; the athlete may not leave this area before thpnhiprt tnyches the ground. javelin throw Discipline in which athletes -attempt to throw a javelin (800 g for men and 600 g for women) as far as possible. approach Track that the athlete uses to build up momentum before a javelin throw. high jump Athletic event that requires jumping as high as possible to clear a horizontal bar, relying solely on leg thrust.

finish line Line marking the end of a race.

10,000 m and 4 x 400 m relay starting line

800 m starting line

400 m, 400 m hurdles, 4 x 100 m relay starting line

athlete; starting block

shirt Supple, relatively tight-fitting garment covering the athlete's upper body.

Starting block; device made up of two adjustable pedals that allow sprinters to give themselves momentum during a start.

number Numbered piece of square fabric that athletes wear on their backs and chests for easy identification.

pedal Piece where the athlete places the teet; its angle can be adjusted.

track shoe Shoe with a spiked sole that provides good traction during a •race. notch ...-Each of the grooves used to secure .-••-■■■" the pedals.

starting line Line marking the start of the race. ■

anchor Piece that secures the starting block to the track.

lane line White band bordering the lanes on the track. rack spike Metal bar with notches that is used Metal piece attached to the front to adjust the position of the starting part of the sole to avoid slipping on blocks, the track and achieve better thrust.

SPORTS AND GAMES

shorts ■ Very short pants covering only the top of the thighs.

block Piece on which runners place their feet to give themselves momentum at the start of a race.

base Piece that supports the pedal,

731

(

TRACK AND FIELD

jumping I The four jumping events are the high jump, long jump, triple jump and pole vault. high jump Athletic event that requires jumping as high as possible to clear a horizontal bar, relying solely on leg thrust. upright • Vertical post of adjustable height supporting the high jump crossbar.

crossbar Long horizontal bar that the athlete must clear without knocking it--" over; it rests on mounts attached to two uprights.

landing area Padded area where the athlete lands after a jump.

pole vault Athletic event in which a pole is used to vault over the highest possible crossbar.

crossbar Long horizontal bar that the athlete must clear without knocking it over; it rests on mounts attached to two uprights. pole vaulter Athlete specialized inthepole---" vaulting event. pole Sturdy flexible rod of wood, metal or fiberglass that the pole vaulter leans on to gain elevation and clear the crossbar; it may be any length.

upright Vertical post of adjustable height supporting the pole vault crossbar.

landing area ,■ Padded area where the athlete lands after a jump.

SPORTS AND GAMES

approach Track on which the athlete builds up the speed required to jump.

pole Sturdy flexible rod of wood, mefal or fiberglass that the pole vaulter leans on to gain elevation and clear the crossbar; it may be any length.

planting box Metal board embedded in the ground; at the end ot their approach, pole vaulters plant the pole in it to gain elevation and clear the bar.

llifi ‘mr

tip Piece of rubber attached to the lower extremity of the pole to prevent it from slipping inside fhe planting box. I 792

TRACK AND FIELD

jumping run-up track Track on which the athlete builds up the speed required to jump.

triple jump take-off board After clearing the take-off board, the athlete must perform a hop and a step before jumping into the landing area,

long jump take-off board It is placed close to the landing area across which the athlete jumps as far as possible.

...

take-off board Usually wooden board that the athlete pushes off from after completing the approach.

long jump and triple jump [ Track and field events that require jumping j as far as possible from a given point (long jump) or taking several strides before jumping (triple jump).

indicator board Board covered with plasticine to take an imprint of the athlete's foot if it touches down beyond ■ the take-off board, which is against the rules.

landing area Sandpit where the athlete lands after the jump.

throwing The throwing events are (jiscus, shot put, hammer and javelin.

javelin Metal rod shaped like a spear that the athlete throws with one hand after building up speed on the I'unway.

shaft Long, usually metal rod making up the body of the javelin.

grip Part which the athlete holds to throw the javelin; it is usually made of cord wound around the javelin’s center of gravity.

tip jpe end of the javelin that pierces the ground.

metal head Pointed front end of the javelin.

hammer Implement consisting of a heavy ball attached to a wire; the athlete throws it after spinning around several times in the throwing circle. head Spherical weight usually made of metal; it is the first part to strike the ground.

handle Part that the athlete holds with two hands when throwing a hammer. SPORTS AND GAMES

swivel Piece that connects the head to the wire and causes it to rotate.

wire Steel wire connecting the head to the handle through the swivel.

shot Ball made of a metal such as bronze or copper that the athlete throws with one hand after winding up in the throwing circle.

discus Flat circular disk that the athlete throws with one hand after spinning around several times in a throwing circle. rim - Metal circle around the body of the discus. weight Heavy metal body at the center of the discus. body Part of the discus that is usually made of wood or plastic.

793

BALL SPORTS

baseball Sport with two opposing teams of nine players who attempt to score points by hitting a ball with a bat and running from one base to the next until they reach home plate; a game lasts nine innings, during which teams alternate from offense (at bat) to defense (in the field). player positions

The team playing the field has nine players who try to prevent the opposing team from reaching bases and scoring points. left fielder Position that covers left field; if a fielder cafches the ball before it touches the ground, the batter is retired.

center fielder Position in center field; covering the greatest area, this player anticipates where the ball will be hit and coordinates the positions of the outfielders.

shortstop Position between second and third base; this player’s role is to catch a ball hit in that direction and relay it to a teammate, depending on the game situation.

right fielder Position that covers right field; if a fielder catches the ball before it touches the ground, the batter is retired.

third baseman Position near third base; this player needs a powerful arm to throw the ball directly to first base when the situation calls for if.

second baseman Position near second base. This player, like all other infielders, retires an opponent by tagging the runner, ball in hand, before the ■ runner reaches base.

catcher Position behind home plate; this player catches the ball thrown by the pitcher and indicates the type of pitch to throw to retire the batter,

pitcher Position opposite home plate; this player throws the ball to the opposing batter, using various pitches to try to prevent the batter from obtaining a hit.

third base Cushion attached to the ground that the player tries to reach after touching second base; if the player reaches home plate without being retired, one point is scored.

field

Surface on which a baseball game is played; if is in the shape of a quarter circle and is covered with dirt and natural or synthetic grass. dugout Partially closed area for the coaches, manager, substitute players and the team at bat.

‘ coach’s box Each of two areas reserved for base coaches who use signals to communicate strategy to runners and batters.

foul line Two-straight iines bordering the playing field; they run from home plate to the outfield fence.

SPORTS AND GAMES

backstop Chain-link barrier located behind home plate; it prevents the ball from reaching the spectators.

first baseman Position near first base that takes part in most defensive plays; the batter is retired if the first baseman, ball in hand, touches the base before the batter.

first base Cushion attached to the ground that is the first base the batter reaches after hitting the ball; the player may stop there or move on to other bases.

794

infield Playing surface inside the perimeter marked by the three bases and home „ plate; if includes a dirt area bordering the outfield,

I ^ second base attached to the ground that touching first base, after the ball has been hit.

BALL SPORTS

baseball

pitch

When the batter is in position, the pitcher throws the bail toward home plate; the batter judges the pitdi and decides whether or not to try to hit it pitcher

home-plate umpire

batter

Official who calls balls and strikes, and signals when the batter has struck out (three strikes) or when a runner is retired at home plate.

Player who takes position to hit the ball; to score a point, the batter must touch three successive bases and then home plate.

catcher

Position behind home plate; this player catches the ball thrown by the pitcher and indicates the type of pitch to throw to retire the batter.

Position opposite home plate; this player throws the ball to the opposing batter, using various pitches to try to prevent the batter from obtaining a hit.

pitcher’s plate

pitoher’s mound

home plate

Band of rubber attached to the ground; the pildrer stands on it to throw a pitch.

Small mound of earth from which the pitcher throws the ball toward the batter; it is 10 inches higher than home plate.

Rubber plate that the batter stands beside to face the pitcher; it marks the pitcher’s strike zone and the umpire calls balls and strikes in relation to it.

outfield fence

Barrier bordering the outfield, which is the playing surface between the two foul lines and beyond the infield.

center field

left field

Section of the outfield behind third base, or to the left of the batter.

'■« f

Section of the outfield behind second base, directly facing the batter.

right field

Section of the outfield behind first base, or to the right of the batter.

foul line post

Each of the vertia! posts indicating the end of the foul lines; a ball hit outside the foul liraes is called a foul tall.

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warning trade

Area indicating to the outfielders tM the fence is nm: a home run is a ball hit over the fence and inside the foul lines.

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SPORTS AND GAMES

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795

BALL SPORTS

baseDal

bat

Piece ot wood that the batter uses to hit the ball; its maximum length is 42 inches. baseball Hard ball with a circumference ot 9 inches: its outer layer is made of two white pieces of leather sewn together.

batter’s helmet

Rigid piece of equipment for protecting the head from the ball's impact: it has side protection for the ears and temples. batter Player who takes position to hit the ball: the batter grasps the handle of the bat.

catcher Position behind home plate; this player catches the ball thrown by the pitcher. The catcher wears equipment that protects against the ball, which can travel over 100 mph. throat protector mask

Helmet with a wire cage that protects the catcher’s head and face.

Hard piece attached to the mask; it protects the catcher’s neck and throat.

team shirt

Flexible garment covering the upper body; it features the team emblem and the player’s name and number.

frame chest protector

Heavily padded vest that protects the catcher's chest.

Intersecting bars attached to the front of the mask; it protects the catcher’s eyes and face while providing good visibility.

undershirt

catcher’s glove

Relatively tight-fitting stretchy garment with short or long sleeves that players wear under the team shirt.

Glove with a heavily padded inside surface to cushion the impact of catching the ball. batting glove

Piece of leather covering the hand and wrist; it is designed to give the batter a good grip on the bat.

pants

SPORTS AND GAMES

Flexible stretchy garment covering the lower body from the waist to the shins or ankles.

spiked shoe

Footwear whose sole contains small spikes to provide good traction.

toe guard leg guard

Piece ot equipment made of hard Piece of equipment made of hard molded plastic that protects the toes. molded plastic that protects the leg.

knee pad

Piece of equipment made of hard molded plastic that protects the knee.

ankle guard Piece of equipment made of hard molded plastic that protects the ankle and shin from impact when the ball ricochets off the bat.

knob Circular piece on the end of the handle; it prevents the hand from slipping off the bat.

handle The narrowest part of the bat that the player grasps; it is sometimes covered with antislip material.

crest Symbol representing the brand of the bat or its manufacturer.

web Part of the glove between the thumb and the index finger; it forms a small pocket in which the ball is caught.

cross section of a baseball

bat

hitting area The widest part of the bat and the part that strikes the ball; it must not exceed 2.75 inches in diameter.

Piece of wood fhat the batter uses to hit the ball; its maximum length is 42 inches.

fielder’s glove

Piece of leather covering the hand and wrist and varying in size and shape, depending on the player’s position; it is used to catch the ball.

A baseball has a cork core, which is wrapped in layers of rubber, wound with yarn and covered with leather.

cork ball Small sphere of cork that forms the central part of the ball.

strap The intersecting leather straps that make up the web.-

yarn ball Yarn wound around the center of the ball.

thumb Part of the glove covering the thumb.--.

finger Part of the glove that covers each of the fingers.-

palm Part of the glove that covers the hollow of the hand.

heel The bottom part of the glove.

cover Outer layer of the ball made up of two white pieces of leather joined by stitching.

stitches The sewing that joins the two parts of the cover; it traditionally uses red thread.

lace Narrow cord passed through the eyelets to join or tighten the parts of the glove.

SPORTS AND GAMES

softball Sport akin to baseball but played on a smaller tield; it difters trom baseball in that the pitcher throws the ball underhand and not overhand.

softball glove

Piece of leather that the player uses to catch the ball; adapted to the dimensions of a softball, it is longer and widerthan a baseball glove.

softball

Hard ball with a circumference of 12 inches; it is manufactured in the same way as a baseball.

softball bat

Piece of wood or aluminum that the batter uses to hit the ball; it is shorter and smaller in diameter than the baseball bat.

797

[

BALL SPORTS

I cricket I Sport with two opposing teams of 11 players who attempt to score points by hitting a ball with a bat and running between two wickets; I teams alternate between offense (at the bat) and defense (in the field). cricket ball

cricket player: batsman Player who takes position to hit the ball; like ail cricketers, this player wears the traditional white or cream white.

Hard ball with a circumference of 9 inches; it is made with a cork core, which is wound with thread and covered with leather.

bat

Piece formed of a flat section connected to a rubber-covered handle that the batsman uses to hit the ball; its maximum length is 38 inches.

helmet

Hard piece of equipment designed to protect the head from the ball’s impact.

leather skin

Outside layer of the ball made of pieces of red leather joined by stitching. seam

Sewing that joins the leather cover; it traditionally uses white thread. face mask Wire mask attached to the helmet to protect the batsman's face. •

glove

Padded piece of equipment covering the hand and wrist; it is shaped around the ' fingers and is flexible enough to provide a good grip on the bat.

bat Piece formed of a flat section connected to a rubber-covered handle that the batsman uses to hit the ball; its maximum length is 38 inches.

handle

Part used to hold and manipulatethe bat.

willow

Fiat surface that the batsman uses to hit the ball: it is made of willowwood and its maximum width is 4.75 inches.

SPORTS AND GAMES

Heavily padded piece of equipment that protects the batsman’s legs and knees from the ball’s impact.

cricket shoe

Shoe that supports and protects the ankle; its sole is usually fitted with studs.

stud

Each of the small spikes attached to the sole to provide traction when batting or running. I 798

front view

side view

BALL SPORTS

cricket field Oval surface covered with natural or synthetic grass on which a cricket match is played; it is made up of a pitch and a field.

pitch

Rectangular surface In midfield where the bowler and the batsmantace each other: it contains two wickets that are about 20 m apart.

wicketkeeper

screen

Player positioned behind the batting wicket: the only defensive player who wears gloves, the wicketkeeper tries to catch balls missed by the batsman.

Rectangular surface behind each wicket; it minimizes distraction so that the batsman can follow the movement of the ball. bowler

Player who throws the ball toward ■the batsman; the throw is made without bending the elbow and usually after running a few yards.

fielders

The team in the field, or the defending team, must catch the ball hit by the batsman and throw it toward one of the wickets to topple it.

umpire

wicket

Official responsible for applying the rules of delivery; this umpire is positioned behind the bowler's wicket.

umpire

Piece made up of stumps with detachable bails; the wicket is considered toppled when at least one of the bails falls.

Official who enforces the rules; positioned to the side of the batsman’s wicket, this umpire signals when a batsman is retired or when there is an infraction. bail

The two horizontal pieces balanced on top of the stumps; they tall over when the ball strikes the wicket.

pitch

Rectangular surface in midfield where the bowler and the batsman face each other; it contains two wickets that are about 20 m apart. wicketkeeper

stump

The three vertical pieces that make up the wicket; the space between the stumps is smaller than the diameter of the ball.

Player positioned behind the batting wicket; the only detensive player who^ wears gloves, the wicketkeeper tries to catch balls missed by the batsman.

batsman

Player who takes position to hit the ball and -protect the wicket; each time the player runs between the two wickets before the ball arrives, one point is scored.

bowling crease

Line perpendicular to the return crease; the wicket is embedded in the center of it.

popping crease

Line drawn 4 feet from the wicket; at ■the end of a run, the batsman is sate after touching the ground behind this line with the bat or a part of the body.

delivery

Thrown at speeds reaching 100 mph, the ball usually bounces once before reaching the batsman.

return crease

The two lines on each side of wicket that demarcate the space in which the ball must be thrown or hit.

umpire

Official responsible for , applying the rules of delivery;--'' this umpire is positioned behind the bowler’s wicket.

wicket

Piece made up of stumps with detachable bails; a defender can retire a batsman by toppling the wicket before the batsman completes the run between wickets. 799

SPORTS AND GAMES

bowler

Player who throws the ball toward the opposing batsman, who stands In front ot the wicket; if the bowler topples the wicket, the batsman is retired.

BALL SPORTS

field hockey I Sport with two opposing teams of 11 players who attempt to score in the opponent’s goal by hitting a ball with a stick. goalkeeper

Player whose role Is to prevent the ball from entering the goal; the goalkeeper may touch the ball with any part of the body but cannot hold it with the hands.

helmet

Hard piece of equipment designed to protect the head. face mask

Wire mask attached to the front of the helmet to protect the goalkeeper’s face. elbow pad

body pad

Piece of equipment worn under the shirt; its hardshell protects the elbow.

Heavily padded vest worn under the shirt to protect the goalkeeper’s shoulders, chest and back.

glove

Padded piece of equipment covering the hand and wrist; its flexible design allows the goalkeeper to hold and manipulate the stick.

blocking glove

Rigid foam glove that is worn on the tree hand; the goalkeeper uses its flat side to block the ball.

pad

Heavily padded piece of equipment that protects the goalkeeper’s legs, knees and thighs from the ball's Impact.

coach

kicker

The team’s leader; the coach plots strategy and decides who plays in different situations.

Piece made of rigid foam; it covers the goalkeeper’s shoes and Is used to kick the ball. stick

Wooden or composite stick with a rounded side and a flat side, which is used to manipuiate the ball.

handle

SPORTS AND GAMES

Part tor holding and manipulating the stick.

hockey ball

Hard plastic bali with a circumference of 9 in; its traditionally white surface is usuaily grooved.

goal tape

Rubber or plastic tape wound around the handle to prevent the hands from slipping.

Cage made up of a net mounted on a frame; a goal is scored each time a team hits the ball Into the opposing goal from inside the striking circle. goal line

Line marking the ends of the playing field; the ball must crossthis line for the goal to count as a point. striking circle

Semicircle located in front of the goal; a goal can only be scored when the attackerhits the ball inside the opponent's striking circle.

25 yd line

5.5 yd line toe

Curved end of the stick used to stop, manipulate and hit the baii.----

800

Line where the attacker puts the ball back into play if the defenders push it behind their own goai line.

Line used to position the players when the ball is put back into play; positioning depends on whether the sideline ball went out of play between the Line marking the sides of the 25 yd lines or between one of them playing fieid; when the ball crosses and the goal line. this line, the opposing team puts it back into play at the same place.

BALL SPORTS

field hocke field player

A field hockey player is allowed to touch the ball only with the stick.

team shirt

Flexible garment covering the upper body; it features the team emblem and the player’s name and number. stick

Wooden or composite stick with a rounded side and a flat side, which is used to manipulate and shoot the ball.

shorts

Very short pants covering only the top of the thighs; women field hockey players usually wear a pleated skirt.

shin guard officials

Piece of equipment made up of a hard plastic molding that protects • the player’s legs.

Individuals in charge of keeping time, recording player substitutions and filling out the score sheet,

shoe

Footwear that protects and supports the ankle; flexible plastic studs are attached to Its sole to provide good traction.

right wing

: : i I

Offensive position to the right of the center forward and near the sideline; this player’s main role is to thwart opponents and score goals.

center half

right inside forward

: : : i

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Position to the right of the center forward; a true playmaker, this player receives passes from the defenders or \ halfs and creates offensive chances. players’ bench

; I i

\ \ \

right half

Position to the right of the center half; this player tries to take the ball from the opponent and move It up to the wings or forwards.

Area reserved for substitute players and coaches; a team can have up to 16 players but only 11 play at once.

Key position behind the backs In the center of the field; this player receives the ball and passes it in any direction. right back

playing field

Defensive position behind the halfs on the right side of the field; this player attempts to prevent the opponent from .-•creating scoring chances.

Surface covered with natural or synthetic grass (60 yd x 100 yd) on which afield hockey game Is played; a game Is made up of two 35-mlnute periods.

goalkeeper

Player whose role Is to prevent the entering the goal; the goalkeeper may touch the ball with any part of the body but cannot hold it with the hands.

corner flag

Small post with a flag on top; It marks the intersection of the goal line and the sideline.

■ referee

One of two officials responsible tor applying the rules; this individual penalizes players who commit Infractions and awards penalty shots.

Defensive position behind the halts on the left side of the field; this player's role Is to prevent the opponent from obtaining scoring chances.

left half center forward

Offensive position that covers the center of the field; this player tries to score goals by getting within the striking circle. center line

left inside forward

Position to the left of the center forward; a true playmaker, this player receives passes from defenders or halfs and generates offensive chances.

Position to the left of the center half; this player’s main role Is to take the Offensive position to the left of the ball from the opponent and move It center forward and near the sideline; up to the wings or forwards. this player’s main role is to thwart opponents and score goals. left wing

Line dividing the field into two zones, one for each team; face-offs are held on this line at the start of a period and after a goal Is scored.

801

SPORTS AND GAMES

'left back

BALL SPORTS

I soccer I Sport with two opposing teams of 11 players who attempt to score in the opponent’s goal by kicking or knocking the ball in withany part of ! the body except the arms and hands. soccer player A soccer player is allowed to touch the ball with any part of the body except the arms and hands.

team shirt

Flexible garment covering the ■ upper body; it features the team emblem and the player’s name and number.

goalkeeper’s gloves Gloves that cover and protect the goalkeeper’s hands and wrists and improve the grip on the ball.

shorts

Very short pants covering only the top of the thighs.

interchangeable studs

Removable studs attached to the sole; they vary in size and can be changed to adapt to the state of the field. shin guard

Piece of equipment made up of a hard plastic molding; it protects the soccer player’s legs.

soccer shoe Shoe made of leather, soft rubber or plastic; studs are attached to its sole to provide good traction.

sock

Garment worn over the foot and up to the knee; ft completely covers the shin guard.

soccer ball

Inflated ball made of leather or synthetic material; its circumference varies between 27 and 27.5 in.

playing field Rectangular surface covered with natural or synthetic grass on which a soccer match is played; a game has two 45-minute halves. goal area

penalty spot

center flag

Point located 12 yd from the goal line; the ball is placed here when a player takes a penalty kick.

Small post with a flag on top that marks the halfway line.

SPORTS AND GAMES

Zone in which goal kicks are performed.

goal

Cage made up of a net mounted on a frame; a team scores a point each time it succeeds in placing the bail in the opposing goal.

penalty area

Zone in which the goalkeeper is allowed to pick up the ball with the hands; an infraction committed against a forward inside this zone results in a penalty kick. penalty area marking

The three white lines demarcating the penalty area.

I 802

penalty arc

Zone next to the penalty area; when there is a penalty, players must be positioned outside this zone and the penalty area.

BALL SPORTS

soccer

left midfielder

left back

Center position that plays on the left side of the field; this player uses playmaking skills to pass the ball to the forwards.

Defensive position that covers the left side of the field: this player’s main role Is to slow or stop an opponent's progress toward the goal.',.

player positions

defensive midfielder

Center position: this player tries to take the ball from the opponent before that player reaches the defenders and quickly mount a counterattack.

Various tactical schemes are used in soccer; among the best known is the 4-4-2, a formation with tour defenders, four midfielders and two forwards.

sweeper

Position that stays back, anticipates defensive mistakes by teammates and makes up for' them; this player is not required to closely mark an opposing player.

forward

Offensive position usually placed •behind the striker; this player uses speed to make crisp accurate passes.

goalkeeper

Position whose role is to prevent the ball from entering the goal; this is the only player allowed to touch the ball with the hands. striker

Offensive position whose main role ■ is to score goals; this player plays a forward position In the opposing team’s zone.

stopper

Position that stays back, marks an opposing forward and prevents thatplayer from being In a scoring position.

right back ’

Defensive position that covers the right side of the field; this player’s role is to Impede an opponent’s progress toward the goal.

right midfielder

Center position that plays on the right side of the fleld;’thls player uses playmaking skills to pass the ball to the forwards.

defensive midfielder

Center position; this player tries to take the ball from the opponent before that player reaches the defenders and quickly mount a counterattack. corner flag

referee

Small post with a flag on top; It marks the Intersection of the goal line and the touch line.

Official responsible for applying the rules; this Individual keeps time, signals penalties, issues warnings (yellow card) and ejects players (red card). center spot corner arc

Point in the middle of the halfway line .•where the ball Is placed before a kickoff ' at the start of a half or after a goal has been scored.

Zone where the ball is placed when there is a corner kick, which is awarded when a defender puts the ball behind the goal line. SPORTS AND GAMES

linesman

Official who signals offsides and penalties not seen by the referee or when the ball Is out of play. . center circle

Circle drawn at midfield; during kickoffs, only the players on the team with ball possession are allowed Into this circle.

touch line

Line along the sides of the playing field; when the ball crosses this line, it is put back into play at the same place.

halfway line

'■-. Line dividing the field into two zones, one for each team; the teams switch zones at halftime.

substitute’s bench

Area reserved for coaches, technical staff and substitute players; a team cannot make more than three substitutions per game. 803

BALL SPORTS

rugby I Sport with two opposing teams of 15 players that attempt to score points by carrying the ball into the in goal or kicking it between the uprights. players’ positions

right center

A team is made up of seven backs and eight forwards: organized into three rows, the forwards take part in scrums and line-outs.

fullback

Back positioned near the right Position in front of the goal: this wing: an excellent passer, this player is the last line of defense for player challenges opposing centers an opponent attempting to score a and breaks down the defense. try.

left center

Back position near the left wing: an excellent passer, this player challenges opposing centers and breaks down the defense.

stand-off half

scrum half

Position that acts as a link between the scrum half and the backs: an-, excellent strategist, this player ' directs the team's offense.

Position that acts as a link between ■the forwards and the backs: this player recovers the ball in a scrum and mounts the team’s attack.

right wing

Back positioned on the right of the field: this player uses speed and-., agility to thwart opponents and score points.

left wing

Back who covers the left side of the -field: this player uses speed and agility to thwart opponents and score points.

flank forward

Third-row position to the right of the no. 8 forward: this player uses-., power and speed to play offensive and defensive roles.

no. 8 forward

Third-row position between the ■two flank forwards: when play is in progress, this player relays the ball from the forwards tothehalfs.

third row

Group made up of the no. 8 forward and the two flank forwards: ■-. it is the last line of players in a scrum.

flank forward

Third-row position to the left of the - no, 8 forward: this player combines power with speed to play offensive and defensive roles.

second row

Group made up of two forwards: one of its roles is to support the"' first row in a scrum.

lock forward first row

Second-row position on the left side of the field: this player's main role is to recover the ball during line-outs, rucks and mauls.

Group made up of the hooker and the two props: the first rows meet in the--, scrum and try to prevent the opponent from moving the ball forward. tight head prop

loose head prop

Forward position to the right of the hooker: in a scrum, this player supports the hooker and pushes the opponent forward to gain field advantage.-"

Forward positioned left of the hooker: in a scrum, this player supports the hooker and pushes the opponent to -gain field advantage. lock forward

field

Rectangular surface covered with natural or synthetic grass on which a rugby game is played: a game consists of two 40-minute periods.

Second-row position on the right of the field: one of this player’s roles is to recover the ball during line-outs, rucks and mauls.

flag

Position between the two props: this player attempts to gain possession of the ball in a scrum and to kick it back to teammates.

10 m line

Line parallel to the halfway line and 10 m from it: it marks the minimum distance the ball must travel during the kickoff.

goal line

Line marking the start of the ingoal zone.

SPORTS AND GAMES

Small post with a flag on top that is located where the touch line meets the dead ball line, the goal line, the 22 m line and the halfway line it marks the outer edges of the playing field.

hooker

goal

Frame consisting of two uprights and a crossbar: a team scores points by kicking the ball between the upright dead b ill line

Line marking the end of the in-goal

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22 m line

Line parallel to the goal line and 22 m from it: it is where the ball is put back into play after a kickoff.

BALL SPORTS

rugby player An individual who plays rugby: some players are allowed to wear protective eguipment such as shin guards and shoulder pads made from flexible material. jersey Flexible garment covering the -upper body: it features the team emblem and the player’s name and number.

rugby ball Inflatable egg-shaped ball made of leather or synthetic material; meant to be manipulated with the hands or the feet, it is carried, passed laterally and kicked. shorts Very short pants covering only the top of the thighs.

sock Garment worn over the foot and up to the knee.

ruck Play when the ball is on the ground and the players on both teams pile on top of it to gain possession of it.

referee Official responsible for applying the rules: this individual keeps track of time, signals infractions and can expel a player from a game.

rugby shoe Shoe whose sole contains small spikes to provide good traction. 15 m line Line parallel to the touch line and 15 m from it; a player is not allowed to stand behind this line during a lineout.

in goal Zone in which a try is scored: worth five points, a try is scored when the player grounds the ball in the opposing in goal.

SPORTS AND GAMES

5 m line Line parallel to the touch line and 5 m from it; it marks the position of the first player in a line-out formation.

touch judge Official whose role includes signaling when the ball leaves the field of play and when a field goal is scored (the ball passes between the goals postsand over the crossbar).

touch line Line along the sides of the playing field; when the ball crosses this line,’it is thrown back into play by a line-out.

halfway line Line separating the field into two sides, one for each team; the kickoff is held on the halfway line, 805

BALL SPORTS

football I Sport with two opposing teams of 11 players who attempt to score points by moving the ball into the end zone or kicking it between the goalposts. right defensive end

scrimmage: defense The defense tries to prevent the opponent’s movement toward the end zone by stopping runs and passes.

Position to the right of the right defensive tackle; this player pressures the quarterback and tries to stop outside runs.

right cornerback

Position at the far right of the main defensive line; this player is very fast and covers the opposing team’s wide receiver. outside linebacker

Position near or behind the main defensive •line on the right side of the field; agile and versatile, this player is effective against running and passing plays.

right defensive tackle

Position to the right of the middle linebacker; powerful and tough, this player is especially effective at stopping running plays.--....

right safety

Position behind the main defensive line on the right side of the field; this player is used mostly for the ability to cover passes.

left defensive tackle

Position to the left of the middle linebacker; powerful and tough, this player is especially effective at stopping running plays.

middle linebacker

Position behind the main defensive ■line; this player combines speed and size especially to stop running plays in the center of the field.

inside linebacker

Position near or behind the main defensive line on the left side of the field; agile and versatile, this player is effective against passing and running plays.

left defensive end

Position on the outside of the left ■--defensive tackle; this player pressures the quarterback and tries to stop the outside run.

neutral zone

playing field Rectangular surface (53,3 x 120 yards) covered with natural or synthetic grass on which a football game is played; a game consists of four 15-minute quarters.

Gap the equivalent of one ball length, it separates the offense and defense on the line of scrimmage and cannot be crossed before the snap,

left cornerback

left safety

^Position at the far left of the main defensivedine; this player is very fast and usually covers the opposing team’s wide receiver.

Position behind the main defensive line on the lefrside of the field; an excellent tackier, this player is often relied on to stop running plays.

inbounds line

The broken lines marking off yards; the lines and inbounds lines mark the line of scrimmage when play resumes. end zone

fifty-yard line goal line

Line marking the start of the end zone.

SPORTS AND GAMES

Zone in which a touchdown (six points) is scored when a player crosses it in possession of the ball.., end line

Line marking the far extremity of the end zone; the white area behind the goal is not part of the playing field...

BOB

yard line

sideline

The solid lines at five-yard intervals that mark the distance from the goal line; at the start of a game, the ball is kicked off from the thirty-yard line.

Line demarcating the sides of the playing field; the play is whistled dead when the ball or a player in possession of the ball crosses it.

Line dividing the field into two zones, one for each team; it is 50 yards from the goal lines.

BALL SPORTS

football

left tackle left guard

Position to the left of the center; this player has a blocking role on passing and running plays.

quarterback

Position behind the center; the offensive leader, this player gathers teammates together betv\/een downs and communicates tactics.-

Position on the outside ot the left guard; this player blocks the opposing defense and especially protects the quarterback in passing situations.

scrimmage: offense

The offense or team with ball possession has four downs to gain 10 yards. If it succeeds, it is given another four downs; if not, the ball is turned over to the other team by means of a punt. center

Position at the center of the offensive line; this player puts the ball in play by snapping it to the -quarterback.

fullback

Position behind the quarterback; this player protects the quarterback in passing situations and blocks for the tailback.-

right guard

tailback

Position to the right ot the center; 'this player has a blocking role in passing and running situations.

Position behind the tullback; this fast player often carries the ball (running play).

right tackle

Position on the outside of the right guard; -this player blocks the opposing defense and protects the quarterback in passing situations.

tight end

Position on the outside of the tackle; this versatile player blocks-opposing players and catches passes.

line of scrimmage

wide receiver back judge

Official who tracks the number of players on defense, follows the receivers and monitors the time elapsed between plays.

Official whose main role is to signal when a player crosses the sideline in possession of the ball.

goal

Frame consisting of two goalposts and a crossbar; a team scores points by kicking the ball between the goalposts,

\ line judge

side judge

Imaginary line along which the offense and defense face one another before the ball is snapped.

Two positions at the far end of the offensive line; they use speed and agility to separate themselves from the defense and catch passes.

Official whose role includes timekeeping, signaling stoppages in play and officiating during kickoffs and punts.

referee

Official responsible for applying the rules; this individual ensures that the game is properly played and supervises the work of the other officials.

goalpost

One of the two vertical pieces making up the goal; they are 18.5 ft apart.

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SPORTS AND GAMES

players’ bench

Area for substitute players and coaches; a team’s players are divided into three units; offense, defense and special teams.

umpire

Official in charge of checking player equipment and signaling infractions near the line of scrimmage.

head linesman

Official who signals stoppages in play and indicates exactly where to position the ball after it leaves the field of play. 807

BALL SPORTS

footbdil football player Football players' protective equipment varies depending on the player’s role and position on the field.

helmet

protective equipment

Rigid piece of equipment designed to protect the head; it is lined with absorbent materials such as foam and air pockets.

Because of the violent contact and frequency of falls, football players wear heavy protective equipment.

tooth guard Device that protects the football player’s teeth; it fits between the cheeks and the teeth.

face mask chin strap

- Metal cage attached to the helmet; it protects the football player's face.

Strap that fastens the helmet to the head.

player’s number

Number identifying the player; special numbers are used to designate pass receivers. team shirt

neck pad Padded piece of equipment that protects the player’s neck.

Flexible garment covering the upper body; it features the team emblem and the player’s name and number. wristband

Band of fabric that the quarterback wears around the wris|; it features a small window in which a note card is inserted.

shoulder pad

Piece of equipment that consists of rigid molded plastic designed to protect the shoulder.

pants

Light stretchy garment covering the lower body from the waist to the knees; it has pockets for holding -protective pieces, arm guard

Padded piece of equipment that protects the player's arms.

thigh pad

Padded piece of equipment that protects the thighs; it usually fits into a pocket inside the pants.

'Chest protector Heavily padded vest that protects the football player’s chest and back.

knee pad

Padded piece of equipment designed to protect the knee; it usually fits into a pocket inside the pants. rib pad Rigid jacket designed to protect the ribcage.

sock

SPORTS AND GAMES

Garment worn over the foot and up to the knee.

cleated shoe

elbow pad Padded piece of equipment designed to protect the elbow.

Footwear whose sole contains small spikes to provide good traction.

lumbar pad

Part of the hip pad that covers the coccyx.

foofball Inflatable oval leather ball that is smaller than a rugby ball; it has laces that provide a grip on the ball.

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hip pad Piece of equipmenf consisting of three rigid molds designed to protect the hips and coccyx.

forearm pad Padded piece of equipmenf designed to protect the forearm.

profecfive cup Piece of equipment that consists of rigid molded plastic designed to cover a player’s genital organs.

BALL SPORTS

Canadian football Similar to American football, it has two opposing teams of 12 players; the main difference is that there are only three downs to gain 10 yards. playing field tor Canadian football

Rectangular surface covered with natural or synthetic grass; it is longer (150 yards) and wider (65 yards) than an American football field.

goal line Line marking the start of the end zone; the goalposts are located on this line.

goal Frame consisting of two goalposts - and a crossbar; a team scores points by kicking the ball between the goalposts.

end zone Zone in which a touchdown (six points) is scored when a player crosses it in possession of the ball.

players’ bench Area for substitute players and coaches; a team’s players are divided into three units: offense, defense and special teams.

center line Line dividing the field into two zones, one for each team; it is 55 yards from the goal lines.

netball Sport played mainly by women with two opposing teams of seven players; teams score points by throwing a ball into the opponent’s basket, i court goal

goal shooter Position always in the goal third or goal circle; this player’s role is to break away from the goalkeeper, catch passes and shoot on goal. goalkeeper Position that defends the team’s goal third; this player’s role is to prevent the opposing shooter from gaining possession of the ball. goal circle Semicircular zone in front of the goal; shots can only be taken from this zone and only by a goal attack or goal shooter,

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wing attack Position that covers the center and goal thirds (except the goal circle); this player uses speed and agility to pass the ball to the shooter or the goal attack. i i : :

sideline Line along the sides of the playing field; when the ball crosses this line, it is put back into play at the same place. defense third Area between the back line and the center third; attacks and the shooter are not allowed to enter their team’s defense third.

umpire One of two officials responsible for applying the rules; this individual’s role includes signaling infractions and when the ball leaves the court.

goal defense Position that moves in the center and defense thirds (including the goal circle); one of this player’s roles is to defend againstthe goal attack.

center third Area at the center of the court between the two white lines; the goalkeepers and goal shooters are not allowed to enter this area.

goalpost Vertical post 10 ft high that supports the basket; it is attached to the floor in the middle of the back line.

goal third Area between the back line and the center third; defenders and the goalkeeper are not allowed to enter their team’s goal third.

SPORTS AND GAMES

back line Line marking the ends of the court; when the ball crosses this line, one team puts it back into play at the same place.

Structure made up of a basket and its supporting goalpost; a team scores each time it puts the ball into the opposing team’s basket. ring Circular piece on which the netting is mounted; it is 15 in in diameter-

Hard rectangular surface (50 ft x 100 ft) on which a netball game is played; a game consists of four 15minute periods.

wing defense Position that covers the center third '• and defense third (except the goal circle); this player defends against the opposing team’s wing attack.

central circle Circular zone in the center of the court; at the start of a game and after a goal, the center on one of the teams puts the ball into play from this point. center Position that covers the entire court except the goal circles; this player is the link between the team's offense and defense thirds. goal attack Position that covers the center third and goal third (including the goal circle); this player is one of two allowed to shoot on goal.

netball

Inflated ball usually made of leather and with a diameter of 8.5 in; players are not allowed to carry the ball or hold on to it for more than three seconds.

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BALL SPORTS

basketball I

Sport with two opposing teams of five players who score points by throwing a ball into the opposing team’s basket. basketball player Member of a basketball team: a player moves the ball forward by dribbling, which is bouncing the ball with one hand.

shirt Flexible garment covering the upper body; it features the team emblem and the player’s name and number. basketball Inflated orange ball made up of eight pieces of leather or synthetic material; it has a circumference of 30 in.

player’s number The number identifying a player; they are worn on the front and back of the shirt.

shorts Short pants covering the top of the thighs.

shoe Antiskid sneaker that protects the foot and provides ankle support.

scorer Official who records points and fouls committed by the players. court Hard rectangular surface (50 ft x 94 ft) on which a basketball game is played.

clock operator Official who keeps track of a team’s possession time.

timekeeper Official who keeps time; this individual stops the clock when play stops and starts it again when play resumes.

Official who assists the first referee

referee Official responsible for applying the rules: this individual does tipoffs and signals fouls.

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SPORTS AND GAMES

and alan atava at thp nprimptpr nf.

sideline Line along the sides of the court; when the ball crosses this line, it is put back into play at the same place. I 810

semicircle Semicircular zone where the player takes position to make a free throw, which is worth one point.

restricting circle Circle around the center circle; players not taking part in the tip-off must be outside this circle.

center line Line dividing the court into two halves, one for each team.

center circle Circle at center court used for tipoffs at the start of a half and after a goal; a tip-off is when two players jump for the ball and try to push it toward their teammates.

BALL SPORTS

basketball

player positions

Five players per team are on the court; they all play both offense and defense.

point guard Position that directs the attack; this player is highly skilled at controlling and passing the ball.

left forward Position that covers the left side of the court; this player has offensive (shooting, passing) and defensive abilities.

center Position that defends the basket from close in and collects rebounds; this player is often the tallest on the team.

right forward Position that covers the right side of the court; this player has offensive (shoofing, passing) and defensive abilifies.

guard Position that assists the point guard; an excellent shooter, this player usually guards the opponent's most dangerous player.

backboard Rigid board affached fo the back of fhe baskef; it is usually made of transparent material so that spectators behind the basket can follow the action.

backstop

Structure made up of a basket and its support; a team scores each time it puts the ball into the opposing team’s basket.

rim Circular orange piece on which the net is mounted; it is 18 in in diameter and 10 ft above floor level. net Flexible neffing attached to the rim; it slows the ball when it passes through the basket.

coach The team’s leader; the coach plots strategy and decides who plays in .different situations.

assistant coach Person who assists the coach and can replace the coach if needed.

backboard support Oblique piece that supports the backboard and the basket trainer Individual who treats injured players.

basket Structure made up of a net mounter on a rim; a basket is worth two or three points, depending on where the shot was taken from.

padded base Base covered with protective padding; it supports and stabilizes ■the backstop.

end line Line marking the ends of the court; when the ball crosses this line, one team puts it back into play at the same place.

free throw line Line parallel to the end line; the shooter stands behind it for a free throw (throw awarded after a foul).

second space Space along the restricted area near the free throw line; one of the shooter’s teammates is in this space when there is a free throw.

restricted area A trapezoidal area between the end line and the free throw line; an attacking player is not allowed to stay in it for more than three seconds.

first space Space along the restricted area near the end line; one of the opposing players is in this space when there is a tree throw. 811

SPORTS AND GAMES

padded upright Vertical piece covered with protective padding; it holds the backboard support.

BALL SPORTS

volleyball Sport with two opposing teams of six players who try to ground the ball in the opposing zone by hitting it over the net with their hands. court Hard rectangular surface (30 ft x 60 ft) on which a volleyball game is played; the first team to win three sets wins the game.

left attacker Position to the left of the attack zone; this player’s main role is making attack hits to score points.

umpire Official who signals net faults or faults committed on the attack line and advises the referee when required. scorer Official who fills in the score sheet, calls stoppages in play and supervises player rotations.-

end line Line demarcating the ends of fhe court; the right back takes position behind this line to deliver a serve.

white tape Strip of tape with a cable passing through it; it is attached to posts to suspend the net.

left back Position on the left side of the back zone; this player’s main role is making digs on short balis

free zone Area at least 6,5 ft wide surrounding the court.

antenna Flexible rods at each end of fhe net; they mark off the net area and the ball must stay inside them to remain in play.

players’ bench Area for substitute players and coaches; a team can have 12 players, six of whom are on the court during play.

libero Position specialized in receiving serves; this player only plays back while other teammates change positions during the .course of a game.

linesman One of four officials who use a red flag to signal a dead ball, service faults, contact with the antennas, etc.

back zone •.Area between the attack line and the end line; it is usually occupied by the backs. sideline Line that demarcates the sides of the play area; a rally ends when the ball falls outside the sideline.

post Upright used to stretch the net using white tape; the top of the net is just over 2 m above floor level. vertical side band Vertical strip of white canvas at the ends of the net.

center back Position in the back zone; this player’s main role is to recover long balls and blocked balls.

net Loosely stitched divider stretched across the middle of the court; players must hit the ball over it.

attack line Line 10 ft from the net; the backs must make attack hits from behind this line.

right attacker Position to the right of the attack zone; this player’s main role is making attack hits to score points.

right back Position on the right side of the back zone; this player’s main role is making digs on short balls.

SPORTS AND GAMES

referee Official responsible for applying fhe rules; fhis individual follows the game from a raised platform set up at one end of the net.

center attacker Position that covers the center of the attack zone; this player’s main role is to counter the opponent’s attacks.

attack zone Area between the net and the attack line; it is usually occupied by the attackers.

volleyball Inflated ball covered with soft leather and with a circumference of about 26 in; it must always be hit and cannot be held or thrown.

techniques Players must master various techniques to dig up the ball, pass it and make attack hits.

dig Technique used to play a long ball; the player lunges forward to hit the ball with one or two hands.

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bump Technique of extending the arms, joining the hands and striking the ball with the forearms; it is usually used to receive serves.

serve Technique for putting the ball in play; a player usually serves the ball with one hand held above the head.

BALL SPORTS

volleyball

beach volleyball Sport with two opposing teams of two players who try to ground the ball in the opposing zone by hitting it over a net with their hands.

scorer Official who holds the scorecard and signals stoppages in play.

second referee Official who signals net faults or taults committed on the attack line and advises the first referee when required.

court

Rectangular surface covered with sand on which a volleyball game is played; the first team to win two sets wins the match.

free zone Area at least 10 ft wide surrounding the court.

line judge One of four officials who use a red flag to signal a dead ball, service faults, contact with the antennas, etc.

players’ chairs Rest area for players; a game is played barefoot and players wear a swimsuit or shorts and a shirt.

first referee Official responsible for applying ■the rules; this individual follows the game from a raised platform set up at one end of the net.

Granular substance covering the playing surface; in international competitions, it must be at least 16 in deep.

Brightly colored cord secured to the ground to mark off the play area; a rally ends when the ball falls outside the lines of play.

net Loosely stitched divider stretched across the middle of the court; players must hit the ball over it.

SPORTS AND GAMES

beach volleyball

Ball with the same dimensions as a volleyball; it is heavier and contains less air mainly to counter the wind.

set

spike

block

Pass executed with the fingertips, using a pushing motion with the arms; the set marks the transition between receiving and attacking.

Offensive play that consists of striking the ball with the palm from above the level of the net.

Defensive play in which one or more front court players extend their arms and try to intercept the ball at the point where if crosses the net. 813

BALL SPORTS

; handball I Sport with two opposing teams of seven players who try to score points by throwing the ball into the opposing team’s net. player positions Each team is allowed seven players on the court: players are not allowed to take more than three steps with the ball or to hold It for more than three seconds.

center forward Position in the center court area •between the wingers; this player tries to slip through the defense and create holes in if. rightwinger Position that covers the right side of the court; using speed and agility, this player is often at the sideline stretching the ■ defense and creating scoring chances.

left winger Position that covers the left side of the court; using speed and agility, this player is often at the sideline stretching the defense and creating scoring chances.

handball Inflated ball usually covered with leather; it has a circumference of 21 in (women) to 24 in (men) and can be thrown, hit with the fist or dribbled.

right back Position behind the wingers on the right ■side of the field; an excellent shooter, this player also defends against an opposing line player or back.

left back Position behind the wingers on the left side of the court; an excellent shooter, this player also defends against the opponent’s line player or back.

center back Position in the center court area between the backs; this player is the team’s offensive leader.

goalkeeper Position whose role is to prevent the ball from entering the net; this player is the only one allowed to touch the ball with the feet,

court Hard rectangular surface (20 m x 40 m) on which a handball game is played; a game is made up of two 30-minute periods with a 10minute break between them.

SPORTS AND GAMES

scorekeeper Official in charge of timing the game and suspensions and substitute player changes.

goal line referee Official responsible tor applying the rules; positioned near the goal line, this individual signals infractions and decides if a goal counts.

goal line Line^at the ends of the court that demarcates the play area: a goal is scored when the ball crosses this line. net Loosely stitched netting attached to the hack of the post; it keeps the ball inside the goal.

timekeeper Official in charge of timekeeping.

secretary Official who keeps the lineup card and marks the scorecard (goals' allowed, expulsions, etc.).

players’ bench Area for substitute players and coaches; a team can have up to 12 players, seven of whom are on the court at one time.

goal Cage made up of a net mounted on a frame; a team scores a point each time it succeeds in placing the ball in the opposing goal,

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goal area line Arc drawn 6 m from the goal; it demarcates the goal area. penalty mark Line parallel to the goal line and 7 m from it; a 7 m free throw (a shot awarded aftera penaity) is taken from behind this line.

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court referee Official responsible for applying the ruies; positioned in the center of the court, this individual mainly signals player infractions. free throw line Arc drawn 9 m from the goal; duringa7mfreethrow, all players except the shooter must be outside the zone demarcated by this line.

sideline Line along the sides of the court; when the ball crosses this line, it is put back into play at the same place.

center line Line dividing the court into two zones, one for each team; throwoffs are held on this line at the start of a period and after a goal.

goal area Semicircular zone reserved for the goalkeeper; a player with ball possession may jump above this area when taking a shot.

RACKET SPORTS

table tennis Sport with two or four opposing players with paddles; they hit a ball onto opposite sides of a net dividing a table in half. |

net sideline Loosely stitched divider across the Line marking the sides of the middle of the table; players must piaying surface. hit the ball over it.

white tape Strip of material with a cord passing through it; the cord is attached to the net supports to suspend the net.

mesh The tiny squares make up the net; they are formed of interlaced threads.

table Rectangular wooden table (9 ft x 5 ft) that is 2.5 ft above the ground; it is divided in half by a net.

upper edge Line marking the upper edges of the tabletop.

net support Vertical piece that is 6 in high and stretches the net by means of white tape. leg Support beam stabilizing the table

end line Line that marks the ends of the playing surface and the back line of the serving zone.

playing surface Tabletop with lines and edges; players hit the ball from one side of the table to the other.

types of grips table tennis paddle Paddle used to strike the ball; paddles come in a variety of shapes, sizes and weights.

table tennis ball Ball made of celluloid or similar material; it is 1.6 in in circumference and weighs 0.09 oz.

SPORTS AND GAMES

handle Elongated part that the player grips to control the paddle.

There are two principal paddle grips.

penholder grip Grip that is suited to offensive play although it weakens the backhand; the table tennis player uses only one paddle face. face Rubber-covered surface used to strike the ball; the paddle has one red and one blackface.

blade Hard flat portion containing at least 85% natural wood.

covering Layer of rubber no more than .25 in thick that covers the faces of the blade.

shake-hands grip The most common grip; both paddle faces can be used and the player can hit forehand and backhand. 815

RACKET SPORTS

badminton I Sport with two or four opposing players that is similar to tennis; players use rackets to hit a shuttlecock onto opposite sides of a net that divides a court in half. court Synthetic or hardwood surface that is designed to provide good traction: badminton is usually played indoors. service judge Official who monitors the execution of the serve (player position, arrival of the shuttlecock in the appropriate zone, etc.). center line Line dividing each court half into two sides; the center line separates the left and right service zones.

linesman One of 10 officials who ensure that the shuttlecock remains inside the lines of play and inform the umpire when a fault is committed.

back boundary line Line that marks the ends of the playing area and, in singles play, the service zone.

long service line Line that marks the back of the service zone for doubles matches.

SPORTS AND GAMES

badminton racket The racket used to strike the shuttlecock is lighter (about 3 oz) and narrower than a tennis racket; its head is about 9 in long and 11 in wide. frame Racket frame to which the stringing ■ is attached.

server Player who puts the shuttlecock into play; the server and receiver stand diagonally opposite each other.

handle Part of the shaft that the player grips to control the racket.

stringing Sudace of interlaced strings of synthetic or natural fiber that is used to strike a shuttlecock.

shaft Elongated part of the racket that ends in the head. head Oval part of the racket, including the frame and the stringing.

I 816

butt Enlarged end of the shaft that prevents the hand from slipping off the handle.

RACKET SPORTS

badminton receiver Player who receives the shuttlecock put into play by the server.

white tape Strip of tape with a cord passing through it; it is attached to posts to suspend the net. net Loosely stitched divider stretched across the middle of the court at a height of 5 ft; players must hit the shuttlecock over it.

post Vertical bar used to stretch the net by means of white tape.

umpire Official responsible for applying the rules; the umpire ensures that the match runs smoothly and rules on contentious points.

alley Band 1.5 ft wide on the sides ot the court; the alley is used only for doubles matches.

short service line ■■ Front boundary of the singles and doubles service zones.

doubles sideline Line that marks the sides otthe playing area for doubles matches (two teams of two players).

singles sideline Line that marks the sides of the playing area for singles matches (two players).

service zones

Zones where the server and receiver must remain for a serve; once the serve is delivered, players can move all over the court.

SPORTS AND GAMES

singles service court Service zone used by a player for singles matches; the singles playing area measures 44 ft X 17 ft.

doubles service court Service zone used by a player for doubles matches; the doubles playing area measures 44 tt X 20 ft.

synthetic shuttlecock

Small plastic cone that is sturdier than the feathered shuttlecock and is usually used for training; it weighs about 0.2 oz, the same as the feathered shuttlecock.

feathered shuttlecock

Small piece of cork with 14 to 16 feathers; it is used in competitions. feather crown Feathers or synthetic materials attached to the shuttlecock tip to stabilize it and make it aerodynamic. cork tip The rounded base otthe shuttlecock; it can also be made ot synthetic materials. 817

RACKET SPORTS

racquetball Indoor sport with two or four opposing players with rackets; the players rally a bouncing ball using all surfaces of the court. court Enclosed space whose surfaces make up the playing area; it is 40 ft long, 20 tt wide and 20 ft high. referee Official responsible for applying fhe rules; fhe referee ensures that the match runs smoothly and rules on contentious points.

back wall Wall marking the back of the court behind the players.

center court Part of the court behind the short line and between the sidewalls; it is a strategic zone that players attempt to control. sidewall . Wall marking the sides of the court. ceiling Horizontal surface making up the upper part of the court; the ceiling is part of the playing area.

front wall •Wall facing the players; the service is made onto it.

service line Line marking the front of the service zone. service zone Zone where a player stands to serve; the ball must bounce once in this zone before it is served. frontcourt Area between the front wall and the short line.

service box line Line drawn 18 in from the sidewall that marks the service box at both ends of the service zone. door Glass-covered opening used to access the racquetball court.

line judge The two officials who, at the request of the referee or a player, confirm or reverse the referee's decision,

receiving line Line that the receiver stands behind; the receiver may not step over the receiving line until the serve crosses it. ;

SPORTS AND GAMES

backcourt Zone befween fhe short line and the back wall.

racquetball racket Racket that is used to strike the ball; it has a short shaft, an elongated head and its maximum length is 22 in.

818

service box In doubles play, the server's partner must stay inside this area until the ball crosses the short line.

floor Horizontal surface that is usually made of wooden slats; the ball may only bounce once on it.

short line Line dividing the court in half; the serve must cross the short line after bouncing off the front wall.

safety thong Cord worn around the wrist to prevent accidental racket throws.

racquetball Rubber ball that is tilled with compressed air and weighs 1.4 oz; official balls bear the initials I.R.F. (International Racquetball Federation).

RACKET SPORTS

squash : Sport similar to racquetball; its court size and equipment are different and the ceiling is excluded from the playing area. | 1

sidewall

Diagonal line on the sidewall; it marks the upper part ot the playing area and joins the front and back wall lines.

court

ceiling

sidewall line

Horizontal surtace making up the upper part of the court; the ceiling is not part of the playing area.

Rectangular surtace that is enclosed by four walls and designed for playing squash; the singles court measures 32 tt X 25 ft and the doubles court 32 ft x 21 ft.

Wall marking the sides of the court. outer boundary line

,• Continuous line marking the upper edge ot the playing area. receiver

Player who returns the ball put into play by the server. referee

Official responsible tor applying the rules; the referee ensures that the match runs smoothly and rules on contentious points... scorer

Official who assists the referee; the scorer officiates, signals faults and' announces the score.

front wall

■Wall facing the players; the service is made onto it.

back wall

Wall that marks the boundary of the court area behind the players.

service line

,, Line above which the ball must be served; a serve on or below this line constitutes a fault.

tin board

Strip of metal topped by a horizontal line marking the lower limit of the playing area. server

Player who puts the ball into play.

floor right service court

One of two court areas bordered by the short line and the half court line; the serve must enter the opposite service court.

Horizontal surface that is usually made of wooden slats; the ball may only bounce once on it.

half court line

squash balls Rubber balls filled with compressed air and weighing 24 g; there are several ball types depending on the skill of the players (very slow, slow, moderate, fast).

training ball

tournament ball

High-bounce ball used by beginners.

Low-bounce ball used tor competitions.

service box

Zone from which the player must serve; until the ball is served, the player must keep one foot inside this box without touching the short line.

squash racket short line

Line on the floor across the width of the court; if the serve first bounces on or in front of this line, a fault is called.

The squash racket is similar to the racquetball racket but has a longer shaft; it weighs between 5.5 and 8 oz and its maximum length is 27 in.

protective goggles

Glasses designed to prevent eye injuries; the risk of injury in squash is low but real, and goggles are recommended. 819

SPORTS AND GAMES

Line on the floor that divides the court area between the back wall and the short line into halves (service courts).-..

RACKET SPORTS

tennis I Sport with two or four opposing players with rackets who hit a ball onto opposite sides of a net dividing a court in half. court Rectangular surface (78 ft x 27 ft for singles, 78 ftx36 ft tor doubles) designed for playing tennis: it is divided in half by a net.

center mark Broken line marking the middle of the baseline; players use the center mark to take position for serving or receiving. alley Band that is 4.5 ft wide on the sides of the court; the alley is used only for doubles matches,

pole receiver Vertical pole that stretches the net by Player who returns the ball put into means of a net band, keeping it 3.5 ft play by the server. above the court. \ \

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umpire Official responsible for applying the rules; the umpire ensures that the match runs smoothly and rules on contentious points.

service judge Official who signals service line faults and informs the umpire when the server commits a fault. doubles sideline Line that marks the sides of the playing area for doubles matches (two teams of two players).

ball boy Person who retrieves balls from the court after each rally in a tournament.

center line judge Official who signals center line service faults and informs the umpire when the seivei euiiiiiiuud

strokes

f^uit

With the exception of the serve, all tennis strokes are backhands or forehands: for a right-handed player, strokes on the right are forehands and strokes on the left are backhands.

linesman One of the officials who ensure that the ball remains inside the lines of play and inform the umpire when a player commits a fault.

SPORTS AND GAMES

I 820

serve

half-volley

Putting the ball into play by striking it above the head from behind the baseline: the server has two serves to put the ball diagonally into the service court.

volley

Stroke by which the ball is hit on the short hop below the knees; the half-volley is used mainly while approaching the net.

Stroke executed before the ball bounces; it is usually played near the net.

RACKET SPORTS

tennis foot fault judge Official responsible for signaling foot faults, which occur when the server steps on the baseline. center strap Strip of fabric connected to the ground in the center of the net; it keeps the net at regulation height (3 ft).

right service court Zone in which the serve must bounce; it is diagonally opposite the server.

left service court Zone in which the serve must bounce; it is diagonally opposite the server. service line Line on each side of the net and parallel to it at a distance of 21 ft; it marks the back boundary of the service courts.

net band Strip of fabric with a cable passing through it; it is attached to poles to suspend the net.

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baseline Line marking the end of the court; the server stands behind the baseline.

singles sideline Line that marks the side of the playing area for singles matches '■■■-(two players).

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net judge Official responsible for calling net - serves; the net judge also regulates net height before and during a match.

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net Loosely stitched divider stretched across the middle of the court; players must hit the ball over it.

forecourt '■'Zone between the net and the service line. '^, "■/•■.. : * '

server Player who puts the ball into play; the server and receiver must stand in diagonally opposite zones.

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■center service line Line dividing each forecourt in half. . backcourt ’■•Zone between the service line and the baseline.

iifiii SPORTS AND GAMES

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Stroke by which the ball is sent high into the air over the opponent's head when this player is in the forecourt.

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drop shot

smash

Short shot by which the ball falls just behind the net with almost no bounce.

Powerful stroke executed when the ball is over the head; usually played after a lob, the smash is meant to bounce out of the opponent’s reach. 821

RACKET SPORTS

tennis tennis player Female competitors play in tournament matches of three sets; male competitors play In tournament matches ot three or five sets.

polo shirt

tennis racket Racket with an oval head that is used to strike the ball; its maximum length is 29 in.

Usually short-sleeved sweater that has a pointed turned-down collar; it is often fastened with a placket ending at mid-chest.

frame

Racket frame to which the stringing is attached.

stringing

Synthetic or natural cords strung together to form a surface used to strike the ball. head

Oval part of the racket, including the frame and the stringing.

shoulder

Base of the racket head joining it to the throat.

wristband

Strip of fabric worn around the wrist; it absorbs sweat from the forehead and face. skirt

Very short skirt covering only the upper thighs; women wear it to play tennis.

throat

Part joining the handle to the racket head.

shaft

Elongated part ot the racket that ends in the head.

handle

Part that the player grips to control the racket.

butt

Enlarged end of the shaft that^ prevents the hand from slipping off' the handle.

tennis shoe

Light tlexible shoe with a nonslip sole worn to play tennis.

tennis ball Rubber ball that weighs about 2 oz and is tilled with compressed air; it is covered with felt to make It more adherent.

scoreboard Board that posts details on the match in progress; a match is divided into sets, games and points.

set

Series ot games; a tennis match ' consists ot three or five sets (two or three winning sets). points

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Points that make up a game; 15 (1st point), 30 (2nd point), 40 (3rd point), game (4th point); 'the player who wins tour points (or two consecutive points in the event of a deuce) wins the game.

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SPORTS AND GAMES

previous sets

game

Series of four points; the player ' who wins six games takes the set it this player holds a two-game lead.

playing surfaces Tennis is played on various indoor and outdoor surfaces; playing strategies are adapted to the court surface. grass Extremely fast playing surface that favors a serve-and-volley game; grass surfaces are increasingly rare due to high maintenance costs.

I 822

clay Slow and comfortable surface given to long rallies; clay courts require regular but low-cost maintenance.

hard surface (cement) Surface given to fast bounces; hard surfaces quickly wear out shoes and balls.

synthetic surtace Soft elastic surface that otters excellent bounce and reduces the risk of injury.

GYMNASTICS

rhythmic gymnastics Combining gymnastics with dance, this women’s discipline reguires suppleness, strength and dexterity for manipulating the apparatuses.

exercise area 40 ft^ pad on which the gymnast performs.

• chief judge Official who supervises the entire competition. judge coordinator Official who coordinates the work of the other judges.

artistic value judges Officials (two to five) who evaluate the composition of the exercise: choreography, rhythm, harmony and originality.

ditficulty judges ^ Officials (two to four) who evaluate the ^ difficulty of the exercise: movements executed, specific handling of the apparatuses. execution judges Officials (three to five) who evaluate the execution quality of the exercise: technical faults, apparatus mastery, coordination and expressiveness.

apparatus Rhythmic gymnastics is practiced using five accessories (apparatuses), which for the most part are made of synthetic material.

clubs Apparatuses that are manipulated in a choreography made up of rotations, throwing and asymmetrical movements. Apparatus whose length is proportional to the gymnast’s height; it is used mainly for jumping.

ball sphere that the gymnast manipulates to bring out suppleness and corporal expression, as well as the contrast between power for throwing and gentleness for catching.

hoop Rigid apparatus used in a wide variety of manipulations, such as rotations, throwing, rolls and passing through.

ribbon Band that the gymnast must keep constantly moving by forming very precise figures, such as serpentines, spirals and circles.

trampoline Apparatus maije up of a bed stretched by springs; the gymnasts perform acrobatics by jumping and bouncing on it. cm T)

safety pad Cushioned mat covering the frame to prevent injuries to the gymnast.

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frame Metal body supporting the bed by means of springs; for competitions, the frame is 3.7 ft above the floor.

Metal structure supporting the trampoline frame.

spring Metal elastic coils that stretch the bed; a trampoline usually has 120 springs.

bed Canvas that is usually made of nylon; the gymnast bounces and performs acrobatic freestyle on it.

823

GYMNASTICS

gymnastics I Sports discipline practiced on the ground with apparatuses such as rings, bars and beams. event platform Platform that contains the necessary material and apparatuses to hold gymnastics competitions.

balance beam Women’s gymnastics apparatus made up of a long horizontal bar, on which the gymnast performs static and dynamic balance exercises.

overall standings scoreboard Board on which the performances and thegymnasts’marks are posted.

floor exercise area 40 fP pad on which the gymnast performs exercises on the floor.

pommel horse Men’s gymnastics apparatus with two handles (pommels), around which the gymnast maneuvers.

uneven parallel bars Women’s gymnastics apparatus made up of two horizontal bars of different heights for performing various acrobatic exercises.

line judge Official who ensures that the gymnasts on the floor stay within the floor exercise area.

judges Officials who evaluate performances on the uneven parallel bars. floor mats Padded carpets that cushion falls and provide balance when landing. uneven parallel bars Women’s gymnastics apparatus made up of two horizontal bars of different heights for performing various acrobatic exercises.

horizontal bar Men’s gymnastics apparatus composed of a horizontal bar attached to uprights, around which the gymnast maneuvers (rotations, flight elements).

vaulting horse Men’s and women’s gymnastics apparatus that is similar to a pommel horse; after a run, the gymnast leaps over it.

approach runs 82 ft runs made of foam matfing; they allow gymnasts to gain the speed they need to execute an exercise.

top bar • Wooden bar approximately 8 ft above the floor.

frame Metal frame made up of two posts and a horizontal bar from which the rings hang by means of cables.--..

rings Men’s gymnastics apparatus made up of two rings that hang from cables, which are fixed to a frame: they are used especially for power elements and fast swing exercises.

SPORTS AND GAMES

cable Rope made of woven metal wires--,, that connects the ring to the frame.

Wooden bar approximately 5.2 ft above the floor.

adjusting tube Part of the upright into which the vertical tube attached to the horizontal bar slides in order to adjust the height.

guy cable Metal cable that is attached to the ground and stabilizes the tubes of an upright gymnastics apparatus.

strap Band that is usually made of leather; it attaches the ring to the cable.

ring Wood, plastic or steel hoop from which the gymnast hangs to perform exercises; it is 8.3 ft above the floor.

guy cable Metal cable that is attached to the ground and stabilizes the tubes of an upright gymnastics apparatus.

GYMNASTICS

gymnastics scoreboard Board that displays information about a sports competition in progress such as gymnast’s name, nationality and score. gymnast’s name

current event scoreboard Judges grade exercises performed by the gymnasts based on execution, technique and artistic value.

nationality

vaulting horse Men’s and women’s gymnastics apparatus that is similar to a pommel horse; after a run, the gymnast supports the body on it with both hands to make a’—

judges Officials who evaluate floor exercises.

rings Men’s gymnastics apparatus made up of fwo rings that hang from cables, which are fixed to a frame; they are used especially for power elements and fast swing exercises.

parallel bars Men’s gymnastics apparatus made up - of two horizontal bars set at the same height; they are for performing various acrobatic exercises.

score Number of points awarded to a gymnast fora performance.

magnesium powder White magnesium-based powder that absorbs sweat from the gymnasts’ hands; this provides a surer grip on the apparatuses.

steel bar Bar around which the gymnast maneuvers; it is 8.3 ft above the floor.

horizontal bar Men’s gymnastics apparatus composed of a horizontal bar attached to uprights, around which the gymnast maneuvers (rotations, flight elements).

guy cable Metal cable that is attached to the ground and stabilizes the tubes of an uprighf gymnasfics apparatus.

parallel bars Men’s gymnastics apparatus made up of two horizontal bars set at the same height they are for performing various acrobatic exercises.

SPORTS AND GAMES

upright Vertical post of adjustable heightthat supports the steel bar.

wooden bar Bar whose gap is adjustable; it is usually 5.7 ft above the floor.

adjusting tube Part of the upright into which the vertical tube attached to the horizontal bar slides in order to adjust the height.

base Rigid support to which the adjusting tubes are attached, which in turn support the bars. 825

GYMNASTICS

gymnastics 1 pommel horse Men's gymnastics apparatus with two handles (pommels), around which the gymnast maneuvers.

saddle Central part of the horse, situated between the pommels.

pommel Curved wooden or plastic handle that the gymnast grips while performing movements such as swings and circles upon the horse.

neck Left part of the horse.

croup Right part of the horse.

horse ■ Main part of the apparatus.

tightener Device for tightening the chain to its maximum tension. height adjustment Screw for adjusting the horse’s height by sliding the tube inside the upright.

base Structure (such as uprights and chain) supporting the horse.

upright Adjustable vertical post supporting the horse.

■chain Metal links tor attaching the apparatus to the base and stabilizing it.

antislip shoe Leg with an antiskid sole that prevents the horse from slipping during an exercise. balance beam Women’s gymnastics apparatus made up of a long horizontal bar, on which the gymnast performs static and dynamic balance exercises. upright Adjustable post supporting the beam.

SPORTS AND GAMES

height adjustment Crank tor raising and lowering the uprights to adjust the beam’s height.

the floor and covered with a nonskid surface.

vaulting horse Men's and women’s gymnastics apparatus that is similar to a pommel horse: after a'run, the gymnast leaps over it.

springboard Board with springs to give it elasticity so that the gymnast can gain momentum before performing certain exercises such as vaulting.

I 826

AQUATIC AND NAUTICAL SPORTS

water polo Sport played in a pool with two teams of seven opposing players who attempt to score points at the opposite goal using a ball. player Member of a water polo team; during a game, the player must always stay in the water, never touch the bottom and not hold on to the sides of the pool.

water polo ball Waterproof sphere that is filled with air and is usually yellow; the players (except for the goalkeeper) may not hold the ball with both hands.

cap Flexible cap with ear protectors on which the player’s number is written; each team wears a cap of a distinct color.

crossbar Florizontal part connecting the two posts; the bar and the posts are made of plastic, metal or wood.

goal Cage made up of a net mounted on a frame; a team scores a point each time it succeeds in placing the ball in the opposing goal. post Two vertical supports for the goal; they are located 10 ft from each other.

swimming pool Pool in which a water polo game takes place; a game has four periods of seven minutes each divided by breaks of two minutes each. goal judge Official whose main function is to decide on the validity of goals and to report balls gone behind the goal line (corners).

secretaries Otficials who write up the game’s report (such as goals scored, fouls and exclusions) and signal the return of temporarily excluded players. timekeepers Officials in charge of the game’s i time, exclusions, continuous I possession of the ball (maximum i 35 seconds before taking a shot) i and so on. I

floater Float that keeps the goal above the surface of the water; the goal is also held in place by cables attached to the sides of the pool.

Loosely stitched netting attached to the back of the post; it keeps the ball inside the goal.

team bench Space where substitute players and team officials sit; a team has 13 players but only seven are in the water at the same time.

2 m line

goal line Line that the ball must pass to score a goal; the players line up along it before a period begins.

referee Official who is in charge of enforcing the rules; this individual supervises the game and signals violations by blowing a whistle.

excluded players re-entry area Space where players who commit an exclusion foul serve a 20-second penalty.

half-distance line Mark dividing the pool into two zones, one per team; the teams change zones after two periods of play.

4 m line

7 m line

coach The team's leader; the coach plots strategy and decides who plays in different situations.

SPGRTS AND GAMES

goalkeeper Player whose role is to prevent the ball from entering the goal; the goalkeeper wears a red cap.

AQUATIC AND NAUTICAL SPORTS

diving I Sport consisting of executing simple to complex dives into the water from a platform or a springboard. Starting positions

flights

Dives are started with or without run-up walks and in one of the positions recognized by the International Amateur Swimming Federation (FINA).

Position of the body between the start and the entry; it must match one of the three positions authorized by FINA.

tuck position Position in which the body is bent at the knees and hips with the knees and the feet together; the hands hold the legs. inward Dive started with the back turned toward the water; the diver then performs one or more forward spins.

reverse Dive started facing the water; the athlete then performs one or more backward spins.

backward Dive started with the back turned toward the water; the competitor then executes one or more backward spins. forward Dive started facing the water and followed by one or more forward spins.

armstand Started on the hands tor five seconds; this type of dive is done from a platform.

straight position Position in which the body remains perfectly straight and the arms are free (above the head or along the body).

pike position Position in which the body is bent at the hips and the legs are outstretched; the arms are free.

diving installations Equipment (such as springboards, platforms and tower) for diving; during a competition, the divers execute several dives and the points they earn are cumulative. 10 m platform referee

7.5 m platform

diving tower

Official in charge of enforcing the rules, giving the starting signal and marking the major errors committed during a dive.

Fixed structure supporting several platforms of various heights; at the Olympic Games, only the 10 m platform is used.-,

3 m platform

SPORTS AND GAMES

judges

Individuals who evaiuate the performances; seven judges (nine for synchronized diving) award a mark out of 10 based on technique and poise.

5 m platform

Platform: fixed rigid board with a skidproof surface from which dives are performed.

speaker

3 m springboard

Official who presents the competitors, the dives executed (and their degree of difficulty) and the final marks.

Springboard: structure with a fiexible board and a skidproof surface from which dives are performed.

1 m springboard

fulcrum

Device for adjusting the springboard to the springiness required at takeoff.

table of results

Space reserved for officials in charge of calculating the points (in case of computer problems) and tor writing the competition report.

water jets

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Water forced under pressure across the me surface buiidLti of ui the uiu water wdiei to lu provide piuviue

I 828

.the diver points Of reference during,.. a dive,,

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AQUATIC AND NAUTICAL SPORTS

divino examples of dives There are some 90 different dives that are distinguished by their start position, their form inflight and the figure presented (somersault, twist).

entries The diver enters the water in the vertical position, head or feet first, while attempting to produce the least amount of splashing possible.

feet-first entry

synchronized diving Dive performed simultaneously by two athletes forming a team; the positions are the same as for individual events and must be executed simultaneously.

head-first entry

height of the dive

Elevation attained during takeoff; if must be sufficient enough for the diver to complete the series of planned movements. arm position

Depending on the type of dive, the arms may be stretched along the body, toward the feet, over the head or by the sides.

leg position

While in flight, the feet must be together and the toes extended, regardless of the type of dive. flight

Part of the dive between the start and the entry; whatever the type of dive chosen, the diver must demonstrate suppleness, elegance and fluidity.

SPORTS AND GAMES

entry

Final part of the dive, the moment when the diver enters the water.

forward somersault with a twist Dive started with a run-up walk in the forward position; the diver then executes a forward body spin and enters the water feet first.

forward three-and-a-halt somersault tuck reverse dive with a twist Dive started in reverse position; the athlete then executes a Dive started in the forward position; during flight, three and one-half rotations are executed in a tucked position body spin and enters the water head first. and the water is entered head first. 829

AQUATIC AND NAUTICAL SPORTS

swimming Sport consisting ot swimming a defined distance (which varies depending on the four recognized stroke categories) as guickly as possible. swimsuit

starting block

cap

Almost always stretchy, skintight clothing that is worn for swimming; the materials used are designed to provide optimum hydrodynamics.

Metal elevated structure from which the swimmer dives into the pool to start a race.

Headgear that reduces water resistance, keeps the swimmer's hair in place and protects it against the effects of chlorine.

platform

Rigid board with a nonskid surface that is attached to the top of the starting block; the swimmer takes position and, at the starter’s signal, dives into the pool. swimming goggles

Goggles that protect the eyes from irritating substances and provide good visibility in the water.

starting grip (backstroke)

Handle used at the start of the backstroke event; the swimmer places the hands on the handles and the feet against the wall to provide momentum. stroke judge

referee

Official who enforces the rules and oversees the progress of the competition; the referee ratifies the judges’ decisions and resolves any disputes that may arise.

starter

Official who gives the start signal; false starts lead to the disqualification of the swimmer in error.

Each of the four officials checking the acceptability of the swimmers’ movements, depending on the stroke category.

false start rope

Rope that is 50 ft from the wall; it is dropped into the water in the event of a false start to inform the swimmers that they must resume their starting positions.

finish wall

SPORTS AND GAMES

Wall that the swimmer must touch to end a race; it is also the wall for turning around during events longer than 100 m in an Olympic-sized pool.

lane timekeeper

iane The strips, numbered from 1 to 8, that are reserved for swimmers during a race; swimmers must stay in the same lane throughout the event.

Official who manually registers the finish time of the competitor swimming in an assigned lane. starting block

Metal elevated structure from which the swimmer dives into the pool to start a race. I 830

chief timekeeper

Official who collects the times registered by the lane timekeepers: these data are used in the event the electronic timer fails.

placing judge

Official who confirms the times registered by the electronic timer after checking with the timekeepers.

AQUATIC AND NAUTICAL SPORTS

swimming scoreboard Posting surface displaying various data regarding the event in progress.

event

Type of competition in progress; it is based on the distance to swim and the category of sfroke.

timer

Time elapsed since the beginning of the race.

lane

Number of fhe lane assigned fo each athlete.

swim times

Total duration ot a contestant's race; it is measured in hundredths of a second.

swimmer’s country

order of finish

Classification ot contestants at the end of the race in ascending order of finish times. backstroke turn indicator sidewall

Wall forming the side of the pool; there is at least 20 in between the side wall and the outside lane ropes.

swimmers name

Rope with pennants that is strung 16 ft from fhe finish and turning walls; backstroke swimmers use it to judge distance. turning wall

Wall that the swimmer must touch before turning around; during the turn, the athlete pushes from the wall with the feet.

turning judges

Officials checking the validity of fhe furns; in fhe 800 m and 1500 m events, they inform fhe swimmers of how many lengfhs fhey have left to do.

competitive course The events, for singles and teams, take place in a pool that is 25 m or 50 m (Olympic-sized pool) long.

SPORTS AND GAMES

swimming pool

Pool where swimming competitions take place; the water in it is maintained at a constant temperature (around 78°F) and depth.

831

AQUATIC AND NAUTICAL SPORTS

swimming I types of strokes Four basic categories are recognized by the International Amateur Swimming Federation (FINA): the breaststroke, the butterfly, the backstroke and freestyle (the crawl).

breathing in

Action of drawing air into the lungs; to breathe in, the swimmer turns the head slightly, without lifting it.

front crawl stroke Stroke performed on the stomach in which the arms alternate in moving toward the front; it is very fast and is usually used in freestyle races. starting dive

Dive enabling the swimmer to thrust the body into the water; the swimmer pushes off with the legs, extends the ■ body and enters the water head first.

breaststroke Stroke characterized by a series of simultaneous arm movements (toward the front, toward the outside and toward the rear) that are synchronized with the beating of the legs.

crawl kick

I 832

SPORTS AND GAMES

flip turn

breaststroke kick

Wit"

Wall that the swimmer must touch before turning around; during the turn, the athlete pushes from the wall with the feet.

Movement for making a turn; the swimmer curls downward, pivots, then pushes from the wall with the feet.

breaststroke turn

Movement in which the swimmer bends the legs and then stretches them simultaneously toward the outside; it is more powerful than other leg kicks.

backstroke Stroke characterized by an alternating rotation of the arms toward the back; the outstretched legs make an alternating beating movement at the same time.

backstroke start

Expulsion of air; the swimmer breathes out when the face is underwater.

Movement in which the outstretched legs alternate in beating up and down.

butterfly stroke Stroke on the stomach in which the two arms are thrust simultaneously toward the front and then brought backward.

Movement by which the swimmer starts from within the pool; at the signal, the swimmer lets go of the starting grip and then pushes from the wall with the feet.

turning wall breathing out

Movement for making a half turn; the swimmer touches the wall with both hands, pivots, then pushes from the wall with the feet.

butterfly kick

butterfly turn

Vertical simultaneous movement of the legs that completes an undulation started by the upper body; the legs always stay together.

Movement for making a half turn; the swimmer touches the wall with both hands, pivots, then pushes from the wall with the feet.

‘

flip turn

Movement for making a turn; the swimmer arrives in the dorsal position, pivots, then pushes from the wall with the feet.

AQUATIC AND NAUTICAL SPORTS

sailing j

Sport navigation practiced on a sailboat. There are several classes of sailboats and various types of competitions such as regattas and transoceanic races. i points of sailing Courses of a sailboat relative to the direction of the wind; the sailboat navigates portside or starboardside, depending on which side the wind is coming from.

wind

Displacement of air caused by variations in pressure between two regions of the atmosphere.

on the wind

Points of sailing in between a headwind and a close reach that are used especially when tacking; the sails are near the boat's center line.

Points of sailing in between a headwind and a close reach that are used especially when tacking; the sails are near the boat’s center line.

beam reach

Points of sailing in between a full and by and a down wind; the sails swing farther and farther from the boat’s center line.

beam reach Point of sailing in between a wind abeam and a broad reach; the sailboat navigates by following the wind at an angle of about 135°.

full and by Point of sailing of a sailboat going against the wind, with its sail at an angle of about 60°. on the wind Point of sailing of a sailboat sailing against the wind, with its sail at an angle of about 45°.

headwind Wind blowing against the sailboat’s course; it is impossible to make headway.

close hauled Point of sailing of a sailboat traveling near the wind's eye (axis), with its sail at an angle of about 45°; close hauled is the limit of sailing against the wind.

down wind Point of sailing of a boat going in the same direction as the wind.

close reach Point of sailing in which the sailboat comes up against the wind, with its sail at an angle of about 70°.

wind abeam Point of sailing of a sailboat traveling at right angles to the wind.

broad reach Fastest point of sailing, in between a beam reach and a down wind; the angle between the boat and the eye (axis) of the wind is wide.

course Olympic events take place on a triangular course whose length varies depending on variables such as the characteristics of the water and the wind direction.

jibe

Technique for changing the sailboat’s course when the wind is coming from the rear by letting the sails cross from one side of the boat to the other.. second leg at reach

finish line

Line marking the end of the race; events are usually made up ot several sets, the combined result of which determines the winner.

lowering the spinnaker

The crew lowers the spinnaker when the sailboat turns into the wind, after the second leg at reach.

wind

Displacement ot air caused by variations in pressure between two regions of the atmosphere.

buoy

Floating object that marks out the race. An Olympic-type race has threebuoys that are arranged in a triangle; they are rounded in a specific order.

raising the spinnaker

When the sailboat navigates points of sailing (with the wind almost from behind), the crew increases speed by hoisting a large lightweight sail called a spinnaker over the bow.

starl into a headwind

The race begins facing upwind; sailboats must then tack until thesecond buoy, which is located straightahead. starting line

Line marking the beginning of the race; when the starting signal is given, all the sailboats must be behind this line.-'

tacking

Technique of navigating in a zigzag course when sailing upwind; the sails cross from one side of the boat to the other.

833

SPORTS AND GAMES

The sailboat first navigates the beam reach with the wind on the starboard side until the third buoy (first leg at reach), then sails a second straight line to the beam reach with the wind on the port side.

AQUATIC AND NAUTICAL SPORTS

sailing wind indicator

sailboat

Instrument that indicates wind direction using a vane that rotates around a vertical axis.

Small monohull sailboat with a retractable centerboard; ballast is provided by the weight of the crew.

mast

Long vertical pole that supports one or more sails; it is sometimes slightly inclined.

batten pocket

.-Slot into which a batten is slipped.

forestay

Rope or steel cable stretched from the mast to the bow; it secures the mast in front.-..

batten

Rigid pole inserted into the sail’s 'batten pockets to maintain its shape.

jib

Triangular sail that is rigged forward.---,,

mainsail

-Boat’s principal sail; it is rigged to the mast and boom.

shroud

Heavy taut rope between a mast and the side of the ship; it secures and supports the mast on the sides.--..

sail panel

•The bands ot canvas whose sides are sewn together to form a sail.

crosstree

Horizontal part attached to the mast to separate the shrouds.

telltale

Narrow light ribbon that is attached aloft to indicate the direction of the ■wind along ttTe side of a sail.

boom vang

Short rope for lowering a sail.

boom

jibsheet

Long piece of metal that articulates with the mast; it supports the lower •edge of the mainsail.

Cord that passes through the bottom corner ot the jib to position it in relation to the wind direction.

mainsheet '

Cord that passes through the bottom corner of the mainsail to position it in relation to the wind -direction.

cleat

SPORTS AND GAMES

Anvil-shaped wood or metal part to-, which a rope can be tied. \

traveler

Metal bar running across the deck; a car travels back and torth on it to •move the mainsheet.

tiller

Unit for controlling the rudder; the coxswain is the person who holds a sailboat’s tiller.

rudder

Submerged component that pivots on a vertical axle and is used to steer the boat.

bow

Forward part ot the boat’s hull. centerboard hull

Part of the boat’s structure that forms a watertight vessel.

I 834

cockpit

Hollow place aft ot the deck where the crew stays.

- Retractable keel that keeps the sailboat on course.

AQUATIC AND NAUTICAL SPORTS

sailing multihulls Sailboats made out ot two or three parallel hulls joined together; the hulls are long, narrow and lightweight so that high speeds can be attained.

monohulls Sailboats with a single hull; they are easier to handle but not as fast as multihulls.

centerboard boat Small monohull sailboat with a retractable centerboard; ballast is provided by the weight ot the crew.

trimaran Sailboat consisting of a central hull stabilized by two smaller hulls on each side (tioaters); the hulls are joined by two rigid link arms.

keel boat Small monohull sailboat with a tixed and weighted skeg (keel) to keep the boat stable and prevent it from capsizing in the wind.

catamaran Sailboat with two identical hulls that are connected by a rigid structure, which supports a cabin or a deck.

upperworks Small equipment and accessories on a boat's deck especially for

snap shackle Metal ring that closes automatically withaspring; it is used to attach various elements such as sheets and sails.

Hook that is kept closed by a piston mechanism and set on a shank, which rotates on a ring; it prevents the ropes that are attached to it trom twisting.

fairlead Open part that is used to guide mooring ropes.

cleat Anvil-shaped wood or metal part to which a rope can be tied.

shackle U-shaped part that closes with a threaded shank; it is used especially for joining two chains or tor attaching ropes.

^ I

clam cleat Device made up ot two jaws with springs for locking a rope; after the rope is pulled, it stays in place.

sheet lead Ringed part through which a sheet passes to change its direction; it must be pertectly smooth to prevent wear on the rope.

sliding rail

Straight rail along which the car moves.

Moving device that is connected to the mainsheet; the movement of the car quickly changes the sail position in relation to the wind.

traveler Metal bar running across the deck; a car travels back and forth on it to move the mainsheet.

clam cleat

end stop

Device made up of two jaws with springs for locking a rope; after the rope is pulled, it stays in place.

Part for locking the sideways movement of the car.

835

SPORTS AND GAMES

turnbuckle Instrument for adjusting the tension ot a rope; it is made up of a hollow cylindrical body with a threaded shank screwed onto each end.

winch Small crank tor heaving a rope tight; it usually has a ratchet preventing it from rotating in the counter direction.

AQUATIC AND NAUTICAL SPORTS

_ sailboard I Floating board with a sail; it is used in windsurfing, a sport consisting of gliding on water. masthead Top end of the mast.

batten Rigid pole inserted into the sail’s batten pockets to maintain its shape.

mast sleeve Part of the sail that slips over the mast; it has an opening for the wishbone boom, where it is attached to the mast.

batten pocket Slot into which a batten is slipped.

sail Assembly ot fabric or plastic sections that is rigged on a mast; it forms a surface that allows the board to sail with the wind, luff Front edge ot the sail; it is located along the mast sleeve.

leech Aft edge ot the sail between the masthead and the clew.

window Transparent section through which the windsurfer can see any objects or boats on the other side of the sail.

wishbone boom Metal or carbon hoop that is attached to the mast at one end and the clew atthe other; it directs the sail and helps the windsurfer stay balanced.

clew PoiTit forming the small angle at the back ot the sail; it is attached to the wishbone boom.

mast Long vertical part that is sometimes slightly inclined; it supports the wishbone boom and the sail.

foot Lower part ot the sail between the clew and the tack.

SPORTS AND GAMES

uphaul Knotted rope that runs from the wishbone boom to the mast foot; it is used for righting the sail when it is in the water. tack Point that torms the tront lower angle of the sail; it is attached to' the foot of the mast sleeve. mast foot Articulated part that connects the mast to the board; it allows the' mast and sail to pivot.

daggerboard well Slot running through the board into which the daggerboard slides.

foot strap Beit attached to the board to hold the windsurter’s toot in place; this provides maximum control of the board, especially against strong winds and waves.

stern Back part ot the board.

bow Forward part ot the board; it curves slightly upward.

83B

board Floating device made of synthetic material on which the windsurfer rides; its shape varies depending on its use (racing, slalom, waves, jumping).

daggerboard Usually retractable, vertical skeg that keeps the board on course.

skeg One of the triangular parts aft and under the board that stabilize its course; the shorter the skegs, the easier the board is to handle.

AQUATIC AND NAUTICAL SPORTS

canoe-kayak: Whitewater Sport of traveling in a canoe or kayak in water ranging from calm to turbulent in a river or man-made course. canoe Closed boat that is somewhat wider than a kayak and seats one or two people; it is propelled with a singlebladed paddle in a kneeling position. single-bladed paddle Instrument made up of a flat oar blade attached to a handle for propelling and steering a canoe.

kayak Long narrow closed boat with a round hull that provides stability and maneuverability; it is propelled with a double-bladed paddle in a seated position.

double-bladed paddle Instrument with two curved oar blades that are attached to a handle; it propels and steers the kayak by paddling on alternating sides of the boat.

upstream gate Gate made with two red poles that must be negotiated against the current; races must have at least six upstream gates.

spray skirt Flexible waterproof part that is attached around the opening; it fits snugly around the kayaker's waist to prevent water from entering the boat.

gate judge Otficial who ensures that the paddler negotiates the gate as required without touching the poles; if the athlete makes a mistake, there is a time penalty.

Whitewater

Race against time in turbulent water over a natural or man-made course; the route of the race is marked by 20 to 25 numbered gates.

SPORTS AND GAMES

course gate chief judge Space between two poles through Official who enforces the rules; this which the competitor must pass; it individual makes all the final decisions and ensures consistency hangs 6 in above the water from cables among the various officials. stretched from shore to shore.

downstream gate Gate made of two green poles that is negotiated in the direction of the current.

safety officer Official who manages the first aid staff, who are positioned along the course to be ready for emergencies. 837 I

AQUATIC AND NAUTICAL SPORTS

rowing and sculling Sport consisting of a speed race in a straight line over a maximum distance ot 2000 m; races take place on calm water in boats designed tor the purpose. sculling (two oars) Race in which the rowers grip one oar in each hand.

rowing (one oar) Race in which rowers grip one oar in both hands.

types of oars

blade Larger end of fhe oar fhat is thrust into the water to propel the boat; it is often asymmetrical in order to maximize its hold in the water.

rubber sheath Plastic or rubber casing that covers grip End of the oar that Is gripped by the and protects the shaft; the collar is rower. mounted on it.

Oar: instrument that is made up of a slightly curved blade, which is connected to a long shaft; it propels the boat. sculling oar Short oar that is manipulated with one arm; it is used in tandem with a second oar to propel a sculling boat.

Elongated part that is usually made of wood or carbon; the blade is attached to it.

sweep oar Oar that is manipulated with both arms and is used to propel a sweep boat; it is longer than a sculling oar and has a larger blade.

parts of a boat Boat: long and tapered lightweight vessel that is propelled by one to eight rowers; their oars are supported by an outrigger.

rudder cable Cable used by the coxswain to direct the rudder; in a coxless boat, the cable may be connected to a rower’s foot stretcher.

blade Larger end of fhe oar fhaf is fhrust into the water to propel the boat; it is often asymmetrical in order to maximize its hold in the water.

sheath and rests on the oarlock to prevent the oar from slipping; it can be moved to change its leverage effect.

coxswain’s seat Part on which the coxswain sits facing the rest of the team; the coxswain steers the boat and gives the rowers instructions and the strokes per minute to follow. ■

foot stretcher Part attached to the bottom of the boat; it supports the rowers’ feet to provide the best draw.

sliding seat Part on which the rower sits; it slides along rails to increase movement range and efficiency.

rudder Submerged component that pivots on a vertical axle and is used to steer the boat.

basin Usually man-made body of water where rowing and canoe-kayak races are held; ideally, it is in the lee of the wind and without a current.

aligner Official who check thaf all boafs are lined up properly at the start line

course umpire Official who follows the competitors during the race on board a boat; the course umpire may disqualify a boat straying from its lane.

start buoys Floating yellow or orange units in • course buoys the first 275 yd of the course that Floating white units in the center of demarcate the six to eight lanes of the course that demarcate the six to the basin. ' eight lanes of the basin.

SPORTS AND GAMES

starting zone The first 110 yd of the course inside which a race may be invalidated due to technical difficulties. starter Official who summons the competitors and gives the starting signal; the starter also decides if there is a false start starting jetty Floating platform on which an official stands; the role of this individual is to keep the boats immobile and In line before the start.

canoe-kayak; flatwater rac i n g Sport consisting of a spee(j race in a straight line; races take place on calm water in canoes or kayaks with one or more places. C1 canoe Open pointed boat that is propelled withasingle-bladed paddle in a kneeling position; the V-shaped hull is somewhat unstable but gives maximum glide.

forestem Somewhat pointed forward part of the canoe hull.I 838

deck Enclosed area fore and aft; it

AQUATIC AND NAUTICAL SPORTS

rowing and sculling sculling boats Boats in which the rowers have two oars and there are one, two, four and somefimes eight rowers; a sculling boat is rarely guided by a coxswain.

single scull

coxless double

Sculling boat for one rower; it is the smallest and lightest of the rowboats.

Sculling boat for two rowers; like the single scull, it is rudderless and is steered by applying unequal force against the oars.

sweep boats

\ coxed pair

Boats in which the rowers have one oar and there are two, four or eight rowers; a sweep boat might be guided by a coxswain.

coxless pair

coxed eight

coxed four

coxless four oarlock

Piece of equipment on which the oar’s collar rests; it keeps the oar in place while allowing it to move more easily.

bow ball

Rubber or plastic globe forward on the hull; it is the deciding factor in a photo finish and serves as protection in the event of collision.

outrigger

Metal adjustable structure that ' supports the oar within the rower’s reach.

.—

finish line

finish buoys

Floating yellow or orange units that demarcate the six to eight lanes of the basin for the last 275 yd of the course.

finish line judge

Official who validates the boats’ placement and the race time.

Line marking the end of a race that is demarcated by two red flags atop buoys; a crew ends the race when the forward part of the boat crosses it.

floating dock

scoreboard

Display surface posting information related to a sporting event in progress (time, standings, results, etc.).

canoe-kayak: flatwater racing K1 kayak seat tapered end

Tapered end of the kayak; the Vshaped hull is very unstable but can glide very quickly. double-bladed paddle

Instrument with two curved oar blades that are attached to a handle; it propels and steers the kayak by paddling on alternating sides of the boat.

Position taken for paddling; once seated, the kayaker can control the rudder with a bar by using the feet.

Closed tapered boat that is propelled withadouble-bladed paddle in a seated position; it has a rudder to facilitate steering.

rudder

Submerged device with a rotating flat surface that is integrated with a vertical axle and used to steer the kayak. 839

SPORTS AND GAMES

Floating platform used for ■""launching boats into the water or for taking them out.

AQUATIC AND NAUTICAL SPORTS

water skiing Sport in which the skier is towed by a motorboat and glides on the surface of the water on one or two skis; there are a number of disciplines, including jumping, slalom and figures. examples of skis Water skiing can be done on two skis (twin skis and jump skis) or on one ski (figures and slalom).

twin skis Very stable skis with broad tips that have various uses; one of the skis has a second binding so that it can be used as a slalom ski.

tip

Front end of the ski; it curves upward to prevent catching on the surface of the water.

binding

Device that keeps the foot in place on the ski; it is usually made of natural or synthetic rubber and releases the foot easily in the event of a fall. fin

bottom

Skeg at the rear underside of the ski that provides directional stability.

Carefully polished part forming the underside of the ski; it has differentshapes (flat, concave or tunnel) depending on the desired effect.

toepiece ■

slalom ski Single ski with two bindings and a tapered rounded tail; it has a long fin to provide stability during tight turns.

Front part of the binding; it covers of ookle.

heelpiece

jump skis Very sturdy skis that are longer and wider than other types of skis; they provide the stability necessary for performing jumps from a jump ramp.

Back part of the binding that covers the heel and the bottom of the leg; it reduces sideways motion.

figure ski Single ski that is wider and shorter than a twin ski and has two bindings and no fin; it is very maneuverable and is used to perform acrobatic figures.

back binding

Device that keeps the back foot in place on the ski; it is often identical to the front binding but can also be a simple toe strap.

front binding

tail

Device that keeps the front foot place on the ski; it is usually shaped like a boot and made of natural or synthetic rubber.

Rear end of the ski.

examples of handles Regular and slalom handles that the skier grips to be towed by the boat; they vary in shape depending on the type of skiing performed.

slalom handle Rigid bar whose ends are attached to a tow line by a long flexible Vshaped connection.

SPORTS AND GAMES

handle Rigid bar whose ends are attached to a tow line by a V-shaped connection of varying flexibility depending on the intended use.

/ y

figure skiing handle Long rigid handle with a toe strap; it is used mainly for acrobatic figures.

toe strap

Foot strap for holding one of the skier's feet; it provides traction while performing tricks.

tow line

Line that connects the handle to the boat’s towing cable.

tow bar

Rigid handle that is covered with antiskid material; the skier grips it while being towed.-

surfing I Sport consisting of riding the side of a breaking wave on a surfboard.

surfboard Floating board made of synthetic material and covered with wax or antiskid strips; its length and shape vary depending on the intended use.

skeg

surfer Athlete who practices surfing while standing, lying down or kneeling on a surfboard. I 840

Triangular part at the rear underside of the board that provides directional stability.

boot Synthetic rubber shoe that is used for surfing in cold water or for protecting the feet from coral and rocks.

AQUATIC AND NAUTICAL SPORTS

scuba diving Sport consisting of descending underwater and swimming around; if can be done holding one's breath or with scuba gear, mask Watertight part that is made up ot glass surrounded by a rubber skirt; it covers the nose and eyes and provides good visibility underwater.

hood Synthetic rubber cap that covers the head and neck to protect them against the cold.

snorkel Rigid or tlexible tube that enables the diver to breathe from just under the surface without lifting the head out of the water; it provides a comfortable and efficient position for swimming.

scuba diver Person who practices scuba diving; the diver wears diving gear and carries equipment that makes it possible to stay underwater for as long as the air supply lasts.

regulator second stage Apparatus that changes the pressure of the air .-coming from the regulator first stage to the pressure of the ambient air; the diver breathes this air in through a mouthpiece.

harness Piece of equipment with straps and suspenders; the diver uses it to carry one ormore cylinders of compressed air on the back.

inflator Apparatus that inflates the buoyancy compensator; it often includes a mechanical system attached to the regulator as well as a ,-mouthpiece for inflating it manually.

regulator first stage Apparatus attached to the cylinder valve that lowers the air pressure coming from the cylinder to an intermediate value (medium pressure).

inflator valve Unit that controls the amount of air entering the buoyancy compensator.

air hose Flexible tube that connects the regulator first stage to the emergency regulator.

mouthpiece ■Part for inflating the buoyancy compensator by blowing.

weight belt Fabric sash worn around the waist; it contains a variable number of--weights to compensate for the diver’s natural flotation.

purge valve Device for releasing air from the buoyancy compensator.

buoyancy compensator Float device whose volume of air can be increased or decreased at will to stabilize the diver underwater; it can be used to return to the surface and to keep afloat without effort,

information console Ergonomic box that houses various measuring devices, which are useful to the diver.

compressed-air cylinder ■ Device containing air of diminished volume due to pressure; it stores air that can be used by the diver to move underwater.

thermometer ■Instrument for measuring the water’s temperature, knife

pressure gauge Apparatus for measuring the ■cylinder’s air pressure; this indicates to the diver how much air is available.

emergency regulatorRegulator second stage that is connected by a hose to the regulator first stage; it is used to supply air to a diver in difficulty. diving glove--' Piece of synthetic rubber that covers the hand and wrist to protect them from the cold and from being hurt by underwater objects, plants and animals.

depth gauge Apparatus indicating the diver’s depth. Rubber or plastic flipper that is attached to the foot and improves the diver’s propulsion in the water.

wet suit--' Insulating outfit made out of synthetic rubber; a small amount of water is usually allowed to seep in and assume the diver’s body temperature.

sheath Usually hard casing that covers^ and protects the knife.

O XI

H CO

strap Flexible strong belt that attaches^ the sheath to the diver (usually’ around the upper leg).

boot Synthetic rubber boot that protects the foot and ankle from the cold and from being rubbed by the fin. foot pocket Part of the fin that covers the foot; it can be open at the heel and have an adjustable strap or be entirely closed.

Instrument made up of a handle and a cutting blade; it is often serrated for cutting rope, algae and other objects blocking the way.

rail Side reinforcement of the fin; it makes the blade stifferand improves the fin’s efficiency.

□

n > CO

blade Thrusting part of the fin that is an extension of the foot pocket; its length and stiffness determine its thrusting power. speargun Weapon that uses pressurized air to launch an arrow at a tish or other marine animal underwater; the arrow is attached to the gun by a rope.

841

COMBAT SPORTS

boxing Sport in which two opponents wearing gloves tight each other with their fists (English boxing) or with their fists and feet (French boxing) tollowing acode of rules. boxer Athlete who practices boxing: boxers are classified into weight categories. headgearRigid piece of equipment that protects the head especially during training and in Olympic boxing.

glove Padded covering for the hand and wrist to dampen the impact of punching. speed ball Inflated leather bag that the boxer hits when training; it helps develop speed and punching coordination.

boxing trunks Shorts coming down to mid-thigh.

punching bag Leather or canvas bag that is filled with sand and weighs about 65 lb; the boxer trains by hitting it powertully.

SPORTS AND GAMES

ring Square podium that is surrounded by stretched ropes and measures from 18 to 22 ft on the inside ot the ropes; the boxing bout takes place on it.

boxer Athlete who practices boxing; boxers are classified into weight categories.-..

referee Official who enforces the rules and directs the fight in the ring; after the bout, this individual collects and checks the judges’ scores.

rope Grouping of threads forming a cable 1 to 2 In thick that stretches between posts to delimit the ring. timekeeper Official who controls the number of breaks and rounds and their duration by ringing a gong or bell, except in the case of a knockout.

corner Angle formed by the intersection of the ropes; the red and blue corners are reserved for the boxers, the other two are neutral. turnbuckle Metal part that is covered with padded matting and stretches the ropes around the ring.

ring step StructuraJ component for accessing the ring.

corner pad Padded layer covering the posts to prevent injuries. ring post Pole located at the four corners of the ring that supports and stretches’ the ropes. trainer Person who supervises the boxer’s training and is present during-'' contests to coach the boxer on strategy. second Person who assists a boxer and ministers to him between rounds.

corner stool Corner seat on which the boxer sits during breaks.

I 842

j ; physician Person who treats the boxers in the event ot injury; a doctor's presence is mandatory and this individual may end a fight in the event of serious injury.

judge One of the three or five officials who evaluate the performances; they score the boxers and pick the winner. canvas Covering for breaking falls that is made ottlexible material and is about .5 in thick; a canvas is stretched on it.

ringside Area surrounding the ring.

apron Part of the ring that is outside the ropes; the floor of the ring is about 3 ft high and must extend beyond the ropes by at least 18 in.

COMBAT SPORTS

boxin

lace

Narrow cord that passes through the glove’s eyelets to tighten it around the hand and wrist.

bandage Band of soft fabric (gauze) thaf is wrapped around the hand underneath the glove; it protects the hand against fractures and supports the wrist.

boxing gloves The gloves are provided by the organizers before the bout.

protective cup Molded plastic equipment that protects an athlete’s genitals.

mouthpiece Protective device for the boxer’s teeth that is placed between the cheeks and teeth during a fight.

wrestling Sport in which two opponents fight bare-handed and seek to pin each other to the floor using various holds. |

wrestler Athlete who practices wrestling; wrestlers are classitied into weight categories.

Starting positions The wrestlers start the bout standing on opposite sides of the white circle; this circle is in the middle of the central wrestling area and is 3.2 ft in diameter.

singlet

Tight-fitting one-piece outfit.

crouching position (freestyle wrestling) Freestyle wrestling allows the wrestler to use the entire body; this provides for a larger variefy of holds fhan in Greco-Roman wrestling.

standing position (Greco-Roman wrestling) In Greco-Roman wrestling, it is forbidden to seize the opponent below the hips and to use one’s legs tor a hold or to defend oneself.

wrestling shoe

Flexible leather boot that covers the ankle; it has no heel and no metal -parts.

Athlete who practices wrestling; wrestlers are classified into weight categories.

passivity zone

Red band that is 3.2 ft wide; it delimits and is part of the wrestling surface (30 ft in diameter). mat chairperson

Official who coordinates the work of the referee and the judge; in the event of disagreement, he settles it. Fie may also interrupt the bout.

Area that is 5 ft wide and surrounds the passivity zone; it provides safety it the wrestler is thrown out of the wrestling area.

referee

Official in charge of enforcing the rules who directs the tighten the mat and wears red and blue sleeves to indicate points.

central wrestling area

Circle inside the passivity zone that is 23 ft in diameter; the bout takes place within it.

judge

Official who assigns the points for the technical action as instructed by the referee or the mat chairperson and registers them on the scoreboard.

843

SPORTS AND GAMES

protection area wrestler

wrestling area Mat with an area ot 40 fCfora wrestling match; a bout has two 3minute periods with a break of 30 seconds.

COMBAT SPORTS

^ judo I Sport of Japanese origin that is practiced with bare hands and consists of unbalancing the opponent with holds; Judo means “the gentle way”. mat Surface thaf measures 46 ft x 52 ft and is used for practicing judo; it is made up of smaller mat squares (latamist

contestant Orie of two athletes (here, judokas) who confront each other in a bout; contestants are classified into weight categories...

scorers and timekeepers The scorers show the results on the scoreboards and the timekeepers monitor the time during the bout.

scoreboard Board that displays various data about the medical team contest taking place (such as points and Physicians tend to the judokas in penalties); there are two scoreboards, one the event of injury; their presence is manual and one electronic, in each contest mandatory and they may end a bout area. in the event of serious injury.

safety area Surface that is 10 ft wide and surrounds the danger area; it provides safety if the contestant if thrown out of the contest area.

contest area Area on which the bout takes place; it includes the danger area, measures 26 x 33 ft and haslines to indicate the positions of the judokas at the start and end of the bout.

judogj Clothing worn when practicing judo that is made of cotton or a similar fabric; one judoka wears a white judogi while the other wears a blue one.

referee ■ Official who enforces the rules and directs the bout on the mat; this individual is assisted by the two judges. jacket Clothing with wide sleeves that covers the chest and part of the hips; women wear a white bodysuit or jerkin under the jacket.

danger area ,Red band that is 3.2 ft wide; it delimits and is part of the contest area.

examples of holds and throws There are more than 40 holds in judo: floor grips (strangles, locks, holdings) and standing throws (shoulders, arms, hips, legs).

holding The assailant uses pressure on the shoulders to pin the opponent to the floor.

SPORTS AND GAMES

judge One of the two officials who assist the referee; they check especially that the holds are allowable and take place within the bounds of the contest area.

stomach throw The assailant pulls the opponent forward and puts a foot on the his stomach, causing the opponent to be thrown overthe assailant’s shoulder. sweeping hip throw The assailant pushes the opponent’s leg, causing the opponent’s torso to rotate and flip over the assailant’s hip.

major outer reaping throw Using the right leg, the assailant sweeps up the opponent's left leg from behind, causing the opponent to fall backward.*

major inner reaping throw Using the right leg, the assailant sweeps up the opponent’s right leg from the front, causing the opponent to fall backward.

naked strangle From behind, the assailant’s arm puts pressure on the opponent’s neck, constricting breathing or cutting off the flow of blood and oxygen to the brain.

trousers Garment for the lower body; it extends from the waist or the hips to the ankles, covering each leg separately. I 844

belt Band of fabric about 10 ft long that is wrapped twice around the waist and whose color indicates the judoka’s level.

arm lock To force submission, fhe assailant exerts pressure on the opponent’s elbow joint against its natural bending direction.

one-arm shoulder throw Placing the forearms under the opponent’s armpits, the assailant lifts the opponent over his back, propelling the opponent forward.

COMBAT SPORTS

karate Self-defense sport of Japanese origin that is practiced with bare hands; the blows, which are usually given with the hands and the teet, must stop betore reaching the opponent’s body. karateka Athlete who practices karate; some, but not all, organizations classify karatekas by weight.

karate-gi Clothing worn when practicing karate;

contest area Mat with an area of 26 fP on which the bout takes place; it is surrounded by a safety surface.

obi Long wide belt that is tied around the waist to close the jacket; its color indicates the contestant’s level.

referee’s line Mark designating the regulation position of the referee during the bout.

competitors’ line Mark designating the karatekas’ position at the start of the bout and after any interruption. competition area Surface tor practicing karate; bouts last a maximum of three minutes.

referee Official who enforces the rules, directs the bout on the mat, awards the points and gives out warnings and penalties.

corner judge One of the four officials who assist the referee, give their opinions especially about the referee’s decisions and judge the actions of the karatekas.

scorekeeper Official who tracks the karatekas’ points and penalties.

timekeeper Official who monitors the duration of the bout.

karateka Athlete who practices karate; some, but not all, organizations classify karatekas by weight.

B45

SPORTS AND GAMES

arbitration committee Group of upper-level officials who especially supervise the bout as it unfolds and check that the referee and the judges perform their duties correctly,

COMBAT SPORTS

kung fu

One of several types of sport of Chinese origin practiced with or without weapons; it is similar to karate but requires more legwork. kung tu practitioner Athlete who practices kung fu; contestants must be quick, precise and supple, and possess keen concentration.

traditional jacket Closed by buttons and with a stand-up collar, it is most often black, but may also be red, yellow or white, which are the traditional colors in China. sash Beit whose color usually indicates the contestant’s level; the colors vary from one style to another and according to the school and level.

competition area Surface for practicing kungfu; it varies depending on the type of competition (e.g., wooden floor, carpet, elevated ring).

physicians Physicians tend to the contestants in the event of injury; their presence is mandatory and they may end a bout in the event of serious injury.

officials One of four people in charge of the bout as it takes place (such as scorer and timekeeper).

scoreboard Board that displays various data about the contest taking place • (such as points, time and contestants' categories).

corner judges One of tour officials who evaluate performance and award points to the contestants; the referee may consult them in case of ambiguity.

referee Official who enforces the rules and directs the bout on the mat; the final decision rests with this individual in case of disagreement with the corner judges.

contestant One of two athletes who confront each other in a bout; contestants are usually classified into weight . categories.

jujitsu I Sport of Japanese origin based on throws, holds and blows to vital points of the body; it gave rise lo judo.

competition area Surface for practicing jujitsu.

scorekeepers One of two officials who register the contestants' points and penalties, as given by the referee.

contestant One of two athletes who confront each other in a bout; contestants are usually classified into weight categories.

obi Long wide belt that is tied around the waist to close the jacket; its color indicates the contestant’s • level.

physicians Physicians tend to the contestants in the event of injury; their presence is mandatory and they may end a bout in the event of •serious injury.

timekeeper

SPORTS AND GAMES

safety area Surface that is 3.2 ft wide and fata mi surrounds the warning area; it protects a contestant who is thrown Thick mat with an area of 40 fP that out of the contest area. is made up of smaller mat squares; jujitsu Is practiced on It.

warning area Red band that is 3.2 ft wide; it 'delimits the contest area.

' contest area ■■-Surface with an area of 26 ff on which the bout takes place. chief referee Official who enforces the rules, directs the bout and awards the points and penalties to the contestants.

gi Clothing worn when practicing jujitsu; it includes a cotton jacket and pants, which are usually white.

side referee Two officials who stand outside the contest area and assist the chief referee; they are involved in the scoring of contestants.

aikido Defensive sport of Japanese origin that consists of neutralizing an armed or unarmed opponent by means of dodging, throwing and holding, using bare hancis. aikidoka Athlete who practices aikido; it requires good coordination, well-developed reflexes, suppleness and keen concentration.

obi Long wide belt that is tied around the waist to close the jacket; its color indicates the aikidoka’s level.

hakama Long skirt for hiding foot"movement.

I 84B

aikidogi Clothing worn for practicing aikido; for beginners, it consists of a white jacket made of sturdy cloth and white pants.

jo Wooden stick about 4.2 ft long; it is used mainly for training.

bokken Wooden saber about 3.2 ft long that is used for training; the jo and the bokken help develop the concepts of distance and position.

COMBAT SPORTS

kendo Sport of Japanese origin that is a form of fencing; the opponents wear protection and fight with a bamboo saber. competition area Smooth wooden floor on which the kendo bout takes place; a bout usually lasts five minutes.

kendoka Athlete who practices kendo; the kendoka wears protective equipment, the bogu (armor). men Padded helmet with a steel grate that protects the head and face; it also provides protection for the shoulders and throat.

shinai Saber made up of four bamboo blades that are bound together by lieces of leather; it ends with a cap and is used for training.

center Cross that indicates the center of the contest area.

do Breastplate that is usually made from bamboo blades covered with leather; it protects the front and sides of the torso.

kote Very thick glove that is usually made of cotton and leather; it protects the hand, the wrist and the lower part of the forearm.

assistant referee One of two officials who assist the chief referee and are involved in scoring the contestants, using flags.

tare-' Thick belt from which five very thick cotton panels hang; it protects the lower abdomen and the hips.

chief referee Official who enforces the rules, directs the bout and awards the points and penalties to the contestants.

hakama Long skirt for hiding foot movement.

danger zone Band that is 5 ft wide and delimits the contest area.

competitors’ line Mark that designates the competitors' positions at the start of the bout.

scorekeepers One of two officials who register the contestants’points and penalties, as given by the referee.

timekeeper Official who monitors the duration of the bout.

sumo Japanese wrestling that is linked to Shintoism; it is practiceij by very large corpulent wrestlers who try to make the opponent touch the | ground or throw him out of the contest area. ] mawashi Silk belt about 33 ft long that is the sumotori's only clothing; it provides a solid holdforthe opponent.

sagari Decorative cords of silk that hang from the front of the mawashi.

step Horizontal surface for accessing the dohyo.

gyoji mage Referee of the dohyo who directs the bout, encourages the wrestlers and Traditional hairstyle of the sumotori announces the winner; this individual (hair slicked with oil and brought forward into a chignon). works with the judges, who are all former contestants.

sumofori Athlete who practices sumo; sumotoris are not classified by weight but into levels, through which they ascend by winning a series of victories.

salt Before the start of the bout, the wrestlers toss a handful of salt on the dohyo, a Shinto purification rite.

water The wrestlers rinse their mouths ,,. -"" with purifying water before starting the bout. 847

SPORTS AND GAMES

dohyo Round combat area that is 15 ft in diameter; it consists of packed clay covered with a thin layer of sand.

COMBAT SPORTS

fencing I Sport with two opponents who attempt to touch each other with weapons (epee, foil or saber) on a specific part of the body. fencer Athlete who practices fencing; this Individual wears sturdy gear that provides protection while leaving the fencer free to move with agility.

mask

bib

Very sturdy fabric that is attached to the mask to protect the neck. jacket

Clothing with sleeves that covers " the chest and fastens under the breeches.

glove

Padded leather covering that-'' protects the fencer's armed hand.

metallic plastron

Metallic vest that conducts electricity; it is worn over the jacket and detects valid touches from the electric foil or saber.

sleeve

Leather sleeve that is sewn to the glove to protect the lower part of the forearm.

stocking

Sock covering the leg to just below the knee.-

breeches

Pants that extend below the knees and are usually pulled up very high over the waist and held up by suspenders.

fencing shoe

Shoe that is reinforced on the sides to protect it from being worn down by the metal pistes, and reinforced on the heel to dampen impact.

target areas Depending on the weapon used, the tencer may touch different parts of an opponent’s body to score points.

foilist The valid touch surface is limited to the trunk and excludes the arms and head. piste Area on which the match takes place; it is 46 ft long and between 5 and 6.5 tt wide.

sabreur

The valid touch surface includes the body from the waist up, mask and arms included. timekeeper

Official who monitors the duration of the match; a single match is made up of three manches (sets) of three minutes, with a one-minute break between each manche.

electric foil

Its end contains an electric button that senses hits; a hit is registered only when the pressure on the tip of the blade is greater than 1.1 lb (maximum weight of the foil). reel

scoring light foil warning line

Line 3.2 ft from the rear limit line warning the foilist that the end of the piste is near.

Light that switches on to signal valid hits (red and green lights) and nonvalid hits (white lights).

electrical scoring apparatus

Electrical apparatus for registering the fencers’ hits by means of a body wire.

Device that keeps the body wire under constant tension by followingihe forward and backward movements of the fencer.

judge

SPORTS AND GAMES

Each of the officials who assist the president; they stand beside the piste and especially check the validity of the hits.

on guard line

Line 6.5 ft from the center line; the

body wire

Insulated electric wire that runs through the fencer’s equipment and connects the weapon to the electrical scoring apparatus by means of the reel. saber and epee warning line

president

Line 6.5 tt from the rear limit line to warn the epeeist and the sabreur that they are near the end of the piste.

rear limit line

Line 23 ft from the center line that indicates that the fencer is outside the piste; when a fencer passes this line, a hit is awarded to the opponent.

848

Official who enforces the rules and is especially in charge of conducting the match and controlling the scoring apparatus. scorer

Official who registers the fencers’ hits and penalties.

center line

Line that divides the piste into two equal parts, one for each fencer.

COIVIBAT SPORTS

fencino

quinte Fifth position, upper right (fora left-handed person), tip up, palm facing downward...

ljgp(;g Third position, upper left (for a lefthanded person), tip up, palm ..-facing downward.

positions Way of holding the weapon to wield or parry a hit, depending on the direction of the tip (button); the positions are the opposite for right-handed people.

sixte

quarte Fourth position, upper right (for a left-handed person), tip up, palm facing upward.prime First position, lower right (fora left-handed person), tip down, palm facing downward.

seconde Second position, lower left (for a lefthanded person), tip down, palm facing downward.

septime Seventh position, lower right (for a left-handed person), tip down, palm facing upward.

octave Eighth position, lower left (for a lefthanded person), tip down, palm facing upward.

fencing weapons In the Olympic Games, the foil, the epee and the saber are used by both men and women.

foil Lightweight thrusting weapon (maximum weight of 1.1 lb) with a flexible blade whose cross section is square or rectangular.

epee Thrusting weapon with a tapered blade whose cross section is a triangle; it is more rigid and heavier than a foil, weighing up to 1.7 lb.

pommel knob at the end of the handle to balance the weapon.

handle Wood, metal or plastic part for holding and wielding the weapon.

mounting Part of the weapon to which the blade is attached.

guard Metal rounded part that protects the armed hand during a match.

blade Flitting part of the weapon; measuring about 3 feet, it is made of flexible metal and is thin and tapered.

forte Thickest part of the blade, near the guard.

medium Part of the blade between the forte and the foible.

parts of the weapon Weapons can be thrusting (touch made with the tip of the blade), cutting (with the blade) or slicing (with the back edge). button Bulbous end of the blade; with electric weapons, the button triggers the switch of the electric apparatus when it makes a valid touch.

foible Thinnest part of the blade, up to its end.

849

SPORTS AND GAMES

saber Thrusting, cutting and slicing weapon whose blade is usually curved and sharp on one side only: its maximum weight is 1.1 lb, the same as that of the toil.

STRENGTH SPORTS

weightlifting I Sport that consists of lifting the heaviest load possible (barbell) over the head using two types of lifts (clean and jerk; snatch).

barbell

Gym equipment made up of castiron disks of various weights attached in equal weights to each end of a long bar, which is lifted with two hands.

wristband

Band of fabric that is 4 in wide or less and is worn around the wrist to support it when lifting. weightlifting belt

Girdle that is 5 in wide or less and supports the dorsal and abdominal muscles during lifting..

sleeveless jersey

Tight top that covers the torso while leaving the shoulders free: a T-shirt may be worn under the jersey. knee wrap

Band of fabric 1 ft wide or less that is worn around the knee to support •it when lifting.

trunks

Tight shorts that end above the knees. ■

strap

weightlifting shoe

Adjustable band for tightening the shoe around the foot.

Shoe with an antiskid sole and raised heel that stabilizes the foot during lifting.

clean and jerk Type of lift that is executed in two stages; the bar is first raised to shoulder level (clean) and then quickly raised over the head (jerk), using the leg muscles.

snatch Type of lift that is more difficult than the clean and jerk; it consists of raising the load over the head as high as possible in a continuous quick movement.

fitness equipment

SPGRTS AND GAMES

I Material and apparatuses for carrying out exercises aimed at maintaining the physique and increasing muscular strength, flexibility and endurance. dumbbell Gym equipment that consists of two equal weights attached to each end of a short bar, which is lifted with one hand to develop mainly the arm muscles.

handgrips Apparatus with two handles connected by a spring; it is gripped with the hand to strengthen mainly the hand, wrist and forearm muscles.

ankle/wrist weight Wide flexible band of preset mass that is worn around the wrist or ankle to increase resistance during exercise.

jump rope Cord with handles that is repeatedly swung over the head then jumped bver; the athlete jumps once per cycle to strengthen mainly the leg and buttock muscles.

bar

Metal shaft that connects two weights: the athlete grips it to manipulate the weights. weight

Round metal mass of various weights and sizes that is attached to each end of the bar.

twist bar Bar consisting of a tension spring and two grips; the athlete bends it to strengthen the upper part of the body (such as the arms and shoulders).

chest expander Apparatus with springs connected to two handles; it is stretched with the hands to develo the muscles in the upper torso and the arms.

itiiutunntfitttftftttton'itinff

tension spring

Metal elastic part that bends from the force the athlete exerts on its ends; it then returns to its original shape. I 850

grip

Part by which the athlete holds the twist bar.

STRENGTH SPORTS

fitness equipment barbell Gym equipment made up of cast-iron disks of various weights attached in equal weights to each end of a long bar, which is lifted with two hands.

stationary bicycle | Bicycle attached to a base for training in a ' room or apartment; it is used mainly to work the leg muscles and to develop endurance.

collar Metal part that is clamped around resistance adjustment Knob for adjusting the flywheel’s resistance.

disk Cylindrical mass covered with rubber that is attached to the bar; the disks vary in weight from 0.5 to 551b. sleeve End of the bar over which the disk slides.

weight machine Apparatus for carrying out various exercises that consist of lifting or pushing loads to strengthen muscles

| i i

bar Metal pole linking two disks that the athlete grips to raise the barbell; it has ridges to provide a solid grip.

cable Steel wire that connects the weights to the machine’s apparatuses.

handlebar Device with two grips connected by a shaft: the user holds onto it while exercising. seat Small triangular support for sitting.

timer Apparatus for timing an exercise the user is alerted with a sound when time is up.

height adjustment Screw for adjusting the height of the seat.

speedometer Electronic counter that indicates the pedaling speed and the number of pedal revolutions per minute.

footstrap Band attached to the pedal for keeping the foot in place.

brake Unit for slowing down or stopping the flywheel’s spinning.

lateral bar Sitting on the bench, the user pulls the bar down to chest level using both arms; this strengthens the back muscles.

pectoral deck Apparatus with two handles that the user brings together with the arms until they touch; this develops the chest muscles.

pedal Part on which the user pushes with the foot to make the flywheel spin.

press bar Lying on the back, the user pulls the bar downward with the arms; this strengthens the chest muscles

flywheel Steel wheel that simulates the effect of real bicycle pedaling to provide steady and regular exercise.

bench Padded seat that is long and narrow; the user lies or sits on it to perform weight-training exercises. leg curl bar Lying on the stomach with the calves under the bar, the user lifts the bar using the muscles in the calves and the back of the thighs. i|i* '

rowing machine Apparatus that simulates the movement of rowing; it is designed mainly to develop cardiorespiratory capacity and strengthen a number of muscles in the body. hydraulic resistance Device with a hydraulic pump (silent system simulating water resistance); it constitutes the force exerted against the oars.

foot support Part with a strap for the foot.

weights tteavy units serving as the weight machine’s resistant forces; they are regulated by adjusting the height of the weights to be lifted.

leg extension bar Lying on the back with the legs under the bar, the user lifts the legs to the horizontal position, using the front thigh muscles.

SPORTS AND GAMES

;

stair climber Apparatus that simulates the movement of climbing stairs; it is designed mainly to develop cardiorespiratory capacity and strengthen the leg muscles.

triceps bar When interchanged with the lateral bar on the cable, the user sits on the bench and pulls the bar down behind the neck; this develops the triceps (arm muscles). oar Lever connected to the hydraulic resistance; it operates the rowing machine.

sliding seat Part on which the user sits; it slides back and forth on rails to increase the amplitude and efficiency of the oars. 851

EQUESTRIAN SPORTS

show-jumping Competition during which a horse and its rider clear a series ot difterent obstacles on a set course as quickly as possible. obstacles Elements that the horse and rider must clear during a competition: a penaity is given when the animal upsets one of the movable components of an obsfacle.

gate Obsfacle shaped like a simple fence and made up of fixed boards iaid side by side.

post and plank Obstacle composed of wide movable boards (planks) that are laid one on top of another: planks are less stable than bars.

Obsfacle made up of a wall wifh one or two movable bars on top.

triple bars Three-part obstacle composed of movable parallel bars; each successive obstacle increases in height.

wall Obstacle composed of a set of usually wooden, stacking blocks; the top of the wall is rounded to prevent the horses from being hurt.

water jump Obstacle made up of a water-filled ditch with a hedge in front; the horse commits a fault if it touches the water or the lath marking the end of the river. competition ring Closed terrain marked with 12 to 15 obstacles that the horse and rider must clear in a set order while committing the fewest faults possible.

wall Obstacle composed of a set of usually wooden, stacking blocks; the top of the wall is rounded to prevent the horses from being hurt.

, , orusn ana rails Obstacle composed of a verfical component with a hedge in front.

post and rail Obstacle composed of a set of movable bars that are laid one on top of another.

double oxer Two-part obstacle composed of movable parallel bars; there are two designs, one of identical heights (square oxer) and one of different heights (jumping oxer).

post and plank Obstacle composed otwide movable boards (planks) that are laid one on top of another; planks are less stable than bars.

combination Set of two or more obstacles that are grouped together and count as a single obstacle: each of its ' obstacles must be cleared separately

SPORTS AND GAMES

obstacle steward Person in charge of righting theupset obstacles.

finish

start

veterinarians-' Doctors who treat animals; they examine the horses before the competition and may intervene in the event ot injury.

I 852

EQUESTRIAN SPORTS

ch'W- juniDmc riding jacket The rider’s long dark-colored jacket; it is usually worn over a white shirt and a white tie,..

riding cap Reinforced hat that is traditionally covered with black velvet; it protects the rider’s head against impact.

jodhpurs Usually light-colored long pants that are very tight over the knees and legs and are kept stretched by foot straps.

saddle Somewhat curved unit that is made mostly of leather; it is set on the horse’s back for the rider to sit on.

rider | Person riding a horse; during a jump, the rider leans toward the horse’s neck with the feet supported by the stirrups.

saddlecloth Padded part that is placed under the saddle to protect the horse’s back from chafing: it also protects -the saddle from the horse’s sweat.

riding glove Covering for the hand and wrist that takes the shape of the fingers; it provides a good grip on the reins and protects the hands from chafing,-

stirrup iron Metal ring that hangs from each side of the saddle to support the -rider’s feet.

riding crop Thin flexible stick that the rider uses to spur on the horse,breastplate Strap around the horse’s chest that prevents the saddle from sliding back,shin boot Equipment placed around the cannon of the horse’s leg to protect it from injury.

girth Strap around the horse’s belly that--' keeps the saddle on its back.

coronet boot Usually rubber Item of equipment that covers the horse’s hoot to' prevent Injury,

water jump Obstacle made up of a water-filled ditch with a hedge in front; the horse commits a fault if it touches the water or the lath marking the end of the river.

course steward Official in charge of enforcing the rules and of the layout of the course: during the competition, the steward also controls who enters and exits the track,

double oxer Two-part obstacle composed of movable parallel bars; there are two designs, one of identical heights (square oxer) and one of different heights (jumping oxer),

first aid team Medical staff who are ready to act in the event of injury to a rider, jury Jump judges (usually four) who calculate the competitors’ penalties based on the course and the marking cv/ctom nhnQPn

-tt 'i

SPORTS AND GAMES

double Obstacle composed ot two single components that are very close together; the horse must clear it in a single jump. 853

EQUESTRIAN SPORTS

riding I Sport or recreation that consists of riding a horse; specialized equipment is necessary for steering and controlling the horse. bridle Head harness that enables the rider to steer a horse by using one or two bits in the horse’s mouth, which are connected to the reins.

crownpiece Strap that runs over the horse’s head behind the ears; it keeps the snaffle and cheek straps in place.

browband Strap that runs around the front of the horse’s head; it prevents the bridle from sliding backward.

cheek strapStrap that runs along the horse’s cheek and connects the crownpiece to the curb bit; it keeps the bit in the desired place in the horse’s mouth.

snaffle strap Strap that runs along the horse’s cheek and connects the crownpiece to the snaffle bit; it keeps the bit in the -desired place in the horse’s mouth.

throat latch Strap that runs under the horse’s throat to prevent the bridle trom slidingforward; it must be loose enough to allow the horse to breathe freely.

noseband Part of the bridle that runs around the head above the nostrils; it prevents the horse from opening its mouth and losing the bit.

snaffle rein Strap that the rider holds to control the snaffle bit and thus steer the horse.

curb bit Bit composed of a mouth and two side bars; it lowers the horse’s nose.

curb rein Strap that the rider holds to control the curb bit and thus steer the horse.

snaffle bit Bit composed of a mouth and two side rings; it lifts the horse’s head.

curb chain Metal chain that hangs from the cheek rings and passes under the horse’s jaw to secure the bit.

snaffle bit Bit composed of a mouth and two side rings; it lifts the horse’s head.

jointed mouth Part composed of two articulated bars that is placed in the horse’s mouth; it is controlled by the reins to steer the animal.

full cheek snaffle bit with toggles Bit whose mouth has toggles, which make the horse relax its jaws.

rein ring Round part attached to the end of the mouth; the snaffle rein is attached to it. rubber snaffle bit Bit made up of a straight mouth, which is covered with rubber; it is softer than steel and reduces the pressure of the bit on the horse’s mouth.

full cheek snaffle bit Mouth with two side bars preventing the rings trom entering the horse’s mouth, while relaying clear signals through the reins.

designed to prevent injury to the corners of fhe horse’s mouth.

SPORTS AND GAMES

toggles Metal chains that hangdrom the middle of the mouth; the horse tends to play with these parts, which makes it relax its. jaws.

curb bit Bit composed of a mouth and two side bars; it lowers the horse’s nose.

port Curvature of the mouth that is designed to reduce the pressure exerted by the bit on the horse’s tongue.

upper cheek Upper part of the bar that holds the mouth.

I 854

cheek ring Round part forming the end of the upper cheek; the curb chain and -the cheek strap are attached to it.

Liverpool bit Bit that can be used alone; it combines the characteristics of the snaffle and curb bits.

curb hook Part that connects the curb chain to the cheek ring.

curb chain Metal chain that hangs from the cheek rings and passes under the horse’s jaw to secure the bit.

rein ring Round part that is attached to the end of the lower cheek; the curb’ rein is attached to it.

sliding cheek bit Bit whose mouth slides up and down the cheeks; this action is gentler to the horse but provides slightly less control.

up srrap ring Round part for attaching a false curb chain (strap preventing the horse from seizing the arms of the bit’s mouth with its mouth).

the reins to steer the animal.

jointed mouth bit Curb bit whose mouth is composed ot two articulated parts; it is gentler to the horse than a straight mouth bit.

lower cheek Lower part ot the bar that holds the { mouth; it is usually longer than the upper cheek.

EQUESTRIAN SPORTS

riding cantle

pommel

Front part of the saddle that is slightly rounded; the rider can hold onto it with the hand.-..

seat

Slightly concave part of the saddle on which the rider sits.

Back part of the saddle that is rounded slightly upward to support ..-the lower back.

tree

saddle ^

Somewhat curved unit that is made mostly of leather; it is set on the horse’s back for the rider to sit on.

panel

Curved part under the pommel that is traditionally made otwood; it forms the front part of the saddle’s framework.

Padding for the saddle that is designed to dampen impact and -protect the horse’s back.

skirt

flap

Piece of leather that is attached to the flap; it covers the stirrup leather buckles.

Piece of leather that covers the knee roll and the tabs; the rider’s thighs press against it.

knee roll

stirrup leather

Piece of leather that forms the side_ of the saddle; it mainly protects the’ horse from the girth strap buckles.

Adjustable strap that hangs from the saddle to support the stirrup iron.

tab

Belt with small holes that is attached to the knee roll; the girth strap is buckled to it.

eye

Slot in the top part of the stirrup iron through which the stirrup leather passes.

girth

■branch

Strap around the horse's belly that keeps the saddle on its back.

girth strap

tread

Small belt that is attached to the end of the girth; it has a buckle for attaching it to the tab to tighten it.

Lower part of the stirrup iron where the rider’s foot is placed,

One of two metal arms that connect the tread to the eye.

dressage Discipline in which a rider takes a horse through a series of freestyle or school figures, called tests, on a ring especially designed for the purpose. rider

jacket show ring

Flat rectangular grounds where the competitors perform their tests; each routine must be executed in precise time, sometimes to music.

chief steward

President of the jury who is located behind the 0 marker letter; during a school test, the chief steward rings a bell when a competitor commits an error in the course.

course steward

glove

Covering for the hand and wrist that takes the shape of the fingers; white gloves are mandatory in dressage competitions.

saddle

Somewhat curved unit that is made mostly of leather; it is set on the’ horse’s back for the rider to sit on. boot

Footwear that comes up to just below the knee; in dressage, the-rider wears black boots over white pants.

marker letter

One of several signs placed around the ring at regular intervals; they act as reference points for the rider during the execution of the figures.

rson in charge of evaluating the rformances; five judges (including a esident) are positioned around the ig and score each figure out of 10. figure

Set of codified movements recognized by the International Federation for Equestrian Events; a high-level test consists of up to 35 figures to execute from memory.

stirrup iron

Metal ring that hangs from each side of the saddle to support the rider’s feet. girth

Strap around the horse’s belly that keeps the saddle on its back.

SPORTS AND GAMES

Official in charge of enforcing the rules and overseeing that the competition unfolds smoothly.

Long-sleeved coat that is closed in front and often has tails; it is dark in color and is worn over a white shirt and awhitetie.---..

Person who rides a horse; during dressage competitions, the rider’s attire and the horse’s harness are strictly regulated.

EQUESTRIAN SPORTS

horse racing: turf I Speed race on a track where jockeys ride horses, usually at a gallop. jockey Person who rides a racehorse; a jockey rides with very short stirrups and the body hunched over the horse's neck.

riding cap Hard piece of equipment designed to protect the head.

shadow roll Part that blocks the horse's view of the ground; this prevents the horse from mistaking shadows for obstacles to jump over.

saddle Slightly curved part that is usually made of leather; it is laid on fhehorse’s back for the jockey to sit on.

rein Strap that the jockey holds to control the bit to steer the horse.

saddlecloth Padded piece of cloth underneath the saddle that protects the horse’s back from chafing and protects the saddle from the horse’s sweat.

riding crop Thin flexible stick that the rider uses to spur on the horse.

girth Strap around the horse’s belly thatkeeps the saddle on its back.

racetrack Place that is designed for horse races: it is made up of an oval track (flat or with obstacles) and stands.

SPORTS AND GAMES

judge’s stand Space reserved for the track judges who establish the horses’ order of arrival at the finish line, using the videotape if necessary.

length post Markers that are placed at regular intervals along the track so that jockeys can assess the distance still to cover.

far turn Last turn; the homestretch begins at the exit from it.

tote board Display board that shows the various data on the race (such as class and betting information); it sometimes has a giant screen.

backstretch Straight part on the side opposite the stands.

stable Building where the horses are boarded and cared for.

grandstand Space reserved for spectators.

homestretch Straight line between the far turn and the finish line: it constitutesthe last sprint before the end of the race. clubhouse Building that houses various services such as bar, restaurant,glassed-in stands and betting booths.

starting gate Mobile, compartmentalized barrier behind which the horses line up before the start; at a signal, all the compartment gates open at the same time. I 856

paddock Area where the horses and their jockeys are presented to the public before a race.

finish line Line that marks the end of a race; a video camera helps identify the winner when the horses are bunched very close together.

clubhouse turn First turn after the start and near the clubhouse; the jockeys try to position their horses on the inside track to reduce the distance to cover.

EQUESTRIAN SPORTS

horse racing: harness racing Speed race on a track for trotters or standardbred pacers harnessed to sulkies. trotter A horse that moves at a trot, that is, alternately lifting diagonai pairs of feet off the ground; the trot is slower than the pace.

breast collar

Part of the harness that goes around the horse’s neck; it transmits the horse’s movement to the shaft.

shaft driver

Person who steers the horse; the driver’s main task is to restrain the horse to conserve its energy for the right moment,-

Wooden or metai arm that extends the suiky; the horse is harnessed between the two of them.

handhold

Rein that is held by the driver to

sulky

Two-wheeled one-passenger vehicle that Is pulled by a horse; it-., is light (around 35 lb), aerodynamic and has no body.

shin boot

Equipment placed around the cannon of the horse's leg to protect it from injury. folding wing

pacer A horse that paces, that is, raising both legs on the right side, then, as those legs come down, raising both legs on the left side.

Part of the starting gate that folds forward as the vehicle leaves the starting line to let the horses by. back pad

Padded part set on the horse’s back; the back strap goes over it.

head number

overcheck back strap

mobile starting gate Vehicle with two folding wings; it is used to start the race by getting the horses running.

driver

Person who steers the horse; the driver’s main task is to restrain the horse to conserve its energy for the right moment.

Reinforced strap that is attached to the back pad; it is fitted with girths that can be attached to the shafts.

Numbered plate that is attached to the horse’s head for identificafion .--•by the public and the judges,

Strap that connects the bridle to the back pad; it lifts the horse’s head so it maintains the pace.

blinker

Rigid part that is attached to the .-••■■’cheek strap; it reduces the horse's lateral vision.

hobble hanger shaft

One of four straps that support the head pole

hnhihlp

Stick attached along the horse’s head; it prevents the horse from turning its head during turns. SPORTS AND GAMES

breast collar

Part of the harness that goes -•around the horse’s neck; it transmits the horse’s movement to the shaft. shaft holder

Strap that attaches the shaft to the horse’s harness. knee boot suspender

Strap that goes around the horse's wither; it keeps its knee boot in place.

knee boot

belly; it keeps the back pad and shaft holder in place.

seat

Part on which the driver sits to steer the sulky.

Rigid equipment that protects the horse's knee.

scalper spoked wheel

shin boot

hobble

Set of straps on each side of the horse Equipment placed around the Round unit that is held by fine metal rods that connect the forelegs and hind legs; cannon of the horse’s leg to protect radiating from an axle; it allows the sulky they help the horse maintain the pace. it from injury. to move.

Usually rubber item of equipment that covers the horse’s hoof to prevent injury.

857

EQUESTRIAN SPORTS

polo I Sport with two opposing teams ol (our riders who play on a level field; they fry fo score points through the opponents’ goal by hitting a ball " along the ground with a mallet. rider and horse The players ride horses whose manes are shaved and tails plaited to avoid catching; the players also change horses at every chukker (period).

head

Usually cigar-shaped piece of hardwood; the player strikes the ball with it.

mallet

team name

~-J !

shaft

Part consisting of a shaft and a head that is used by the player to hit the ball along the ground; it must be held in the right hand.

Long part of the mallet that is usually made of bamboo and has a fixed head at the end; it can be rigid or tlexible, depending on the player’s preference.

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ADOLFO CAMBiASOH IMARIANOAGUERRE GONZALOPIERES CARLOS GRACIDA

10 Lii 10-

ID 39.

handicaps board Panel that displays the handicaps of the players and the teams.

player handicap

Index of skill assigned to each ■player on a scale from -2 to 10; a player with a handicap of 4 may play in international matches. team handicap

Sum of the handicaps of all the players on the team; the team with the lowest handicap begins a match with a head start in goals.

saddle

Somewhat curved unit that is made mostly of leather; it is set on the horse’s back for the rider to sit on.

■helmet

Rigid piece of equipment that protects the rider’s head; it usually has a protective grille.'

knee pad noseband

Hard leather piece of equipment that protects the rider’s knee.

Part of the bridle that runs around the head above the nostrils; it prevents the horse from opening its mouth and losing the bit.

polo pony

Small horse that is bred and schooled for polo; calm and docile, it can start, stop and change directions very quickly.

ball White sphere of wood or plastic with a diameter of 3 to 3.5 in.

bit

Device that is inserted in the horse’s mouth; the rider steers the horse using the reins, which in turn move the bit in the horse’s mouth. martingale

Strap that is connected to the noseband to prevent the horse from throwing its head back; this prevents blows to its head during abrupUstops.

bell boot

Usually rubber item of equipment that covers the horse's hoof to prevent injury. playing field Grass-covered surface where a polo match is played; a game usually takes place over six 7-mlnute chukkers (periods), interrupted by breaks ot 3 to 5 minutes.

shin boot

Equipment placed around the cannon of the horse’s leg to protect it from injury.

player 1

tower

Forward position whose chief purpose is to score goals; this player’s horse must be quick and agile.

Building that houses the scorekeeper, the announcer and a third umpire, who is in charge of settling any dispute that may arise on the field,

60 yd line

mounted umpire

SPORTS AND GAMES

player 2

goalpost

Pole marking one end of the goal; a team scores a point when the ball Is shot between the posts ot the opponents’ goal.

goal judge

Official placed behind the goal who waves a flag when a goal is scored; the goal judge may also assist the umpires when incidents occur near the goal. I 858

time clock Apparatus that measures time, for managing a chukker’s duratio.n.

Forward position whose chief purpose is to drive the ball Into the opponent’s territory; this player’s horse must be intrepid and energetic.

30 yd line

Playing-field official (there are two umpires) who is in charge ot applying the rules; they perform the throw-insand give penalties for fouls.

Line that is often bordered by planks to delimit the playing zone on each side o the field; the players have the right to cross it or to bounce the ball off it.

player 4

center T mark

Position that provides rear defense; this player can hit a ball very far and rides a horse that is husky, tough and fast.

T-shaped mark at the center ot the tield; at the start ot a chukker and after a goal, the players line up on each side ot it for the throw-in.

sideline

40 yd line

player 3

Line from which a tree hit may be made; depending on the seriousness of the foul, the free hit is made from the 30 yd, 40 yd or 60 yd line.

Player who is the pivot between the attack and the detense; this player is usually team captain, has a high handicap and is an excellent strategist.

PRECISION AND ACCURACY SPORTS

archery Sport that consists of using a bow to shoot an arrow as close as possible to the middle of a target set a fixed distance away. arrow Projectile fired by a bow or a crossbow; it consists of a shaft, a point and a heel with a notch and fietching.

shaft Long rod that makes up the body of the arrow; it is made of carbon fiber or an alloy of aluminum and carbon.

point Pointed metal end of the arrow; depending on the power of the bow used, points of different weights are used.

archer Person who practices archery.

fietching Feather or synthetic material attached to the base of the arrow to stabilize it during flight.

nock Slot into which the bowstring fits to keep the arrow in place while shooting it.

sight Articulated apparatus on the bow that aligns it with the target to increase the accuracy of the shot.

bare bow Bow made up of a piece of wood and a string that are joined without screws; it is usually very powerful but is less accurate than a compound bow.

stabilizer Weight that is attached to the bow by a shaft to stabilize the bow during and after shooting; it dampens the vibrations caused by the bowstring as the arrow is released.

cable Assembly of steel wires that runs around the wheels to increase the bow’s power..

nocking point Mark on the bowstring where the arrow's nock fits.. mounting bracket Metal part with a threaded opening; a screw goes into it to attach the limb to the bow’s grip.. arrow rest Part against which the arrow shaft rests as the nock in fitted into the bowstring.grip Part between the two limbs that isgripped to manipulate the bow. cable guard Part that spreads the bowstring cables apart to prevent them from touching the arrow as the latter is nocked and shot.

accessory pouch

bowstring Fibers secured to a bow that were-' stretched to fire an arrow.

quiver Case that is carried on the back or the hip; the arrows are stored in it during the shoot.

arm guard Piece of leather or plastic that protects the forearm from friction from the bowstring.

limb'' wheel Flexible part that stores the Small pulley attached to the ends potential energy as the bow is of the limbs; it absorbs part of the stretched. force from the shot and it increases the shot’s accuracy.

target Surface of varying diameter at which the archer shoots; it is divided into concentric circles corresponding to point zones. bull’s-eye Circle 4.8 in in diameter in the middle of the target; it is 4.3 ft from the ground and worth 10 points. The value of the other circles decreases toward the edge of the target.

chest protector Piece of leather or plastic that protects the chest from the friction of the bowstring and flattens the clothing to the body so it does not interfere with the shot.

judge Official who checks various elements, such as the shooting distances, the size of the targets, equipment compliance and the archer’s position, and ensures, that the time is respected.

finger tab Piece of leather or plastic that protects the archer’s fingers from the friction of the bowstring.

60 m line 70 m line Distance from the target whose diameter is 122 cm (48 in) in the Distance from the target whose first round of a women’s diameter is 122 cm (48 in) in the competition. final round of a mixed competition.

shooting range Outdoor rectangular area that is 110 m long and set up for archery; it is surrounded by an exclusion zone for the protection of the spectators. 90 m line Distance from the target whose diameter is 122 cm (48 in) in the first round of a men’s competition.

signal lights Lamps accompanied by sounds that mark the progress of the competition (such asthe positioning of the archers on the shooting line and the end of the shoot).

50 m line Distance from the target whose diameter is 80 cm (31 in) in the first round of a mixed competition.

director of shooting Official whose responsibilities include monitoring the competition’s progress, settling any disputes that may arise and monitoring the shooting time with sound signals.

scorers Officials who are in charge of registering the points obtained by the archers,

shooting line Line at which the archer stands to shoot with one foot placed on each side of it.

telescope Optical instrument whose use is authorized for making out the precise spots where the arrows hit the target. 859

SPGRTS AND GAMES

30 m line Distance from the target whose diameter is 80 cm (31 in) in the first round of a mixed competition.

compound bow Bow that uses a system of cables and wheels to increase its shooting power; it requires less effort on the part of the archer when aiming.

PRECISION AND ACCURACY SPORTS

shotgun shooting I Sport that consists of shooting at a moving target using a shotgun; the gun is ioaded with cartridges to destroy the target in flight. shotgun Shoulder weapon made up of a long barrel attached to a frame; it uses cartridges loaded with 24 g of lead having a diameter no greater than 2.5 mm.

cheek piece Movable and adjustable part against which the shooter can rest his cheek when shouldering the weapon.

ventilated rib Strip with air holes for cooling .■barrel of the shotgun. barrel Tubular part that guides the .Trajectory of the projectile.

handling the weapon.

protecting the trigger.

forearm Frame made of wood on which the barrel is fitted.

stock Back part of the weapon that is held against the shoulder. trigger Device that is pressed to fire the weapon.

muzzle Opening through which the projectile leaves the barrel.

plastic case Cylindrical cover that contains the cartridge's gunpowder and projectile.

clay target The shooter shouts the order to throw a clay target, which must be launched within three seconds.

base Metal base of the case that contains the primer. cartridges Ammunition consisting of a projectile (ball or lead), an explosive charge (gunpowder) and a primer collected inside a casing. clay target Clay disk that weighs 3.5 oz and is 4.25 in in diameter; it serves as the shooting target.

SPORTS AND GAMES

shooting range Area that faces the targets, which includes the shooting stations.

scorer Official who marks the shooters’ results on score sheets and on the scoreboard.

chief referee Official who is in charge of all technical and logistical aspects of the competition.

I 860

chief range officer Official who is in charge of calling the shooters to their positions; this individual also verifies the compliance of the equipment and the shooting positions.

trap machine Apparatus that is controlled manually or automatically; it propels clay targets at varying speeds, heights and directions.

shooting station Area where the competitors stand to shoot at the targets.

trench Ditch that is about 6.5 ft deep where the trap machines are stationed; it is 16yd from the shooting station.

shooter Person who practices shotgun shooting or participates in a competition. assistant referee Official who checks whether or not the target has been hit; if it was not hit, the assistant referee reports this fact immediately.

PRECISION AND ACCURACY SPORTS

rifle shooting Sport that consists of using a rifle to shoot projectiles at a target a given distance away; the goal is to hit the target’s center. cheek piece

.22-caliber rifle Lightweight firearm with a relatively short barrel; it shoots projectiles 5.6 mm in diameter.

rear sight

Movable and adjustable part against which the shooter can rest his cheek when shouldering the weapon.

Articulated graduated aiming device attached to the back of the barrel; the rear sight is lined up •with the front sight when aiming.

palm rest trigger guard trigger

hook

Curved part that keeps the rifle under the shoulder to provide maximum stability.

Metal piece covering and protecting the trigger.

Part on which the shooter places a hand to support the rifle.

Device that is pressed to fire the weapon.

shooting positions Forthe 5.6 mm (.22-caliber rifle) weapons and the 4.5 mm air rifle, the disciplines vary according to distance, number of shots and the position.

standing position The shooter stands with two feet on the ground and no other support; the rifle is held in both hands, against the shoulder and along the aiming cheek.

cartridges Ammunition consisting of a projectile (ball or lead), an explosive charge (gunpowder) and a primer collected inside a casing.

kneeling position Three points of contact with the ground are allowed: left foot, right knee and toe of the right foot (for a right-handed person); the rifle must be held in two hands, against the aiming shoulder.

target Surface 6.1 in in diameter that is marked by the bullets; it is divided into concentric circles corresponding to point zones.

prone position Lying on the stomach, the shooter holds the weapon with two hands and one shoulder; the cheek can be held against the stock but the forearm cannot touch the ground.

pistol shooting Sport tiiat consists of using a pistol to slioot projectiles at a target a given distance away; trie goal is to hit the target's center.

hammer

air pistol Pistol that uses compressed air or carbon dioxide to shoot projectiles.

8-mm pistol Short lightweight handgun that is loaded through the stock and held in the hand; it uses projectiles 8 mm in diameter.

ear muffs Headband with two small cushions that muffle noise; they are mandatory for the shooters and nearby officials.

eyeglasses Very sturdy glasses that are usually made of plastic; they protect the eyes from injury and wearing them is mandatory.

stock

The bottom part of the pistol that is used to hold and aim it.

SPORTS AND GAMES

Part that triggers the shot by striking the firing pin, which in turn strikes the cartridge primer causing the powder charge to explode.

PRECISION AND ACCURACY SPORTS

billiards I Games that are played on a special table: they use a cue lo hit a cue ball either against two balls or to drive another into a pocket. pool

carom billiards

Also known as American billiards, it is played on a table with six pockets using 15 object balls and a white ball; the goal is to drive the balls into the pockets in a set order.

Game that is played on a pocketless table with three balls (one red and two white): players hit their own white balls to hit the other balls. object balls

Balls that the player must drive into the pockets in a set order; at the start ot the game, they are arranged in a triangle.

cue ball

White ball that the player hits with the cue to hit the red ball and the opponent's ball; it is the only ball that may be hit with the cue.

pocket red ball

One of the six holes into which the player must drive the balls.

white object ball

Ball the player must touch to score a carom.

Ball the player must hit to score a ■carom (move in which the player’s ball hits the two other balls); it is also the opponent’s cue ball.

cue ball

White ball the player hits with the cue to hit the other balls and pocket them; it is the only ball that may be hit with the cue.

pyramid spot

table

Surface on which the balls roll; it is supported by legs, has a “D” rectangular top and is horizontal Semicircle whose center is on and and level. in the middle of the balk line; the game starts from here.

balk line spot

Spot in the middle of the balk line that marks the position of the brown ball in snooker (there are two other spots at the intersections of the balk line and the “D”).

balk area

baize

Felt fabric that covers the playing surface and the inner side of the rails.

center spot

Zone bordered by the balk line and the head cushion, including the “D”; this zone is used only in English billiards.

SPORTS AND GAMES

Spot that marks the position of the pink ball in snooker; it is halfway between the center spot and the foot cushion on the table’s longitudinal center line.

bottom pocket

Corner pocket located at the head cushion and next to the balk area.

Spot that marks the position of the blue ball in snooker;'it is located halfway between the center pockets and the head and foot cushions.

top pocket

Corner pocket located at the foot cushion and opposite the balk area.

head cushion

Rubber padding that covers the inner side of the rail next to the balk area: the balls bounce against it.

balk line

Line marked across the width of the table 29 in from the head cushion; it serves as a benchmark for snooker at the start of the game. center pocket

Side pocket in the middle of the table’s side rail.

862

hook

billiard spot

Curved part positioned along the tables that holds the cues and the rack.

Spot that marks the position of the black ball in snooker; it is about 13 in from the foot cushion on the table’s longitudinal center line.

rail

Table frame to which the rubber is attached and covered with felt; it delimits the playing surface.

foot cushion

Rubber padding that covers the inner side of the rail opposite the balk area; the balls bounce against it.

PRECISION AND ACCURACY SPORTS

billiards

snooker

English billiards

Billiards that is played on a table with six pockets and uses 22 balls (15 red, six of various colors and one white); the goal is to alternately pocket the red balls and the colored balls.

Billiards played in the United Kingdom on a table with six pockets using three balls (one red and two white); the goal is to pocket the balls or use one ball to hit the other two.

cue ball

White ball that belongs to one ot the players; it is put into play from' the "D”.

cue ball

White ball the player hits with the cue to hit the other balls and pocket them; it is the only ball that may be hit with the cue.

green ball

Ball that is worth three points; it is placed to the left of the "D”,with respect to the head cushion.

yellow ball

Ball that is worth two points; it is placed to the right otthe “D”, in relation to the head cushion.

white object ball

White ball that belongs to the other player; it is also the ball that the first player must hit or pocket. brown ball

Ball that is worth tour points; it is placed on the balk line spot. blue ball

Ball that is worth five points; it isplaced on the center spot. red ball

Ball that the player must hit or pocket; at the start of the game, it is placed on the billiard spot.. red balls

pink ball

Balls that are worth one point each. At the start of the game, they are arranged in a triangle behind the pink ball; as long as the player has not pocketed all the red balls, the colored balls are placed back on the table in their original spots.

Ball that is worth six points; it isplaced on the pyramid spot.

black ball

Ball that is worth seven points; it is placed on the billiard spot.

chalk

Small cube of chalky powder that is rubbed onto the tip of the cue to improve contact with the cue ball.

joint

Cylindrical part for joining the shaft with the butt of a collapsible cue.

ferrule

Piece of hard plastic at the front end of the cue to support the tip. Round piece of leather or felt on the end of the cue for hitting the cue ball; it is also the only component that can touch a ball.

butt shaft

Tapered part of the cue on which the player places the fingers to line

Wide part of the cue; players choose the diameter that best fits their hands.

bridge

Stick with a toothed head for shooting with the cue when the cue ball is out otthe player’s reach.

8B3

SPORTS AND GAMES

rack

Triangular piece of wood or plastic for lining up the balls on the table at the start of a game.

billiard cue

Long wooden stick that the player holds to hit the cue ball; the player chooses the cue’s diameter, length and weight (no more than 25 oz).

PRECISION AND ACCURACY SPORTS

lawn bowling

Ball sport of British origin in which two opposing players or teams play on a green; balls (bowls) are thrown as close as possible to a target (jack). bowling technique The thrower takes three steps to wind up, unlike petanque where the thrower does not move.

bowls They are made of wood, rubber or other material and are not perfectly spherical (diameter of about 4.75 to 5.75 in, weight up to 3.5 lb).

jack Small ball that is made of wood or lignite and is 2.5 in in diameter; it is the lawn bowling target and the point of reference for scoring.

forward swing The player bends slightly forward and places the arm behind the body to gain momentum for the throw.

green Surface of natural or synthetic grass that is bordered by a ditch and a bank; the lawn bowling green is divided into several parallel playing surfaces.

dead bowl area Zone outside the limits of the rink where bowls are considered out of bounds.

rink Area 18 to 21 ft wide x 40 to 42 yd long that is laid out for playing lawn bowling.

umpire Official who is in charge of enforcing the rules; the umpire can expel a player or team from the competition it they refuse to comply with a decision.

delivery The player bends the knees to accelerate the motion before releasing the bowl.

follow-through The player swings the arm forward toward the jack after throwing the bowl.

ditch Small culvert that surrounds the pank green; a bowl falling into the ditch' small wall that surrounds the ditch is considered out of bounds, to delimit the playing field; it can be no higher than 9 in.

petanque I Ball sport that originated in the south of France in which two opposing players or teams throw balls (bowls) as close as possible to a target (jack).

SPORTS AND GAMES

playing field Area laid out for playing petanque; matches can be played on a lawn, earth or sand. For international competitions, the field measures 13 ft x 49 ft.

referee Official who is in charge of enforcing the rules; the refereeensures that the equipment and installation are in compliance.

scorer Official who registers the results of each player or team onto a scorecard.

telescopic measure Instrument with interlocking components that measures the distance between a bowl and the jack.

8B4

stopping board Wooden board that is the rear limit of the playing field.

sideline Continuous line delimiting the playing field along its length; balls are out of bounds if they cross the sidelines.

jack Small ball whose diameter is between 1 and 1.35 in; it serves as the petanque target and the point of reference for scoring.

petanque bowl Metal spherical ball that weighs between 1.4 and 1.7 lb and whose diameter is between 2.75 and 3.15 in.

PRECISION AND ACCURACY SPORTS

bowling : Game of U.S. origin that consists of rolling a ball down a lane to knock down pins standing at the end. | examples of pins Their shapes are specific to each variety of the game.

American duckpin One of 10 pins that is lightweight and 9.4 in high; the game is played almost exclusively in the United States.

tenpin Pin that weighs 3.5 to 3.7 lb and measures 15 in high; this is the most widespread type of bowling in the world.

ball return Mechanical device (track) between the lanes that returns the balls the players threw toward the setup. bowler Player who practices bowling; the first world championships for women took place in 1963.

fivepin Canadian duckpin Lightweight pin that is about 12 in Similar to American duckpin, it has a high and has a rubber band around rubber band around it to make it it; this five-pin game is very heavier; this 10-pin game is very popular in Canada. widespread in Canada. setup Set of 10 pins arranged in an equilateral triangle at the end of each lane of the alley,

headpin Also called the kingpin, it makes up the point of the triangle formed by the pins.

bowling bail Large ball that the player rolls to hit the pins. shoe For a right-handed person, the left sole is made of leather (for sliding) and the right sole of rubber (for stopping).

candlepin Cylindrical pin that is about 16 in high; this game with 10 pins is played in some provinces of Canada and states of the United States.

pin Piece of wood that is covered with plastic; it is stood on end on the floor and the player knocks it over with a ball.--.-.

pocket Tactical zone where the player rolls the ball to try to hit all the pins with one ball (strike). ball score console Panel that displays the data of the Spherical object that is rolled using the hand to knock down the pins; game in progress (such as points there are two types; light and heavy. for each frame for each player, total for previous games and the results The heavy ball has three holes for gripping with the fingers. for each team). keyboard Set of keys for registering points scored (number of pins knocked over) tor each frame and for the game total.

ball stand Area where the bowls rack up after leaving the ball return.

setup Set of 10 pins arranged in an equilateral triangle atthe end of each lane of the alley.

bowling alley Set of lanes that are made of wood or synthetic material and are laid out for bowling.

bowler Player who practices bowling; the first world championships for men 'took place in 1954. SPORTS AND GAMES

pit Area at the end of the lane; the hit ■pinsfall into it.

marker Mark that helps the bowler define -the ball’s trajectory. gutter Ditch on both sides of the alley’s 'lanes; a ball that falls into it is out of play. approach Lane on which the player makes ■the forward swing (usually three normal steps and one sliding) before rolling the ball. foul line Line behind which the player must ■■stay when rolling the ball down the lane at delivery; crossing this line is a foul. 865

PRECISION AND ACCURACY SPORTS

golf I Sport whose objective is to complete a set course by hitting a ball with a club; the player who uses the least number of strokes is the winner. course Area set up in a natural environment for playing golf, usually with 18 holes.

green Grass surface mown very short surrounding each of the course’s holes; the golfer uses a putter to •roll the ball into the hole.

hole Grass-covered fairway that is surrounded by plant growth; the--., golfer covers its distance by hitting a ball, despite the obstacles.

cart path Lane for golf carts to follow along the course.

clubhouse Structure located usually near the first and last holes that provides---, various services to golfers (such as a bar, restaurant and lockers),

fairway Mown part of the course between the teeing ground for the hole and its green.

practice green Lawn similar to the green where golfers practice putting.

pond Small shallow body of water that can be natural or man-made.

parking ... Area for cars to park.' sand bunker-- ' Section of the fairway of varying size that is filled with sand; if the ball becomes stuck here, the player uses a sand wedge to hit it out. rough Part of the course on the edge of the fairways where the grass grows freely.

... trees Wooded part of the golf course.

teeing ground Grassy surface mown very short from which the player tees off; teeing grounds are arranged at various distances from the hole as a function of the players’ skill.

water hazard Natural or man-made body of water (such as a lake, pond, river or reservoir) that constitutes an obstacle for the golfer.

holes Grass-covered fairway surrounded by plant growth whose distance the golfer covers by hitting a ball, despite the obstacles; in principle, each hole is played in an estimated number of strokes, its par.

SPORTS AND GAMES

par 3 hole The player tries to reach the green on the tee-off stroke and then make two putts; par 3s are often the most dreaded by golfers.

tee-off stroke First stroke for a hole that is made from the teeing ground; the ball is usually placed on a tee. approach stroke

I 866

par 4 hole The player tries to reach the green on the second stroke and then make two putts; it is called a birdie when a hole is sunk in one stroke under par.

PRECISION AND ACCURACY SPORTS

golf golf ball 1

types of golf clubs

Small ball used for playing golf that is about 1.68 in in diameter and weighs no more than 1.62 oz.

Golf clubs; instruments of various shapes, materials (wood, iron) and functions that are used to hit the bail along the course.

distance strokes.

par 5 hole

The player tries to reach the green in three strokes and then make two putts to sink the ball in the hole; an eagle is a hole made in two strokes under par.

water hazard If the golfer hits a ball into this obstacle, it must be played where it is; if it is unplayable, a new ball is put into play and counted as a penalty stroke.

clubs are now made of metal.

teeing ground Grassy surface mown very short from which the player tees off; teeing grounds are arranged at various distances from the hole as a function of the players'skill.

fairway Mown part of the course between the teeing ground tor the hole and its green.

SPORTS AND GAMES

green Grass surface mown very short surrounding each of the course’s holes; the golfer uses a putter to roll the ball into the hole.

natural environment Part of the course that is left in its original state; it can consist of trees, bushes and undergrowth.

rough Part of the course on the edge of the fairways where the grass grows freely.

sand bunker Section of the fairway of varying size that is filled with sand; if the ball becomes stuck here, the player uses a sand wedge to hit it out.

hole

removable flag pole

Cavity dug out of the green; the player must roll the ball into it to complete a hole.

Long rod with a flag that is planted in a hole to mark the hole’s location so that it can be seen from far away. 8B7

PRECISION AND ACCURACY SPORTS

iron Club used to hit the ball on the fairway or green. Irons are numbered from 1 to 9, according to the length of their shafts and their range; the angle of fhe sole increases in inclination to create curved trajectories of varying heights.

inclination of their faces and the ranges of their strokes. whipping Fine cord wound around the joint ot a wood’s head and shaft that holds them securely together.

toe Tip ot the club's head, opposite the heel and the shaft.

ferrule Ringlike part at the joint of a club’s shaft and head that holds them' securely together.

neck Upper part of the club’s head into which the shaft fits.

neck Upper part of the club’s head into-,. which the shaft fits. '■ toe Tip of the club's head, opposite the heel and the shaft.heel Part of the club’s head under the neck.

groove Fine indented lines on the face of the club that provide maximum control of the ball.

SPORTS AND GAMES

driver Wood with a very long range that is the longest of the golf clubs; It Is used especially for tee-off strokes (over 230 yd). The inclination angle of Its face is about 10°.

3-iron Long iron whose range is between 180 and 205 yd; the inclination angle of its face varies from 20° to 22°.

8-iron Short iron whose range is between 135 and 155 yd; the inclination angle of its face varies from 38° to 40°, I 8B8

groove Fine indented lines on the face of the club that provide maximum control of the ball.

sole Lower part of the club’s head.

3-wood Wood whose range is between 210 and 240 yd; the inclination angle of its face is about 15°.

4-iron Long iron whose range is between 175 and 200 yd; the inclination angle of its face varies from 22° to 24°.

9-iron Short iron whose range is between 130 and 145 yd; the inclination angle of Its face varies from 42° to 44°.

sole Lower part of the club’s head.

5-wood Wood whose range is between 200 and 220 yd; the inclination angle of its face is about 18°.

5-iron Medium iron whose range is between 165 and 195 yd; the inclination angle of its face varies from 26° to 28°.

pitching wedge Short iron used mainly tor approach strokes on the fairway, at about 110 yd from the hole; the inclination angle of its face varies from 47° to 52°.

heel Part of the club’s head under the neck.

putter Club whose head has a vertical face for putting on the green.

6-iron Medium iron whose range is between 155 and 180 yd; the inclination angle of its face varies from 30° to 32°,

7-iron Medium iron whose range is between 140 and 170 yd; the inclination angle of its face varies from 34° to 36°.

lob wedge sand wedge Short iron used for playing high and Short iron used mainly for hitting the ball precise strokes near the green (less out of sand bunkers; the inclination angle ot than 55 yd); the inclination angle of Its its face varies from 54° to 58°. face varies from 60° to 64°.

PRECISION AND ACCURACY SPORTS

shoulder Strap Large belt that distributes the weight of the golf bag on the shoulder.

head cover

Part that covers and protects the head of a golf club while it is not being used.

golf glove

tern that covers the hand to provide a better grip on the club; it is worn on one hand only (on the left hand fora right-handed person). golf cart

Two-wheeled rack that is pulled by a handle to transport the golf bag along the course.

pocket Small exterior storage compartment that contains various accessories (such as balls, gloves and tees). golf bag

bag well Rack at the back of the golf cart in which golfers carry their equipment over the golf course.

Sack for transporting golf clubs and accessories; a player can use no more than 14 different clubs during a competition.

SPORTS AND GAMES

869

CYCLING

road racing I Sport that consists of racing a bicycle on a road for one day or in stages. road-racing bicycle and cyclist Road-racing bicycle: bicycle that is designed for speed; it has narrow tires, a lightweight helmet frame and handlebars conducive to an Hard piece of equipment designed aerodynamic position for the cyclist. to protect the head,-.

jersey Stretchy tight clothing that covers the top of the athlete’s body.

shorts Tight clothing that covers the athlete’s thighs to prevent them from rubbing against the seat.

glove Leather item that reduces vibration and protects the hand against impact.

frame Bicycle structure made of aluminum or carbon fiber; it is rigid, lightweight and very sturdy.

brake lever and shifter The brake handle activates the brake caliper to which it is connected by a cable; the shifter is used to change the"'--., position of the chain. brake Mechanism composed ot two brake pads that is activated by a brake cable; the pads are driven by a caliper and return springs to squeeze the wheel rim and slow down the wheel.

Structure made of cotton and steel fibers coated with rubber, mounted on the rim to form the casing for the inner tube.

... derailleur Mechanism for changing the rear gears by lifting the chain from one gear wheel to another; it allows the cyclist to adapt to -road conditions.

fork Two tubes connected to the head tube and attached to each end of the front-wheel hub.

wheel Disk that turns around an axle at its center and enables the bicycle to move; its weight and shape influence the bike’s performance.

shoe Shoe with notches in the sole that tit into a corresponding part on the pedal to keep the foot secure on the pedal.

pedal Part attached to a crank that the cyclist rotates to provide the bicycle’s power.

road cycling competition Event that consists of riding a bicycle a given distance on a road as quickly as possible.

chain wheel Wheel with teeth that, in combination with the rear sprockets, increases or decreases the distance traveled by a turn of the pedal crank.

motorcycle-mounted camera Motorcycle used by the cameraman who records the race tor broadcast. leading motorcycle Motorcycle traveling in front of the first rider; its rider announces the cyqlists coming up and checks that the way is clear.

peloton Compact grouping of cyclists; depending on the race, there can be 150 or more athletes. following car Vehicle in which a team’s coach, mechanics and trainers ride.

race director leading bunch Person who is in charge of Compact grouping of cyclists at the organizing the race and monitors tront ot the race. its progress trom a car.

mountain biking SPORTS AND GAMES

j I Sport that consists of performing acrobatic exercises or racing offtrack (on a rough or steep course) on a bicycle. cross-country bicycle and cyclist Cross-country bicycle: relatively small, sturdy bicycle designed for performing acrobatics and competing in competitions on rough terrain.

goggles Eyewear with plastic lenses fitted in a frame with arms; it protects the eyes from flying mud, stones and insects.

protective goggles One-piece watertight eyewear that protects the eyes from flying mud, stones and insects %

back suspension Device that dampens vibrations from the wheels; this increases the bicycle’s stability and its grip on the trail.

front fork Fork whose air/oil or elastomer suspension provides a controlled ride over rough terrain.

pedal with wide platform Wide pedal providing good footing. clipless pedal Pedal with a safety system so that the foot can be attached or detached quickly.

I 870

downhill bicycle and cyclist Downhill bicycle: small, very sturdy bicycle for racing on rough ground with steep hills and strewn with obstacles.

chin strap Part of the helmet that protects the cyclist’s chin.

raised handlebar Grip whose elevated position makes the bicycle easier to steer when going downhill.

hydraulic disc brake Brake with jaws that squeeze a disc to slow down the wheel; the braking power is produced by hydraulic pressure.

CYCLING

track cycling Sport that consists of riding a bicycle on a closed track; the two types of track cycling events are speed and endurance. pursuit bicycle and racer Pursuit bicycle: bicycle with limited eguipment, that is, no brakes, no derailleur (no gears) and no freewheel.

seat tube Part of the frame leaning slightly to the rear, receiving the seat post and joining the pedal mechanism.

helmet Rigid piece of protective equipment for the head that is streamlined for maximum aerodynamics. handlebar Grip that extends forward so that the cyclist can ride in an aerodynamic position.

solid rear wheel Wheel whose aerodynamic shape allows the cyclist to go more quickly for a given effort.

handlebar grip Each of the two low-mounted handle grips that allow the rider to start in the dance position (standing on the pedals).

pursuit line Line indicating the start and finish point for the pursuit events.

jury platform Place where the 10 judges stand by to monitor the progress of the race and give the results.

finish line Point that marks the end of all events (such as time trial and sprint), except the pursuit.--.

track Inclined oval course that is 250 m long (short track) or 333.33 m or 400 m long (long tracks) and whose width varies from 7 to 9 m. blue band Strip where a racer gains speed before entering the track (sprint) and leaves it at the end of an event or to recover (American track).

competitors’ compound Rest and assistance area for athletes between races where thecoaches, mechanics and trainers stand by. sprinters’ line Line that separates two lanes during a race or sprint.

200 m line Point from which the racers are timed in the sprint event.

straightaway Route that varies in length depending on the overall length of the track and is graded from 4° fo 13°.

M Sport that consists of performing freestyle acrobatics using a small, one-speed bicycle. SPORTS AND GAMES

helmet Hard piece of equipment designed to protect the head. glove Leather item that reduces vibration and protects the hand against impact. handlebars Grips with a system of rings that pivot around an axle: this enables the handlebars to turn 360°. single chain wheel Wheel with teeth that is connected to the sprocket by a chain enabling the wheel to turn; the wheel has only one chain wheel as there is only one gear. foot pegs Supports attached to the hub; the athlete stands on them to perform certain freestyle acrobatics.

single sprocket Wheel with teeth that is connected to the chain wheel by a chain enabling the wheel to turn; the bicycle has only one sprocket as there is only one gear. 871

MOTOR SPORTS

car racing I Speed event in which competitors driving race cars must make a predetermined number of laps around a track.

balaclava

driver Athlete who drives in a car race.

Cap made of fireproof material that covers the head and neck and leaves the face uncovered.

undergarment

Clothing made of fireproof maferial that is worn under the suit; the, undergarment and the driving suit must cover the neck, wrists and ankles.

ear plugs/earbuds Small plugs placed directly in the ears to dampen the noise from fhe engines and to allow radio communications between the driver and the team. flame-resistant driving suit

Molded one-piece outfit that is made of fireproof material; it protects the driver from serious burns for several seconds.

gloves Item made of fireproof maferial thaf covers fhe hands and wrists; the gloves must fit tightly over the wrists and cover the sleeves of the suit.

wet-weather tire Molded tire used on a wet track to evacuate a large quantity of wafer. At 185 mph, it evacuates more than 6.5 gallons of water per second.

dry-weather tire Grooved tire providing a good grip on a dry track.

crash helmet

starting grid Position of the cars at the start of the race according to the time obtained during qualifications; the grid is made up of two cars per line in staggered formation.

Hard piece of equipment designed to protect the head.

shoe

Fire-resistant shoe that covers the entire foot and ankle. pole position

SPORTS AND GAMES

circuit Driving surface of various lengths for race cars; the driver completes as many laps as necessary to accumulate 190 mi during a Grand Prix.

track

First position at the starting grid that is obtained by the driver who earned the best time during the qualification session. chicane

Succession of small tighf curves designed fo break up a straight fast portion of a circuit; it forces drivers to slow down.-

checkered flag . Black-and-white checkered flag thaf signals fhe end of a race or trial session.

of a car race ■ght lines curves. starting li

Line that marks the beginning of the race; when the starting signal is given, all the cars must be behind this line.

gravel bed

Clear space located especially at curves where a car can slow down' incase of a skid or spin.

pit lane

Lane that cars take to get to the pits; it has a speed limit.

curb

Concrete structure at the beginning and end of curves; it provides a visual landmark and delimits the track.

I 872

tire barrier

Security device tor absorbing impact in case of collision or if cars leave the track.

car racing wing Part using air pressure to increase the load on the rear and front wheels to improve the tires’ grip on the track.

camera Exposure apparatus for following a driver's vehicle during an event; eachcar is equipped with at least one camera.

cockpit Part of the body where the driver sits that houses the equipment necessary for driving the car.

formula 1 car Single-seater for racing on a closed circuit that can reach speeds of 225 mph; formula 1 is very popular in Europe. radio antenna Device that emits and receives radio waves for communicafions between the driver and the team during the event.

Pitot tube Measuring device for calculating the actual speed of the car by taking into account the influence of -the wind.

side fairings- ' Malleable structure that absorbs the impact from a collision; the side fairings house especially radiators and electronic components. roll structure-' safety belt Structure composed of metal loops to Safety device fitted with sliding protect the driver if the car rolls over. straps, keeping the driver in the seat in the event of an accident.

rally car Two-seater touring car for racing long distances on the road, in several stages and within a given time.

steering wheel Unit enabling the driver to steer the turning wheels; a veritable dashboard, it is equipped with several controls such as the clutch and gear shifter.

formula 3000 car Single-seater that is less powerful than a formula 1 car but similar to it; formula 3000 is considered a school for formula!.

formula Indy car Sturdier and faster than a formula 1 in a straight line, it is designed to race on an oval or road circuit.

refueler Person responsible for refilling the car's tank with gasoline by plugging a supply hose into the -car.

refueling device Assemblage consisting of a fuel tank connected to a hose; it is torrefueling the car when stopped in the pit.

pit stop Stop that lasts a few seconds; It is taken by drivers during a race to refuel, change tires and make necessary mechanical adjustments.

SPORTS AND GAMES

starter mechanic Mechanic who uses a starter to make the car run again if the engine stalls after refueling.

compressed-air tank Reservoir containing compressed----...... air for the pneumatic drills.

jack Mechanism activated by a handle, for raising the vehicle. mechanic Person in charge of changing the tires. One mechanic loosens the center lug nut, a second one takes the tire off and a third one puts the new tire on.

pneumatic drill----' Instrument for tightening and loosening the center lug nut for each wheel.

chief mechanic Person who directs the mechanics; using a sign called a lollipop, this individual lets the driver know when the car can leave again. 873

MOTOR SPORTS

motorcycling I Competitions involving motorcycles whose engine cylinder size is larger than 125 cubic centimeters.

speed grand prix motorcycle and rider

full face helmet

Speed grand prix: streamlined motorcycle designed to race on a usually flat, closed road circuit; it can reach speeds of 200 mph.

Rigid piece of equipment that protects the head; it is equipped ■with a visor and a chin cup. neck support

Part that acts as a buffer for the helmet: it prevents the head fromsnapping backward in the event of a fall.

visor

afS

Pull-down part of the helmet; it Is •sturdy and transparent and protects the driver’s eyes and face while providing good visibility.

racing suit

One-piece suit that protects the driver in the event of a fall; itprovides protection for the hips, knees and elbows.

glove

Item that covers the hand and wrist to protect them; it is reinforced at the fingers.

rub protection

Hard plastic part attached by Velcro® to the place where the suit rubs the most often on the track in order to provide additional protection.

boot

High leather boot protecting theankles.

disc brake

Braking mechanism comprising a disc attached to the wheel, whose rotation is slowed down when the brake pads exert friction on it.

wheel

air intake for engine cooling

Circular unit turning around an axle: it supports the weight of the vehicle and transmits the thrust, steering and braking actions.

Opening for lefting the outside air in to cool the engine.

course

SPGRTS AND GAMES

The length of a motorcycle race is between 2 and 6 mi.

stands

Structure with tiered seats that is often partially covered: it is forspectators attending sporting events.

track

Driving surface of a motorcyclingtrack: its minimum width is 32 ft.

pits

Spaces reserved for each team where the drivers stop during therace to refuel and change their tires. I 874

tire

Circular deformable unif made of rubber, mounted on the wheel and inflated with air, providing the connection between the motorcycle and the road, absorbing the unevenness of the road.

MOTOR SPORTS

motorcycling

motocross and supercross motorcycle Slim lightweight motorcycle for racing on a closed rough circuit with uneven ground, bumps and hillocks.

protective suit Clothing consisting of a top and pants that protect the driver in the event of a fall; protection (such as tor the elbows, knees and back) is optional. trial motorcycle Light motorcycle that is agile and easy to handle; it is designed for all-terrain obstacle races. The goal is to clear the obstacles while keeping both feet off the ground at all times.

helmet Hard piece of equipment designed to protect the head.

glove Item that covers the hand and wrist in order to protect them; it is made of synthetic material and is padded inside and out.

protective goggles Equipment that protects the eyes; it is covered with several layers of plastic, which the driver peels off when they become dirty.

pants Garment for the lower body; it extends from the waist or the hips to the ankles, covering each leg separately.

hand protector Rigid part in front of the handlebar to protect the hand in the event of impact.

number plate Rectangular plate on the front and sides of the motorcycle; it carries a number to identify the driver. fork Sliding tube that encloses a spring; -it forms the steering, suspension and shock-absorbing mechanisms of the front wheel.

rally motorcycle All-terrain motorcycle designed to travel long distances on the road, in several stages and within a limited time.

nubby tire Tire whose tread is fitted with blocks of rubber, providing better traction on rough terrain.

boot High leather boot protecting the ankles.

protective plate Metal part under the motorcycle that protects it from shocks and prevents it from striking obstacles

bridge Humped structure that constitutes an obstacle for the racers. triple jump Obstacle made up of three bumps in a row that the racer must clear in one jump; the motorcycle must land on the far incline of the third bump.

bump Rounded protrusion on the circuit that constitutes an obstacle for the racers.

supercross circuit Sometimes covered, man-made track that is composed of earth or a mixture of sand and clay; it is strewn with obstacles and bumps for jumps. SPORTS AND GAMES

obstacles Elements, such as bumps, spines and bridges, that the racers must clear during an event.

multiple jumps Series of several bumps that the racer clears in a single jump, as opposed to clearing each jump separately.

spine High bump enabling the racers to perform spectacular jumps. start area The starting line must be wide enough to accommodate the racers lined up abreast; each one needs a breadth of 3.3 ft.

marshall One of the officials along the track who warn the competitors of potential danger by means of yellow flags.

markers Long ribbons on the sides of the track that delimit a safety zone for the racers and spectators.

riders Racers participiating in a motorcycling event.

straw bales Protective barriers placed at the curves to absorb impact in the event a racer skids out.

starting gate Transversal device that serves as the motorcycles’starting point; it folds up or down so that the racers can push off. 875

MOTOR SPORTS

personal watercraft I Motorized boat that moves quickly on wafer (about 65 mph); it is propelled by a turbine that sucks in wafer in front of it and shoots it out * behind. handlebar Device made up of two handles that are manipulated by the operator to steer the boat.

mirror Mirror tixed to the hood; it allows the operator to see behind and to the side of the vehicle without turning.

seat Waterproof seat on which the operator sits; one or two passengers can sit behind the operator. sponson One of the two wings attached to the sides of the hull at the stern; the sponsonsmake the boat more stable and maneuverable.

Watertight part of the structure whose aerodynamic shape provides the boat's flotation and allows it to glide quickly on water.

snowmobile I Motorized vehicle with a track and skis for moving rapidly on snow; some snowmobiles reach speeds of 125 mph.

seat Seat, usually made of leather, on which the operator sits; a passenger can sit behind the operator. luggage rack Structure attached to the rear of the snowmobile for transporting baggage.

brake handle Lever the operator activates to slow down or stop the snowmobile. ’ handlebars Device made up of two handles that the operator manipulates to steer the snowmobile.

backrest Part supporting the passenger’s lower back.

rear bumper Malleable component attached to the rear of the snowmobile to dampen impact in the event of collision; it also acts as a handle for moving the snowmobile.

windshield Resistant glass and plastic panel that protects the operator from the wind and inclement weather.

Lidlike part of the body that covers and protects the engine.

SPORTS AND GAMES

headlight Lamp on the front of the vehicle to light up the space in front.

body Snowmobile structure that houses and protects the mechanical components. snow guard Rubber or plastic part attached to the rear of the track that protects against flying snow. sprocket Wheel with teeth, which make successive contact with the track teeth to transmit its motion and propel the snowmobile. / track Belt into which the sprockets mesh; it provides the snowmobile's traction.

I S7B

idler wheel Wheel that keeps the track taut.

reflector Device that reflects light back to its source to make the snowmobile visible at night.

footboard Step used to board the snowmobile.

shock absorber Cylindrical device that is attached to the ski and coupled with a spring; it absorbs shocks caused by unevenness on the snow.

air scoop ■Opening for letting the outside air into cool the engine. ski Relatively wide blade that is attached to the front of the snowmobile and allows it to glide on snow; the skis are steered by the handlebars.

WINTER SPORTS

curling Sport with two opposing teams of four players who slide stones over an ice surface in the direction of a target.

curling stone Circular piece of polished granite; in the course of an end, each team takes turns to throw eight stones of the same color. handle Handle used to hold and maneuver the stone.

curling brush Brush that is rubbed over the ice in front of a moving stone to alter its trajectory or improve its sliding. sheet Ice surface on which a match is played; when an end is complete, the next end starts from the opposite end of the sheet.

center line Line that divides the sheet in half; the stone is thrown and released relatively close to this line. second Second player to throw stones in an end..

umpire Official who is responsible for applying the rules; in particular, the umpire rules on the correctness of throws and determines the distance between the stones and the tee.

vice-skip Player who assists the skip in devising playing tactics; the viceskip usually throws third in an end.

lead First player to throw stones in an end.. sheet Surface of the ice; it is watered regularly with fine droplets to reduce friction between the ice and the stone.

skip Player who leads the team and determines strategy; the skip is usually the last to throw in an end.

lateral line Band or line thaf delimits the sides of the sheet; a stone that strikes the lateral line is removed from play.

back line Line at the back of fhe house fhat marks the boundary of fhe playing area; a stone that crosses this line is removed from play.

hog line Line af the front of the house that marks the boundary of the playing area; the stones must be released before fhis line and musf cross the opposite hog line to remain in play.

SPORTS AND GAMES

tee line Line across the center of fhe house; behind fhis line, players are allowed fo brush in front of an opponent’s stone in an effort to make it overshoot the house. inner circle Circle surrounding the tee.

curler Curling player who throws two stones in each of fhe 10 ends fhaf make up a mafch.

hack Rubber foofhold at each end of fhe sheet that the thrower uses to push off.

outer circle Circle forming the outer limit of the house.

tee Circle forming fhe cenfer of the house; once all the stones are thrown, the team with the stone closest to the tee wins the end. ■i 1

house Series of concentric circles forming the scoring zone; a point is scored for-' each stone that lies closer to the tee than the opposing team’s stones.

free guard zone Area between the house and the hog 'line; leads may not remove the opposing team’s stones from play. 877

WINTER SPORTS

ice hockey I Sport that is played on an ice rink with two opposing teams of six players; goals are scored by using a stick to put a puck in the opposing net. ice hockey player

Member of an ice hockey team; players wear a variety of protective equipment to prevent injury caused by falls or body checks.

helmet Hard piece of equipment designed to protect the head.

visor Transparent piece of equipment secured to the front of the helmet to protect the eyes and upper face.

player’s number Number that identifies the hockey player; numbers range from 1 to 99 and are sewn onto the back and the sleeves of the jersey.

team’s emblem Logo representing the team that is printed on the front of the jersey.

glove Padded covering for the hand and wrist that takes the shape of thefingers; it must be flexible enough to provide a good grip on the stick.

pants Padded clothing attached around the waist by a belt or suspenders; they protect the pelvis, buttocks and thighs.

stocking Stretchy piece of fabric fhat covers the leg and thigh; it is worn over the pads to keep the muscles warm. blade Narrow metal blade that is attached to the skate boot; its curved ends help the player to turn.

skate Reinforced boot equipped with a--" blade for gliding over ice.

rink

Ice surface on which a hockey game is played; a game consists of three 20minute periods with two 15-minute intermissions.

goal line Red line that the puck must cross for a goal to be scored; the red line also marks the icing line.

SPORTS AND GAMES

rink corner The four rounded corners of the rink where body checks are often' thrown.

face-off spot Each of fhe spofs where a referee or linesman drops the puck to put it in play. glass protector Reinforced glass panel that is mounted on top of the boards to protect spectators from high shots and players' sticks.

left defense Position to the left of the center and Position to the right of the center ■behind the wing; this player tries to prevent the opponent from and behind the wing; this player approaching the goal. tries to prevent the opponent from approaching the goal.

players’ bench Bench used by the coaches and by inactive players; each team has about 20 players but only six are on the ice at the same time..

goal judge Off-ice official who Is positioned at the end of the rink behind the goal; the goal judge turns on a red light when the puck crosses the goal line.-

goalkeeper Player whose role is to prevent the puck from entering the goal; the goalkeeper usually plays the entire game.

878

boards Wooden or fiberglass boards that surround the rink and delimit the playing area.

face-off circle Circle around each of the five face-off spots; two players line up on each side of this spot for a face-off while fhe other players remain outside the circle.

WINTER SPORTS

ice hockey

face mask Cage attached to the helmet to protect the goalkeeper’s face and head; a flexible throat protector is attached to it.

blocking glove Glove mounted vi/ith a hard flat rectangular piece that is used to block shots.

goalkeeper Player whose role is to prevent the puck from entering the goal; the goalkeeper, who faces shots reaching speeds of 95 mph, wears heavy protective equipment.

catching glove Basket-shaped glove that is closed by pinching the hand; the goalkeeper uses it to catch and immobilize the puck.

goalkeeper’s pad Heavily padded piece of equipment that protects the goalkeeper’s legs, knees and thighs trom the impact of shots.

goalkeeper’s stick Stick featuring a large lower half and blade so that the goalkeeper can stop pucks more easily.

assistant coach left wing Person who assists the coach; there are coach Offensive position to the left of the The team’s leader; the coach plots usually two assistant coaches behind the center; this player’s role is to score strategy and decides who plays in bench, one in charge of the offense and goals and to check the opposing left the other in charge of the defense. different situations. wing. referee Official who is responsible for applying neutral zone the rules; the referee, who wears a red Area between the two blue lines armband, officiates and drops the puck where player changes are made for face-offs at the start of a period. and where various offensive and defensive strategies are initiated

center Player who usually takes the faceoffs; a key player on a team, the center plays an offensive and a defensive role.

right wing Offensive position to the right of the center; this player’s role is to score goals and to check the opposing right wing.

linesman One of two officials who signal offsides and icings; they do most of the face-offs and also signal infractions to the referee.

penalty bench Bench reserved for penalized players; penalties vary between two and 10 minutes, depending on the seriousness of the infraction.

goal Cage formed of netting mounted on a metal frame; a team scores a goal each time it lodges the puck inside .■the opposing goal. goal lights The red light signals a goal while the green light, which is connected to the official time clock, signals a stoppage in play or the end of a period.

penalty bench official Official who is responsible for maintaining order on the penalty bench.

officials’bench Bench reserved for some of the off-ice officials (timekeeper and penalty keeper, scorer, announcer),

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SPORTS AND GAMES

center face-off circle Circle in the middle of the rink; face-offs are held in the center circle at the start of a period and after a goal.

center line Line that divides the rink into two ' zones, one for each team; teams change zones after each period.

blue line Two lines that divide the rink into three equal parts; an offside is called when a player crosses the opposing blue line before the puck.

goal crease Semicircle reserved for the goalkeeper; the referee disallows a goal if a player interferes with the goalkeeper inside the goal crease.

WINTER SPORTS

ice hockey player's stick Long, traditionally wooden stick that consists of a blade set at an angle to a shaft.

goalkeeper’s stick Stick featuring a large lower half and blade so that the goalkeeper can stop pucks more easily.

butt end

Upper end of fhe shaff; if is usually covered with rubber tape to prevent the hand from slipping off the stick.

cuff

Elastic band that covers the upper part of the forearm; it fastens the elbow pad in place.

throat protector Nylon neck guard that is worn under the shoulder pads to protect the hockey player's neck and throat.

elbow pads Piece of equipment that consists of a hard shell to protect the elbow; it also covers part of the arm and the forearm.

throat protector Hard part secured to the goalkeeper’s mask that covers the throat and the neck; it rises and falls with the goalkeeper’s movements.

shaft

shoulder pads Padded vest with two hard shells designed to protect the shoulders; they cover the chest and upper back but provide less coverage than the goalkeeper’s chest pad. heel

Back end of the blade.

blade

Lower part of the stick that is used to stop, pass and shoot the puck; it is curved to ease puck handling.

protective cup Piece of equipment that consists of rigid molded plastic designed to cover a player’s genital organs.

puck Black disk that is made of hard rubber: the puck is refrigerated before a game to improve its sliding action and reduce bouncing.

arm pad

Part of the goalkeeper's chest pad that covers the arm.

knee pad

SPORTS AND GAMES

Part of the pads that covers the knees. player’s skate Reinforced boot equipped with a blade tor gliding over ice.

goalkeeper’s chest pad Heavily padded vest that protects the goalkeeper’s shoulders, chest, stomach, back and arms.

tendon guard

Rigid part that covers the lower leg. toe box

Hard shell that forms the end of the boot; it protects the toes from shots and slashes. boot

Sturdy flexible boot with a lace; it protects and supports the foot and ■ ankle and is made of leather or synthetic materials. pads Pieces of equipment that consist of hard molded plastic to protect the hockey player’s legs and knees. I 880

blade

Narrow metal blade that is attached to the skate boot; its curved ends help the player to turn.

goalkeeper’s skate Skate that is reinforced on the sides and equipped with a long low straight blade; it is designed to improve the goalkeeper's balance.

WINTER SPORTS

figure skating Sport that consists of executing jumps, spins and figures while skating to music; it includes singles skating, pairs skating and ice dancing. | lining-Padded layer of fabric or leather that covers and protects the inside of the boot.

figure skate Reinforced boot with a blade that makes it tongue possible to glide over the ice; figure Piece that extends from the boot and skating is hard on the ankles so the skate ■prevents the foot from rubbing provides maximum ankle support. against the lace; it is lifted to slip the foot into the boot.

backstay Reinforcement at the back of the boot.

lace Narrow cord of fabric or leather, flat •or round, that is threaded through eyelets or hooks to tighten the boot.

hook Small piece of curved metal used to attach the lace.

dance blade Blade vi/hose heel is shorter and vi/hose toe picks are less pronounced to facilitate the execution ot complex movements and to prevent the toe picks from catching.

free skating blade Blade w/ith toe picks that facilitate the execution of jumps and spins; its curvature is more pronounced than that of the dance blade.

boot Sturdy flexible boot with a lace; it protects and supports the foot and ankle and is made of leather or synthetic materials.

eyelet Small metal-rimmed hole through which the lace passes.

heel ' Stiff part underneath the boot that supports the back of the foot.

stanchion •' Vertical part that extends up from the blade to secure it to the sole.

sole Sturdy plastic or wooden sole that forms the bottom of the boot; the blade screws into the sole. edge Part of the blade that bites into the ice; the blade has two edges (inside and outside), which are separated by a groove.

toe pick Small teeth at the front end of the blade: they serve as the pivot point during spins and also make it possible to take off and land during jumps.

blade Narrow tapering strip of metal that is attached to the sole; the lower part is made of hardened steel to keep the edges sharp.

examples of jumps salchow Single-rotation jump with takeoff from the back inside edge; the Swede Ulrich Salchow created it in 1909.

axel Jump of one and a half rotations with takeoff from the forward edge; invented by the Norwegian Axel Paulsen in 1882, it is considered the most difficult jump.

toe loop Single-rotationtoe jump with takeoff and landing on the same toot; it is considered the easiest of the toe jumps.

lutz Single-rotation toe jump with takeoff from the back outside edge and landing on the opposite foot; the Austrian Alois Lutz invented it in 1913.

flip Single-rotation toe jump with takeoff from the back inside edge and landing on the opposite foot; the flip is in fact a toe salchow.

assistant referee Individual who assists the referee and is authorized to replace him or her if necessary.

technical delegates Official who ensures that technical installations are in compliance with the standards of the International Skating Union (ISU).

SPORTS AND GAMES

referee timekeeper Official who is responsible for the Person who monitors the length of eligibility of officials, skaters and the performances to ensure that judging panel and the allowability of controversial decisions. skaters respect the allotted time.

Jump: movement by which the skater leaves the ice and spins in the air before landing.

rink Ice surface on which skaters execute their programs; program duration varies depending on the event (between 2 min. 40 sec. and 4 min. 30 sec.).

judges Officials who are responsible for evaluating performances; during international competitions, nine judges are chosen at random from the nations represented.

judges ffficials who are responsible for evaluating formances; they award two series of marks--... • each performance, one for technical merit and the other for artistic interpretation.

pair Team formed of a man and a woman; like singles skaters, pairs take part in two events: the technical program and the free program.

coaches Individuals who oversee the training and preparation of skaters tor competitions; coaches provide final advice prior to performances. 881

WINTER SPORTS

speed skating I Race on ice between individuals or teams held on a long or short track. skater; long track The long-track speed skater wears an aerodynamic racing suit with a hood and an armband: competitors on inside and outside lanes wear different colors.

hood Headgear attached to the neck of the racing suit; it is pulled over the head before a race to improve aerodynamics.

skater: short track Because of the high risk of faiiing and the close proximity of competitors, short-track speed helmet Hard piece of equipment designed skaters wear protection on vulnerable parts of the body. the head.-

glove Covering for the hand and wrist that reduces the risk of injury, especially on turns where the skater places a hand on the ice. racing suit Skintight one-piece garment that ■ reduces air resistance; short-track speed skaters wear a similar racing suit but one without a hood.

1 shin guard Piece of equipment that consists of hard molded plastic to protect the skater’s legs.

throat protector Nylon neck guard that is worn under the racing suit to protect the skater's neck and throat. long track Two competitors occupy specific lanes: they take off simultaneously and skate against a clock on an oval track 400 m long.

warm-up lane Lane that speed skaters use to-., prepare for the race.

knee pad Piece of equipment made of hard molded plastic that protects the knee. referee Official who is responsible for applying the rules; the referee ensures that the competition runs smoothly and makes rJecisTons on disputes.

SPORTS AND GAMES

marker Each of the pylons that delimits a iane.

lane Strip that is reserved for a skater during a race: after every lap, competitors change lanes to equalize the distance covered.

I 882

500 m start line

start judges Officials who give the start signal and indicate false starts; a competitor who makes two consecutive false starts is disqualified.

assistant referee Official who assists the referee in his or her functions.

WINTER SPORTS

speed skating

speed skates Skates that consist of a lightweight boot, which takes the shape of the foot; they have long, very tapered blades to provide prolonged contact with the ice.

clapskate

short track skate

Long-track skate with a blade that detaches from the heel; it provides longer contact with the ice to improve thrust.

Skate with a blade that is curved in the direction of the turn and offset to the left for better cornering at high speed.

start judge Official who gives the start signal and indicates false starts; a competitor is disqualified for making two consecutive false starts.

short track

finish judges Officials who determine the order in which the skaters finish.

protective mat Padding that covers the boards to cushion the impact when a skater falls.

Four to six skaters who race against one another; the skater who finishes with the fastest time wins the race.

track Oval 120 yd long on a standard rink; unlike the long track, there are no reserved lanes.

coaches Individuals who train the skaters; they devise strategy and give instructions to the skaters throughout the race.

assistant judges Officials placed near the crossover area to ensure that lane changes are executed properly.

chief referee Official who is responsible for applying the rules; in particular, the chief referee is authorized to disqualify a competitor who commits a fault.

marker Each of the markers bordering the track; it is made of rubber or plastic and is not affixed to the ice to avoid damaging it.

coaches Individuals who train the skaters; they devise strategy and give instructions to the skaters throughout the race. protective mat Padding that covers the boards to ■cushion the impact when a skater falls.

500 m finish line

lap counter Official who uses a counter to indicate the number of laps left to the skaters; the lap counter also rings a bell at the start of the last lap.

finish judge electronic timing system timekeepers Officials positioned at the finish Official who ensures that the finish Device that automatically records skaters' finish times. line to ensure that the electronic conforms to regulations. timing system functions properly; they keep time manually if necessary.

B83

SPORTS AND GAMES

track judge Official who ensures that competitors skate in the proper lanes, create no obstruction and perform their turns properly.

WINTER SPORTS

bobsled I Sport that consists of racing down an icy track on a two- or four-person bobsled; bobsleds reach speeds of over 85 mph. four-person bobsled Bobsled: vehicle on runners that has steering and braking systems; the four-person bobsled team includes a captain, two crewmen anda brakeman.

brakeman Bobsledder who operates the brake after the finish: the brakeman is the last to climb onto the bobsled at the start.

captain Bobsledder who issues instructions and steers the bobsled: he is the first to take position after the push start and is the only one who does not lean forward during the race. handle _ Retractable piece held to push the ’ bobsled during the running start; this start is about 55 yd long. shell Aerodynamic compartment that is - usually made of fiberglass; a crew whose weight is less than the allowable limit can carry extra weight.

rear runner Stationary steel blade at the back of the bobsled that enables it to slide over the ice.

two-person bobsled Bobsled designed for a crew of two (a captain and a brakeman): it is shorter and lighter than the fourperson bobsled. front runner Movable steel blade at the tront ot the bobsled that enables it to slide over the ice; the tront runners are connected to the steering system.

luge I Speed sport that consists of racing down an icy track on a singles or doubles Iug6; luge racers lie on th6ir b3cks with their fe6t forward and reach speeds of 90 mph.

SPORTS AND GAMES

luge racer Athlete who practices luge; the luge racer starts a race in a seated position, then uses the runners to generate momentum and the hands to accelerate before lying down.

sled Wooden fiberglass or plastic platform with a backless seat; luge racers lie on their backs.

one-piece suit Skintight one-piece garment that reduces air resistance; a luge racer can carry extra weight underneath the suit to reach the maximum allowable weight.

crash helmet Hard pie'ce of equipment designed to protect the head.

visor Transparent or tinted piece of equipment that is attached to the front of the helmet and tucks under the chin to reduce air resistance: it protects the eyes and the face. glove Covering for the hand and wrist; the fingertips contain studs for greater manual traction at the start. singles luge Luge designed for a single racer; it is shorter and lighter that the doubles luge.

edge Sharp part that forms the edge of the blade; the blade is a metalpiece placed under the runner so that the luge can slide over the ice. I 884

runner Piece or wood or fiberglass that is attached to the bottom of the sled: the luge racer steers by applying toot pressure to the tront of the runners.

doubles luge Luge designed for two racers: the luge racer on top (the heavier ot the two to improve aerodynamics) is held in place by a strap.

WINTER SPORTS

skeleton Sport that consists ot racing down an icy track on a skeleton, which can reach speeds of 85 mph; sledders lie head forward on their stomachs. cleated shoes Shoes whose sole contains small cleats to provide good traction on

crash helmet Rigid piece ot equipment designed to protect the head; crash helmetvisors and chin guards are

.thcs ioo Hitrinn thci niich ctart

skeleton Steei or fiberglass sled that is mounted on movable runners; the sledder steersthe skeleton by transferring body weight from side to side.

sledder Athlete who practices the skeleton. The sledder wears an aerodynamic suit; extra protection may be worn on the elbow and other vulnerable areas.

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chin guard Hard piece that is attached to the helmet to protect the chin if it hits the ice. rear bumper One ot the side pieces attached at the back of the sled; it absorbs shocks and protects the siedder in the event of contact with the track wall.

seat Part of the sled on which the -sledder lies.

skeleton Steel or fiberglass sled that is mounted on two movable runners; the sledder pushes the sled at the start and then lies down on it for the descent.

front bumper One of the side pieces attached at the tront of the sled; it absorbs shocks and protects the siedder in the event of contacf with the track wall.

movable runner Adjustable steel blade that is attached to the bottom of the sled; its curve can be adjusted slightly to alter its contact with the ice surface.

sled Piatform equipped with a backless seat on which the sledder lies.

tr^ Concrete structure that is covered with an artificial sheet of ice; bobsled, luge and skeleton races are held on it.

start: men’s singles luge

start: bobsled and skeleton

SPORTS AND GAMES

start: women’s and doubles luge

deceleration stretch Slight incline meant to facilitate deceleration and stopping after the-finish; fresh snow is sometimes added to it to improve braking. finish area Area marking the end of a bobsled, luge or skeleton run; an electronic timekeeping system calculates the competitors’finish times.

180-degree curve

labyrinth Series of at least three fast tight turns with no straightaways; a labyrinth is a mandatory part of every track.

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WINTER SPORTS

ski resort I Resort area with the facilities required for skiing and snowboarding; it also lodges skiers and snowboarders.

intermediate slope Relatively steep slope geared to intermediate skiers and--snowboarders who know the basics of their sport.

gondola Mechanical lift made up of a series of closed cabins that are suspended from a single cable; skis and snowboards are hung outside the cabin.

ski lift arrival area

..-summit lodge summit Highest point on the mountain; it marks the starting point of most alpine ski trails.

easy slope Wide gentle and well-cleared slope tor skiing and snowboarding beginners.

chair lift Mechanical lift that is suspended from a single cable; It is made up of a series of seats for two to eight skiers or snowboarders who wear their equipment while going up and down.

expert slope Extremely difficult slope geared to expert skiers and snowboarders; these slopesare usually very steep and include moguls and tight turns.

ski area Network of trails that makes up a ski ---resort; they can be built on one or more slopes, on one mountain or on adjacent mountains.

difficult slope Steep slope geared to experienced skiers and snowboarders.

alpine ski trail Slope groomed for alpine skiing or ■snowboarding; a sign indicates the level of difficulty by means of a pictogram.

patrol and first aid station Building reserved for the ski patrol; it houses equipment for administering first aid to injured or sick skiers. • main lodge Building that brings together various services such as-restaurants, bars, boutiques and day care.

lodging The businesses, buildings and dwellings that make it possible to enjoy a relatively long-term stay at a ski resort.

snow-grooming machine A tracked vehicle used to prepare trails; it packs fresh snow, evens out bumps and replaces snow on uncovered areas.-. ski school Business that offers skiing or snowboarding lessons to individuals or groups of all levels. -

SPORTS AND GAMES

T-bar Mechanical lift that consists of a series of inverted T-shaped bars that hold two people; as the T-bar pulls them, their skis or snowboards slide along the ground.

chair lift departure area

cross-country ski trail Trail groomed for cross-country skiing; a sign indicates the level of difficulty by means of a pictogram.

skiers’ lodge Multipurpose building providing a variety of services such as cafeteria, lockers, rental and repair shop and ski school.

gondolas departure area

condominium Group of lodgings belonging to separate owners who share the building's maintenance costs.

ice rink Ice surface designed for skating.

mountain lodge Small, usually wooden dwelling built on the side of a mountain; it sometimes provides direct access to the ski area.

hotel Business establishment that lodges people for a fee. information desk Kiosk that provides information on a ski resort’s facilities, events and services. I 88B

village Place in which lodging and ski resort services are concentrated.

parking Area for cars to park,

WINTER SPORTS

snowboarding Sport that consists of sliding over a snow-covered surface on a board fitted with foot bindings; the snowboard is steered by bending the knees. snowboarder Athlete who practices snowboarding; the snowboarder usually specializes in one particular discipline.

helmet Rigid piece of equipment that is designed to protect the head; helmets are mandatory for racing. coveralls Skintight one-piece garment that reduces air resistance.

goggles Equipment that protects the eyes against the sun and the elements; the filtered lenses optimize depth perception. shin guard Piece of equipment made of hard molded plastic that protects the .-snowboarder’s legs.

hard boot Boot used for alpine events; it provides firm support and makes it possible to immediately transfer body movement to the board.

snowboard Board with foot bindings that is designed for sliding over snow..covered surfaces.

glove Covering for the hand and wrist that protects them against the cold and snow in the event of a fall.

flexible boot Flexible boot that is designed for leestyle and all-terrain snowboarding; it allows the snowboarder to perform a broad range of movements and figures. freestyle snowboard Wide flexible snowboard used for figures; the nose and tail are identical so that the snowboarder can take off and land in both directions.

plate binding Binding used with hard boots; it has a metal toeplate that keeps the boot firmly in place to provide maximum stability...

alpine snowboard Long narrow rigid snowboard that is designed to reach high speeds.

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soft binding Binding used with flexible boots; the soft binding has straps to secure the foot and padded ankle supports.

edge Metal edge along the sole of the snowboard; the edge digs into the snow and makes turning possible.

nose Front end of the snowboard; its slightly upturned curve cuts through the snow and helps to avoid catching an edge. competition site: half-pipe The half-pipe event is set to music and consists of executing acrobatic figures by sliding from one side of a track with banked edges (half-pipe) to the other. judges’ stand Stand reserved for the five judges who evaluate specific criteria such as maneuvers with and without rotation, amplitude and overall impression.

Start

Start of the run; snowboarders position themselves behind the start line and at the start signal they race toward the half-pipe.

-04

half-pipe Snow trail that is built on aslope, and whose sides are elevated to a’ height of 10 to 13 ft. finish area Area marking the end of the halfpipe run; it is wide and relativelyflat so that the snowboarder can stop safely. 887

SPORTS AND GAMES

Back end of the snowboard; unlike the tail of the freestyle snowboard, the alpine snowboard tail is not designed for going backward.

WINTER SPORTS

alpine skiing Sport that consists of racing on alpine skis down a snow-covered slope with a medium or steep drop. ski goggles

alpine skier

ski suit

Equipment that protects the eyes against the sun and the elements; the filtered lenses optimize depth perception.

Athlete who practices alpine skiing: alpine skiers often specialize in one or more of four events.

Skintight one-piece garment that reduces air resistance: various protective devices can be added, depending on the event.

basket

Circular piece attached to the bottom of the ski pole, it prevents the pole from sinking too deeply into the snow.

ski glove

helmet

Covering for the hand and wrist that

Rigid piece of equipment that is designed to protect the head; helmets are mandatory for racing.

ski pole

Metal or composite fiber rod with a ■ handle and a basket; the ski pole is used for maintaining balance and for turning. ski boot

Rigid boot made of plastic or composite materials; the front and back of the ski boot attach to the -ski.

wrist strap

Strap that is attached to the handle and worn around the wrist to prevent the skier from losing a pole when sticking it into the ground.

groove

Indentation along the bottom that 'improves glide and stability on straightaways,

handle

ski bottom

Carefully polished piece that forms the bottom of the ski; a wax suited to snow conditions is applied to the bottom to obtain the best possible glide.

safety binding

Device that attaches the boot to the ski; it features an automatic release system that frees fhe boot when too much pressure is exerted on it.

Long board with foot bindings that is designed for gliding over a snowcovered surface; it is usually made of wood or composite fibers.

tip

Rounded end of the shovel.

tail

Back end of the ski.

shovel

edge

Front end of the ski; its upward curve cuts through snow and helps to avoid catching an edge.

Metal edge that runs along the bottom of the ski; it bites into the snow and makes turning possible.

ski

Long board with foot bindings that is designed for gliding over a snowcovered surface; it is usually made of wood or composite fibers.

SPORTS AND GAMES

examples of skis Skis are adapted to the requirements of each event; their performance on snow depends on their length, width and design.

slalom ski

Short narrow ski that makes it possible to quickly shift from one edge to the other; its dissymmetric shovel is designed to push back the gate poles in the event of contact.

giant slalom ski

Medium-length ski that provides greater flex than a downhill ski; it is suited to long turns and it remains stable at high speeds.

downhill and super-G ski

Long rigid ski that provides a high level of stability and excellent glide; it is designed for straightaways and for speed. I 888

WINTER SPORTS

alpine skiing

technical events During each event, skiers take turns attempting to complete the descent as tast as possible vi/hile following the established course.

ski boot Rigid boot made of plastic or composite materials; the front and back of the ski boot attach to the ski.

inner boot Often removable padded lining designed to keep the feet warm and to provide comfort. upper cuff Relatively rigid piece that goes-.., around the top of the inner boot.

tongue Piece that extends from the inner boot and protects the foot from rubbing against the binding system; it is raised to slip the foot into the inner boot.

upper Reinforcement at the back of the boot. downhill Speed event held on a steep course with long straightaways and wide fast turns; downhill skiers reach speeds of overZSmph.

upper strap ■ Strap that is attached to the upper to tighten the upper cuff.

upper shell Part of the ski boot that covers the lower leg; its forward inclination is often adjustable, which makes it easier for the skier to lean forward.

adjusting catch Groove in which the buckle latches; each adjusting catch corresponds to a different tightness.

buckle Clip made up of a metal ring that fits into an adjusting catch to tighten the ski boot.

sole Sturdy piece that forms the bottom of the ski boot; it has molds at the heel and toe that fit into the binding.

hingePiece connecting the upper and lower shells.

super giant (super-G) slalom Event that combines the speed of downhill with the technique of giant slalom; the super-G course is shorter than the downhill course and has more gates.

lower shell Part of the ski boot that covers the foot and the ankle.

safety binding Device that attaches the boot to the ski; it features an automatic release system that frees the boot when too much pressure is exerted on it. manual release Manual device that releases the boot from the binding.

giant slalom Technical event whose course has fewer gates and longer curves than the special slalom course.

antifriction pad Part mounted on the toepiece that reduces friction between the sole and the binding and facilitates the release of the boot during a fall.

SPORTS AND GAMES

brake pedal Device used to attach the binding by sliding the end of the sole into the toepiece and pushing down on the brake pedal with the heel.

setting indicator Scale that shows the binding release index (tightness); it is a function of the skier’s weight and skill level.

heelpiece Back part of the binding that opens if the skier falls forward.

base plate Support plate for the binding that is placed on the ski.

brake arm Part that sinks into the snow when the boot is released from the binding; this prevents the ski from sliding down the slope.

toepiece Front part of the binding that opens at the side if the'skier’s leg twists.

special slalom Technical event whose course includes numerous sharp turns; the skier must graze the gate poles to keep the best trajectory. 889

WINTER SPORTS

freestyle skiing

Sport that consists of performing various figures and tricks on skis; it includes three events: moguls, aerial skiing and acroski (ballet). course; moguls competition Event that is held on a steep straight course vi/ith bumps that the skier uses to turn: two jumps are integrated into the run.

control gate Space between the two gate poles -through which the skier must pass; a moguls course usually has nine control gates.

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safety fence - Barrier bordering the course that stops the skier in the event of a fall.

i / /

kickers Accumulations of snow designed to allow the skier to execute a jump; only straight jumps are allowed in a moguls competition.

/ /

mogul Each of the mounds that dot the course: to obtain a high score, the skier must demonstrate control, ■ flexibility and speed over the moguls,

■i i

Pli

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finish line Line marking the end of a moguls run; an elecfronic timekeeping system calculates the skiers’ finish times. judges’ stand Stand reserved for the judges who -award marks based on three criteria: turn quality, jump quality and speed.

stopping area Wide, relatively flat area where the skier can stop safely.

SPORTS AND GAMES

aerial site During an aerial ski event, skiers take turns flying off a ski jump to perform aerial figures; each competitor performs two jumps.

inrun Slope on which the jumper generates the speed needed for takeoff: fhe athlete can choose the starting point on the inrun.

kicker Curved ski jump that is used for jumps that combine twists or somersaults. judges’ stand Stand reserved for judges who evaluate the jumper's start, form and landing quality. landing track Steep slope at the bottom of which the skier lands; wood chips are spread over the track to help the jumper see the ground.

flag Each of the wind flags set up at regular intervals on the inrun so that the jumper can see the starting point. floater Flat ski jump that is used for jumps that combine fixed positions or horizontal rotations.

outrun Wide, relatively flat area where the skier can stop safely. knoll Flat area on which several ski jumps of variable height and inclination are constructed: the skier’s choice of ski jump depends on the jump to be executed.

890

WINTER SPORTS

ski jumping

Sport that consists ot covering the greatest possible distance in the air atter jumping oft a ski jump; the jumper’s style is marked by judges. jumping technique

glove Covering for the hand and wrist that protects them against the cold and snow in the event of a fall.

inrun The ski jumper descends the inrun in a tuck position, reaching speeds of over 50 mph.

track Duringaski jumping event, each competitor executes two jumps and points are awarded tor style and distance.

start platform Top of the inrun where ski jumpers make their starts; the starting point is established by officials before each event.

ski jump Extremely steep artificial track that is covered with snow; Olympic events are held on a large ski jump (120 m) and on a normal ski jump (90 m).-

inrun Part of the ski jump that allows the jumper to generate the speed required for takeoff; its average incline is 35° to 40°.

take-oft table Flat surface at the bottom of the ski jump that slopes at an angle of about' 10°; the skier takes off from it.

coaches’ stand Stand from which coaches observe 'the jumps executed by the athletes. judges’ stand Stand reserved for judges; five style -judges specifically evaluate take-off precision and control, flight position and landing quality.

landing slope Upper part of the landing area; the ski jumper should fly over if during a jump but it does provide a sate landing area in the event of a short jump.norm point Point marking the start of the finish area.

finish area Part of the landing area where ski jumpers land; distance markers allow officials to determine the length ot each jump. braking zone Transition zone between the tinish area and the outrun; the braking zone is the area where the ski jumper regains balance and decelerates.

landing area Steep slope in the middle of which the ski jumpers land; it is divided' into several sections. landing The landing is made in telemark position, with one leg placed slightly ahead of the other; this distributes landing impact throughout the entire body.

helmet Hard piece of equipment designed to protect the head.

jumping ski Ski without edges that is longer and "■■wider than an alpine ski; its bottom has lengthwise grooves that provide binding stability in a straight line. Device used to fasten the boot to '■'the ski; the heel is left tree so that the ski jumper can lean forward during flight.

ski jumping boot Boot that is more flexible than an alpine ski boot; it provides good ankle support while allowing forward

take-off On reaching the end of the take-oft table, the ski jumper quickly straightens up and stretches forward to obtain maximum lift.

flight The ski jumper leans forward to improve aerodynamics and places the skis in a V position to promote lift and prolong flight.

ski jumper Athlete who practices ski jumping; the ski jumper takes part in individual (large jump, normal jump) and team (large jump) events.

ski jumping suit Skintight one-piece garment whose^ thickness and air permeability are regulated.

The jump lasts five to eight seconds and involves four stages, each of which requires a specific technique.

outrun Wide, relatively flat area where the skier can stop safely.

critical point Point that marks the length ot an ideal jump; points are deducted when the--’' landing is short ot or added when the ski jumper lands beyond the critical point.

Sport that consists ot skiing down an extremely steep straight slope to reach the highest possible speed. speed skiing suit Skintight one-piece garment made of plastic-coated synthetic fibers to ensure optimal aerodynamics.

speed track Extremely steep and perfectly even slope that speed skiers take turns descending; the skier who posts the highest speed wins the event. starting track Steepest part of the track where the skier builds up speed; speed skiers reach speeds ot 125 mph in about six seconds.

helmet Rigid piece of equipment that protects the head; it also improves aerodynamics with its streamlined shape fitted to the skier’s head.

fairing Piece of compressed foam that is slipped under the suit to improveair flow without causing air turbulence around the leg.

timing area Part of the track where the speed skier's ■ speed is calculated; two photoelectric cells placed 100 m (about 330 ft) apart measure time in milliseconds.

speed skier Athlete who practices speed skiing; high-level speed skiers reach speeds of more than 150 mph.

pole Metal or composite fiber rod with a handle; the speed skier uses it for balance.

deceleration and braking zone Zone where the speed skier slows down and stops; to achieve this, the speed skier straightens up and performs two wide turns.

speed ski handle Piece used to grip the pole; its Heavy and very long ski (up to 8 ft) streamlined shape ensures better with a thick bottom; its edges are not air flow; the handle does not have a very sharp to prevent them from wrist strap. catching at high speed and causing crashes. 891

SPORTS AND GAMES

speed skiing

WINTER SPORTS

cross-country skiing I Sport that consists ot skiing over snow-covered surfaces on gently sloping terrain using a variety of technigues (skating step, diagonal step). cross-country skier Athlete who practices cross-country skiing: this athlete takes part in various individual (classic, treestyle, pursuit, sprint) and team (relay) events.

ski hat Fleadgear made of a tubular piece of fabric folded back to forma double layer; its top is sewn and sometimes features a pom-pom.

turtleneck Knit fabric top with a high collar formed of ribbing that folds over around the neck; it has no closing mechanism.

cork Piece of cork used to spread an even layer of wax onto the bottom. • ski suit Skintight one-piece garment that -reduces air resistance; it is lightweight and allows heat generated by the skier to be released.

pole grip

pole shaft

wrist strap Strap that is attached to the pole grip and worn around the wrist to prevent the skier from losing a pole -when sticking it into the ground.

ski pole Metal or composite fiber rod with a handle and a basket: the ski pole is used for maintaining baiance and thrusting.

wax Substance applied to the bottom of the skis; waxes include glide wax, which reduces friction on snow, and kick wax, which improves traction.

cross-country ski Long board designed to giide over a snow-covered surface; iight and narrow, it has a reiatively pronounced camber between the shovel and the tail.

glove Covering for the hand and wrist that protects them against cold and against chafing by the pole handle; it is thinner than an alpine ski glove.

uiiiumg Device of variable form in which the skier places the toe of the boot; it allows the ski to move as one with the skier.

skating step requires a more rigid boot than the traditional boot. cross-country ski Long board designed to glide over a snow-covered surface; light and narrow, it has a relatively pronounced camber between the shovel and the tail.

. ^'P ..•Rounded end of the shovel.

SPORTS AND GAMES

skating step Technique that allows the crosscountry skier to drive forward by pushing to the side like a skater; it is faster than the diagonal step. skating kick Side kick executed by leaning on the inside of one ski while keeping the body weight on the other ski.

scraper Blade used to remove kick wax or smooth the ski bottom after applying giide wax.

shovel Front end ofthe ski; its upward curve cuts through snow and helps to avoid catshing an edge.

toe binding Binding with a mechanism that locks only the front of the boot.

shovel Front end of the ski; its upward curve cuts through snow and helps ■to avoid catching an edge.

tail Back end of the ski.

toepiece Mechanism used to block the front end of the boot,

heelplate Back part ofthe binding; it has notches that fit into the sole of the boot to prevent the foot from twisting to the side.

gliding phase Transition phase between two pushes; the skier returns the take-off leg to its initial position while moving the support ski forward. 1

I 892

waxing kit Kit that contains a number of waxes suited to a variety of snow conditions and the accessories used to apply or remove them.

diagonal step Classic cross-country skiing technique: the skis remain parallel except in sharp turns or steep climbs.

pushing phase Thrusting movement that begins by gliding phase quickly pushing the take-off leg Transition phase between two backwards; the skier alternates this pushes; the skier returns the take-off pushing phase movement from one leg to the leg to its initial position while Rapid repetition of the pushing phase other. moving the support ski forward. increases the skier’s speed. 1

WINTER SPORTS

biathlon Sport that combines cross-country ski racing with a precision shooting competition; the biathlon includes individual and team events (relays). shooting positions

rear sight Articulated graduated aiming device attached to the back of the barrel: the rear sight is lined up with the front sight when aiming.

An event includes several shooting sessions that alternate between prone and standing positions; the biathlete shoots between breaths to stabilize the ritle.

prone position

magazine Part containing the cartridges, which are automatically fed into the gun barrel.

rifle Lightweight rifle with a relatively short barrel; biathletes use a .22-caliber rifle that is loaded manually or with a magazine.

standing position

nonslip mat Mat placed in front of each lane to prevent the skis from sliding during the shot.

shooting slip Strap used to stabilize the rifle when shooting from a prone position.

lane number Number that identifies a shooting lane; in certain events (relay, mass start), the skier must use the lane corresponding to the bib number. referee Person who ensures that the rules are observed and the shooting .phase runs smoothly.

target Circular object that forms the target in the shooting competition; the targets are black but are covered with a white disk when hit by a projectile.

shooting range Area designed for shooting competitions: the athlete has a limited number of cartridges to hit a specific number of targets placed side by side.

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wind flag ., Flag that indicates wind direction and speed, elements that are essential to shooting accuracy. biathlete Athlete who practices the biathlon; during the skiing portion, the biathlete shoulders the rifle using a harness.

shooting place Area where the biathlete sets up to shoot; each missed target entails a penalty (time added or an extra loop on skis).

snowshoes Wi(Je soles that come in a variety of shapes and are fitted to boots; snowshoes are used to walk on snow without sinking.

deck Piece of synthetic fabric thaf is attached to the frame: it bears the snowshoer’s weight and prevents sinking into the snow.

lacing The interlaced leather straps that are stretched across the frame; it bears the snowshoer’s weight and prevents sinking into the snow.

body Central part of the snowshoe that supports the snowshoer’s foot.

frame The outline of the snowshoe is traditionally made of wood.

tip Rounded, slightly raised front end of the snowshoe.

toe hole Opening that allows the foot to .-■■■move forward; this provides a natural walking motion and improves traction.

tailThe elongated part at the back of the snowshoe; it acts as a rudder to facilitate walking in a straight line. aluminum frame The frame of the snowshoe varies in length and width, depending on the expected use; lightweight and sturdy, the frame allows the snowshoer to glide over the snow.

Michigan snowshoe Wooden snowshoe with a long tail; it is especially suited to walking in a straight line in open areas.

crampon system Metal points that are placed under the harness to improve traction on -hard snow and ice.

front crossbar Crossbar in front ot the harness that strengthens the frame; the lacing is attached to it. back crossbar Crossbar behind the harness that strengthens the frame; the lacing is attached to it.

harness Device that attaches the boot to the snowshoe but allows the foot to pivot freely.

master cord Part of the lacing that supports the harness and on which the toot pivots when walking. 893

SPORTS AND GAMES

elliptical snowshoe Snowshoe with rounded ends and no tail; it is made of synthetic materials and is easy to maneuver in wooded areas

SPORTS ON WHEELS

skateboarding Sport that involves descents, turns and tricks on a specially designed or improvised surface; the skateboarder uses a board mounted on small wheels. skateboard Wooden, usually concave board mounted on tour small wheels; it is guided by body movements.

knee pad

Piece of equipment made of hard molded plastic that protects the knee.-..

tail

truck

Rear end of the board.

Device that connects the wheels to the board; it enables the wheels to change direction.

skateboarder Athlete who skateboards; because ot the risk ot injury from tailing, the athlete usually wears several pieces of protective equipment.

nose

Front end otthe board.

elbow pad

grip tape

Piece of equipment with a hard outer shell that Is used to protect the elbow.

Rough surface attached to the board that helps the skater's shoes adhere to It, helmet

Hard piece of equipment designed to protect the head.

wheel

coping

Small round object that turns on an axis so the board can move backward or forward; its diameter and durability vary with the activity.

Metal rail at the platform’s edge; skateboarding tricks include sliding along it and balancing on it with one hand or the board. ,

ramp Wooden U-shaped track that is set up for performing various acrobatic stunts (such as jumps and slides).

guard rail

Metal handrail attached to the platform. platform

Flat level surface at the fop of the ramp; it can be more than 10 ft .above the ground. SPORTS AND GAMES

coping ^

'It'S : 1

-S'

S ?

Metal rail at the platform’s edge; -skateboarding tricks include sliding along it and balancing on it with one hand or the board. vertical section

I B34

Level section at the end otthe ramp; it is used by the skateboarder to gain sufficient height for doing tricks in the air.

flat

Flat level surface between the two curved sections of the ramp.

SPORTS ON WHEELS

in-line skating Range of activities that use skates fitted with small wheels: hockey, sprints, acrobatics on ramps or specially designed tracks, etc. | acrobatic skate Skate with a plastic boot that is designed to provide maximum support and protect against impact when the skater is doing tricks.

skater Athlete who does in-line skating: because of the risk of injury from falling, the athlete usually wears several pieces of profective equipment.

inner boot

Cushioned, often removable lining that is designed for greater comfort inside the boot. upper shell

Part of the boot that covers the lower part of the leg; it is usually hinged at the ankle. helmet

Hard piece of equipment designed to protect the head.

elbow pad

Padded piece of equipment designed to protect the elbow.frame

wheel

Device that is attached to the sole of the boot to support the wheels.

Round object that turns on an axis so the skate can move backward or forward.

in-line speed skate Skate with a light low-cut soft boot that is often molded to the foot; it has five wheels to provide greater contact with the ground.

knee pad

Piece of equipment made of hard molded plastic that protects the ■knee. wrist guard

Piece of equipmenfwithahard_ plastic structure that protects the hand and the wrist.

in-line skate Reinforced boot with four wheels placed in a straight line; it is used to move around on a hard, relatively smooth surface. inner boot

Cushioned, often removable lining that is designed for greater comfort inside the boot.

upper shell

Part of the boot that covers the lower part of the leg; it is usually hinged at the ankle.

SPORTS AND GAMES

in-line hockey skate Skate that is similar to an ice hockey skate; it is made up of a semisoft leather or nylon boot with reinforced side panels.

adjusting buckle

Clip made up of a metal ring that 'fits into an adjusting catch to tighten the boot. boot

Ankle boot that protects the foot and ankle; depending on the intended use, it can be soft, semisoft or hard (shell).

heel stop

Rubber pad at the back of the skate that enables the skater to slow down or stop.

axle

Wheel's rotational axis that connects it to the frame.

wheel

Round object that turns on an axis so the skate can move backward or forward.

truck

Device that connects the wheels to the boot.

895

AERIAL SPORTS

parachuting Range of sporting activities that all include opening a parachute in the air after jumping from an airplane. sky diving Sport that consists of jumping out of an airplane, falling freely for a certain period while performing various maneuvers and then opening a parachute.

reserve parachute Extra parachute used in the event the main one malfunctions; an automatic activation device deploys it when a predetermined safe altitude is reached.

main parachute The parachute deployed by the sky diver when in the air; if a problem arises, the reserve parachute can be deployed.

helmet Hard-shelled piece of equipment that protects the head against impact and the cold.-

boot Reinforced shoe used for sky diving that provides good ankle support for the landing.

altimeter Device that indicates the sky diver’s altitude to help with the decision of when to open the parachute.

goggles Equipment that protects the eyes against cold and wind and provides good visibility during the jump. harness Arrangement of straps that connects the sky diver to the suspension lines of the main and reserve canopies; it is stowed in a pack before departure.

parachute Equipment consisting of a canopy that is connected to a harness by suspension lines; it is deployed at a given altitude to slow a sky diver's descent.

one-piece coverall Overalls designed to protect the sky diver against cold and reduce the danger of snagging on equipment.

canopy Structure made ot tabric cells that, when filled with air, forms a rectangular surtace with the aerodynamic properties of an airplane wing. r

SPORTS AND GAMES

stabilizer Fabric triangle attached to the sides of the canopy; it is used primarily to stabilize the parachute.

pilot chute Small parachute that deploys the canopy; to open the parachute, the sky diver opens the pilot chute, which pulls the canopy out of the pack.

suspension line Cables that connect the canopy to the harness. slider Part that slows down the deployment of the canopy to absorb the impact of deceleration as it opens up. brake loop Two cables that control the parachute's direction. harness Arrangement of straps that connects the sky diver to the suspension lines of the main and reserve canopies; it is stowed in a pack before departure.

I 896

sky diver Person who jumps with a parachute; ■this individual might compete in free fall or canopy maneuvers, landing accuracy or other kinds of events.

AERIAL SPORTS

hang gliding Sport where a pilot strapped to a hang glider or a paraglider launches from a mountain slope, gains altitude and remains aloft for some distance. paraglider

canopy

Equipment made up of a flexible canopy attached to a harness; it is used to take off from a height and gain altitude on lifting air currents.

Structure of fabric cells that, when filled with air, forms an elliptical surface with the aerodynamic properties of an airplane wing.

trailing edge

half cell

Back edge of the canopy where the suspension lines connected to the brake loops are attached.

The fabric compartments that fill with air to give the canopy its shape.

paragliding pilot

Person who paraglides; an experienced pilot can skillfully use air currents to stay aloft for several hours at a time.

leading edge

Front edge of the canopy where the half cells open; during liftoff, the leading edge faces into the wind so the canopy fills with air. _

riser

helmet

tfard-shelled piece of equipment that protects the head against impact and the cold.

Individual fabric straps that connect the harness to a row of suspension lines.

brake loop

Two cables that control the pilot's • direction. harness

- Arrangement of straps that connect the pilot to the risers.

stabilizer

Fabric triangle attached to the sides of the canopy; it is used primarily to stabilize the paraglider,

saddle

Seat attached to the harness where the pilot sits to maneuver the paraglider; it often contains a reserve parachute.

suspension line

Cables that connect the canopy to the risers; they are arranged in rows on the risers according to the point where they attach to the canopy.

hang glider

crossbar

Metal tube that is perpendicular to the keel and attached at the center of the two wings; it keeps the sail deployed. hang gliding pilot

Person who flies a hang glider; an experienced pilot can skillfully use air currents to stay aloft for several hours at a time.

sail leading edge tube Triangular surface made up of pieces of fabric; it is stretched over One of two metal tubes running along the a metal skeleton to form a wing. front edge of the sail to keep it taut.

Equipment made up of two wings connected to a harness; it is used to take off from a height and gain altitude on lifting air currents.

batten king post

Stiff strip inserted into batten pockets on the sail to help it retain' ' its shape.

Vertical piece attached at the center of the keel; it supports the rigging wires.

Triangular metal skeleton at the intersection ofthe keel and the crossbar.-. hang point

Part where the harness is attached to the hang glider frame.

Metal tube attached longitudinally to the intersection of the two wings; it supports the leading edge tubes and keeps the sail taut.

nose

Forward end ofthe hang glider 'where the two leading edge tubes meet. wire

One of the cables stretching from the king post to the wing structure; they increase resistance to tension.

flight bag

Insulated bag attached to the harness that might be equipped with a reserve parachute; ■ the pilot slides into it to maneuver the hang glider from a prone position.

wing

Florizontal surface that is acted upon by aerodynamic forces to keep the hang glider aloft.

harness

Arrangement of straps that connects the pilot to the hang glider.

tip

Outermost portion of the wing; it forms a point.

control bar

Lower part of the airframe that enables the pilot to maneuver the hang glider. 897

SPORTS AND GAMES

keel airframe

AERIAL SPORTS

glider I Small engineless aircraft that is launched by a tow plane and stays aloft on air currents.

air brake Movable aerodynamic tlap that is located on the wing; it is usually used to slow the glider during landing.

cockpit canopy Glass surface covering the cockpit; it opens to provide access to the cockpit.

aileron Jointed movable flap on the rear edge of the wing; it is used to maneuver the glider by adjusting wing lift.

nose Leading tip of the fuselage.

tail

wings

Rear part of the fuselage

Horizontal surfaces fhaf are acted upon by aerodynamic forces fo keep fhe glider aloff.

vertical stabilizer Fixed vertical part of the tail assembly that--keeps the aircraft stable.

rudder Arficulated flap af fhe rear of the vertical stabilizer that steers the aircraft and corrects any yaw that might occur.

elevator Articulated flap fhat is attached to the trailing edge of the horizontal stabilizer; it is used to change altitude and correct any pitch that may occur. trailing edge Back edge of the wing. leading edge Front edge of the wing.

fuselage Body of the glider to which the wings are attached; it is shaped to travel easily through the air.

horizontal stabilizer One of fwo wings acting as the glider’s horizontal fins; they are used to stabilize its horizontal movement.

wing tip Tapered piece that forms the lateral end of the wing.

cockpit

Compartment where the glider pilot sits among all the instruments necessary to pilot the aircraft and control flight.

airspeed indicator compass Device indicating the speed of the glider Navigation instrument that with respect to the air through which it is indicates the glider’s direction with moving. respect to magnetic north.

electric variometer Device that indicates the glider’s vertical rate of climb or descent by means of an electric sensor; it is more accurate than a mechanical variometer.'..

SPORTS AND GAMES

mechanical variometer Device that indicates the glider’s vertical rate of climb or descent by mechanical means.

tow release knob Lever used to release the tow cable connecting the glider to the tow plane that brings it aloft. rudder pedal Foot lever that the pilot presses down to control rudder movement. air brake handle • Lever used to raise and lower fhe air brakes.

turn and slip knob Lever that maintains the position of the control stick to reduce pilot fatigue.

radio Apparatus that sends and receives signals to communicatewithanother glider or with a ground station. I B98

altimeter Device indicating the glider's altitude.

turn and slip indicator Instrument with a gyroscope connected to a pointer that indicates the rate and direction of turning; it also has a ball that shows if the glider is rolling sideways. cockpit ventilation Device that controls the opening and closing of air vents to provide air circulation within the cockpit.'

oxygen feeding control • Device used to regulate the pilot’s oxygen flow. oxygen feeding knob Device used to activate the system that provides the pilot with oxygen when the glider climbs to high altitudes. .... - microphone Device that converts electric pulses into broadcast or recorded sounds.

canopy release knob , Lever that detaches the cockpit canopy from fhe fuselage so the pilot can eject in case of emergency. control stick Lever used to control the ailerons and the elevator. seat Place where the pilot sits to maneuver the glider; the pilot is strapped into the seat and wears a mandatory reserve parachute.

AERIAL SPORTS

ballooning Sport of traveling in a balloon carried along by the wind; flights take place at dawn and dusk, when winds are light and the air is stable.

parachute valve Round device covering the top of the envelope; it can be opened with a cable, which is used by the pilot to release hot air and speed up the descent. envelope Structure made of pieces of fabric sewn in the form of a sphere; it is open at the base and top, and traps the air heated by the burner.

panel The pieces of fabric making up the ■balloon's envelope; they are usually made of sturdy nylon with a polyurethane coating.

balloon Fabric bag filled with hot air that is lighter than the surrounding air; this causes the apparatus to rise and float in the atmosphere.

webbing The horizontal and vertical bands •that make up the structure of the envelope; the panels are sewn onto it.

basket suspension cables Steel cables that connect the basket to the balloon.

wind guard Piece of fabric that covers the basket suspension cables; it shelters the burner from the wind so the flame points directly into the balloon.

burner Flame-producing adjustable apparatus that heats the air inside the balloon; the pilot turns it on from time to time.

basket Traditionally wicker gondola that is suspended from the balloon; it holds passengers, fuel cylinders and flight instruments.

fuel lines Flexible hoses that connect the fuel cylinders to the burner-

variometer Device that indicates the balloon’svertical rate of climb or descent.

altimeter Device that indicates the balloon's--altitude.

wicker basket Very sturdy yet pliant gondola that can absorb the impact of landing.hardwood base Wooden floor that supports the passengers and any equipment carried in the basket.

heating coil Tubing in which liquid fuel from the cylinders is heated; the fuel emerges as a gas and is then lit by a pilot flame.

basket Traditionally wicker gondola that is suspended from the balloon; it holds passengers, fuel cylinders and flight instruments.

SPORTS AND GAMES

load support Rigid framework that supports the burner; the basket suspension cables are attached to it.-

burner Flame-producing adjustable apparatus that heats the air inside the balloon; the pilot turns it on from time to time.

blast valve ■Part that opens so fuel can enter the burner. flight instruments Devices by which the pilot navigates and controls the flight; they include an altimeter, variometer, thermometer, ■ compass and GPS, thermometer Instrument that measures the temperature of the ambient air or of the hot air inside the envelope. padding Leather or foam trimming around the basket's upper rim that improves passenger comfort. basket handle One of the parts used to hold and move ■the basket; they are also used as a means of anchoring the basket to the ground where necessary. 899

MOUNTAIN SPORTS

climbing Leisure or competitive sport that consists ot climbing up a natural rock face or an artificial climbing structure using bare hands and light equipment. artificial climbing structure Fixed or movable indoor or outdoor surface used by climbers as a rock face to practice their sport as a leisure or competitive activity.

rock climber Person who climbs natural rock faces or artificial climbing structures.

rock Steep rock face ascended by rockclimbers.

belay beam Piece at the top of an artificial climbing structure that supports the belay ropes.

quickdraw Piece of safety equipment that consists of a runner used to keep the rope away from the rock face so it can slide freely and Is not worn away by rubbing.

runner Piece of equipment made up of two carabiners connected together by a nylon loop of variable length. .

belay rope Rope that secures the climber in the event of a fall to ensure a safe climb up the rock face.

seat harness Accessory connected to the rope that consists ot a number of straps to support the climber’s thighs and pelvis.

climbing shoe . Soft shoe with an adherent sole,

roped party Group of climbers who are connected to one another by one or more ropes during an ascent. leaderThe most experienced climber who climbs at the head of the roped party and marks out the climbing route.

route judge presidentot the jury Person who ensures safety and Person who supervises all observes the climbers’ maneuvers, competition activities and presides over any disputes.

timekeeper Person who ensures that the route is climbed within the set time frame.

SPORTS AND GAMES

equipment Complete range of accessories used in climbing. latch ..••Part over which the gate closes. screwsleeve Device that locks the gate into a closed position.

locking carabiner Metal ring with a gate that, once closed, can be locked with a screwsleeve; this makes it safer than the D carabiner.

expansion piton Piton that is driven into a hole previously made in the rock.

gate Moving metal part that opens inward and has a spring-loaded closure.

piton Metal spike with a blade that is driven into a crack in the rock face; it ends in an eye to which a belay rope can be attached with a carabiner.

D carabiner Metal ring that opens and closes with a spring-loaded gate; it is used for attaching rope to a piton, a chock, etc. rope Thin cable with a braided center core that makes it stretchy and strong and a woven sheath that surrounds and protects the core. I 900

blade Part that is driven into the crack in the rock face.

belayer Person who protects the rock climbers from falling and ensures they do not swap information during an event.

descender Metal accessory through which a rope slides that is used to protect the rope and the climber’s hands; it acts as a brake during rappel descents.

chock Metal device that is inserted into a crack in the rock face and held in place by tension; it is extended by a steel cable to which a carabiner can snap on.

wire sling

eye Hole that is large enough for a carabiner to snap on so that a rope can be attached to the piton.

seat harness Accessory connected to the belay rope that consists of a number of straps to support the climber’s thighs and pelvis.

MOUNTAIN SPORTS

climbLig handholds Projection over which the hand is placed or hollow into which the fingers are inserted in order to advance.

foothold Projection on which the foot is placed or hollow Into which it is inserted in order to advance.

helmet lamp Lamp that is attached to the helmet so that the mountaineer’s hands remain free.

hood Headgear that covers the head and neck with an opening for the face.

parka Waterproof sports jacket with long sleeves, a drawstring hood and waist and gathered wrists.

pinch Hold that is squeezed between the thumb and fingers.

mountaineer | Person who climbs mountains.

helmet Solid piece of equipment to protect the head from falling rocks or impacts with rock or ice.

knapsack Travel or hiking bag that is worn on the back and is used to transport clothing, camping equipment, etc.

inside edge Hold that consists of placing the foot's inside edge on a projection and turning the heel toward the rock face.

rope Thin cable with a braided center core that makes it stretchy and strong and a woven sheath that surrounds and protects the core.

mountaineering shovel Instrument used to dig and remove snow.-. crimp Closed hold with the fingertips on the rock face and the thumb pushed against the index finger.

climbing harness Accessory connected to the belay rope that consists of a number of straps; it supports the mountaineer's thighs and ■ pelvis, back and sometimes shoulders.

piton-carrier Metal ring on which pitonsare hung.-..,

carabiner Metal ring that opens and closes with a spring-loaded gate and that might be equipped with a locking device; it is used to attach rope to a piton, a chock, etc.

mitten Covering with a separation only for the thumb, providing better protection---against the cold while allowing the wearer to grasp objects.

open hand Open hold with the fingers outstretched and the palm gripping the rock.

chock Metal device that is inserted into a crack - in the rock face and held in place by tension; it is extended by a steel cable to whichacarabinercansnapon.

hammer ax Hammer that doubles as an ice ax; it is used to drive in pitons, cut--' footholds, break ice on the rock face, etc,

.ice ax Small ax used by the mountaineer for cutting footholds, judging snow depth, gaining afirm grip in ice or hard-packed snow, etc.

ice pitonMetal spike with a blade that is driven into ice or hard-packed snow; it ends in an eye to which a belay rope can be attached usingacarabiner,

pants Waterproof pants that usually extend below the knee.

ice screw Threaded metal tube that is screwed into ice or hard-packed snow to help with belaying and advancing.

legging Piece of sturdy waterproof fabric that covers the leg.

crampon strap Strap used to attach spikes to the soleof the shoe. spike Pointed object that provides balance and prevents slippingwhen the mountaineer is moving over snow or ice.

ice ax Small ax used by the mountaineer for cutting footholds, judging snow depth, gaining afirm grip in ice or hard-packed snow, etc.

hammer ax Hammer that doubles as an ice ax; it is used to drive in pitons, cut footholds, break ice on the rock face, etc.

tubular ice screw Threaded metal tube that is screwed into ice or hard-packed snow to help with belaying and advancing.

ring Metal loop into which carabiners are inserted.

hammer head Flat surface used by the mountaineer to strike pitons.

mountaineering boot -Sturdy shoe with spikes that is used to advance over snow or ice.

adze Flat sharp-edged part that is used to cut footholds.

pick Part that is driven into ice or hardpacked snow in order to advance.

spike Sharp-tipped end of the shaft; it is used to cut footholds and to gain a firm grip in ice or hard-packed snow,-

.head Semicircular part that contains the pick and the adze.

pick Part that is driven into ice or hardpacked snow in order to advance.

wrist sling ■Strap that attaches the ice ax to the wrist. shaft Long wooden or metal part used to hold and handle the ice ax. 901

SPORTS AND GAMES

front point Each of the front spikes; they are-' tilted at a 45° angle.

OUTDOOR LEISURE

camping I Tourist activity that consists of sleeping in a portable shelter such as a tent or trailer and traveling with equipment designed for outdoor living. examples of tents Tents: portable waterproof soft-sided shelters that are stretched taut over a frame and temporarily pitched outdoors.

rainfly Piece of waterproof canvas that covers the inner tent; it protects it from ram and provides an extra layer of insulation

two-person tent

Tent that can accommodate two people.

canopy Canvas awning supported by a framework: it protects an outdoor space from the rain and sun.

door Piece of canvas covering the entrance to the tent. guy line Cable used to stretch the tent frame taut and hold it firmly in place on' the ground.

stake Small post that is driven into the nroundto hold the tent in place.

strainer Device used to stretch a guy line- "' taut. inner tent Part of the tent covered by the rainfly.

zipper Closure made up of two lengths of tape edged with teeth that interlock by means of a slide.

elastic strainer Plasticized cable used to stretch the canvas taut and anchor it to the ground.

family tent

Spacious tent with several rooms that can accommodate about four people.

window canopy Canvas overhang that is placed above the window to shelter it from rain and sun.

living room Part of the tent that serves as a common living area.

guy line Cable used to stretch the tent frame taut and hold it firmly in place on the ground.

SPORTS AND GAMES

elastic strainer Plasticized cable used to stretch the canvas taut and anchor it to the ground. bedroom Part of the tent that serves as a sleeping area.

sewn-in floor Canvas floor sewn into the bottom of the tent: it protects the interior from ground dampness and runoff.

canvas divider Partition that divides the tent’s interior into separate rooms. wagon tent

Spacious tent with sufficient interior capacity to accommodate a number of people or group activities.

I 902

wall Bottom part of the tent canvas that is reinforced.

frame Structure of stainless steel, plastic or carbon tubing that forms the framework of the tent and gives it shape.

screen window Opening that lets air and light in and keeps mosquitoes out.

stake loop One of the fabric circles attached to the tent’s outer edge: stakes are driven through the loops to anchor the tent to the ground. wall tent

Very spacious, rectangular tent that often has a number of interior dividers: it accommodates a number of people.

OUTDOOR LEISURE

camping rainfly Piece of waterproof canvas that covers the inner tent; it protects it trom rain and provides an extra layer of insulation.

roof pole Long vertical post supporting the top of the tent.

elastic strainer Elasticized cable used to stretch the canvas taut and anchor it to the ground.

pup tent Tent where the canvas is stretched taut on both sides of a summit rod, which is supported by two poles.

inner tent Part ot the tent covered by the rainfly. door Piece of canvas covering the entrance to the tent.

stake loop One of the fabric circles attached to the tent’s outer edge; stakes are driven through the loops to anchor the tent to the ground.

Canvas tioor sewn into the bottom of the tent; it protects the interior trom ground dampness and runott.

dome tent Semicircular tent that, once pitched, can be moved without being taken down.

one-person tent Small low-rooted tent with enough room to accommodate one person.

• stake Small post that is driven into the ground to hold the tent in place.

pop-up tent Round tent with a tramework that deploys automatically.

propane or butane accessories Complete range of portable appliances that run on liquid or gas tuel and are used to light, cook or heat.

lantern Safe portable light source that can be used both inside and outside a tent.

burner frame Aluminum housing protecting the burner.

globe Translucent or transparent heatresistant covering that protects the light source and diffuses its light.

pressure regulator Device that controls the pressure of the vaporized fuel and adjusts the light’s brightness.

pump Device that increases the air pressure inside the tank so the fuel vaporizes.

leakproof cap Stopper for the tuel refill opening; it is threaded to prevent leakage.

burner Combustion device for an air-gas--.., mixture.

double-burner camp stove Two-burner appliance used to cook and reheat tood.

tank Canister containing the pressurized fuel that supplies the burners.

wire support Metal grill used as a base to support cooking utensils. single-burner camp stove Single-burner appliance used to cook and reheat food.

control valve Device that switches the tuel intake on and off and adjusts its volume of flow. 903

SPORTS AND GAMES

tank Canister containing the liquid fuel and air that supply the burner.

OUTDOOR LEISURE

camping ^ examples of sleeping bags Sleeping bags: insulated fabric coverings that close with a zipper and are used to stay warm when sleeping outdoors.

rectangular Rectangular sleeping bag that is spacious enough to give the body room to move.

semi-mummy Sleeping bag with a less spacious design to better retain body heat.

mummy Sleeping bag shaped like the body; it has a part that covers the head and neck with an opening for the face.

bed and mattress

SPORTS AND GAMES

Accessories that a person lies down on to sleep or rest.

inflator-deflator Device used to inflate and deflate air mattresses.

air mattress Rubber or plastic bag that is filled with air: it usually has a pillow.

I 904

self-inflating mattress Rubber, plastic or nylon bag that inflates with air by itself, without the need of an inflator.

foam pad Long thin cushion made of soft material.

inflator Device used to inflate air mattresses.

OUTDOOR LEISURE

camping cutlery set Range of compact table utensils (knife, fork and spoon) used by the camper to eat.

cooking set Stackable set of dishes, utensils and containers that are used to cook outdoors.

spoon Utensil consisting of a handle and a hollow parf that is used to eat liquid or semisolid foods. belt loop Strip of fabric for hanging the sheath.

sheath Case used to protect and carry the utensils.

plate Large piece of flat or shallow dinnerware, usually containing individual portions of solid food.

fork Utensil with tines used to spear food and carry it to the mouth.

saucepan Stockpot with somewhat high sides, used to cook food in a liquid.

knife Utensil consisting of a handle and a sharp blade used to cut food into bite-sized pieces.

handle Part used to hold and move the frying pan. coffee pot Container used to brew coffee.

frying pan Utensil used to try, saute or brown food.

scissors Instrument with two movable overlapping shanks having sharp inside edges; they are used for trimming and cutting.

cup Container used to consume liquids or semisolid foods.

camping equipment Range of accessories used when camping to store food, cut wood, etc. fish scaler Jagged blade used to scale fish.

file Ridged metal blade used to smooth pieces of wood or plastic.

cross-tip screwdriver Screwdriver whose tip has two crossed ridges that fit into the head of a cross-head screw.

pen blade Small thin piece of metal with a^ sharp edge used as a secondary' knife for more delicate tasks.

screwdriver Hand tool used for tightening or loosening screws and bolts by applying a rotating motion.

bottle opener Instrument used to remove caps----.. from bottles. screwdriver Hand tool used for tightening or loosening screws and bolts by applying a rotating motion. nail nick Part where the fingernail is inserted; it is used to deploy the tool.

Swiss Army knife Multipurpose knife with a large assortment of blades and Instruments, SPORTS AND GAMES

magnifier Converging lens that magnifies the Image otan object.

ruler Instrument tor measuring length.

can opener Tool used to open cans by cutting along the Inside edge of the lid.

awl Pointed instrument used to make holes.

large blade Long thin solid piece of metal with a sharp edge that Is the main knife.

corkscrew Device shaped like a spiral; It is used to draw the cork out of a bottle of wine. 905

OUTDOOR LEISURE

camping backpack Travel or hiking bag that is worn on the back and is used to transport clothing, camping equipment, etc.

top flap

Piece of fabric that folds over fhe opening of the backpack. shoulder strap

Fabric band of variable length that goes over the shoulder so the bag can be carried on the back.

tightening buckle

Device used to adjust the length of the strap.

side compression strap

Fabric band that reduces the size of the bag and keeps the contents in place.

front compression strap

Fabric band connected to the top fiap strap and used to fasten the backpack.

waist belt

Fabric strap that fits snugly around the hips and buckles there; it is designed to distribute the bag's weight.

folding shovel Tool with a collapsible handle; it is used as a shovel or a pickax.

vacuum bottle Container with a vacuum between the inner and insulated outer walls; it is designed to maintain its contents at a desired temperature.

bottle

Container used to hold liquids or semisolid foods.

stopper

Part used to close the neck of the bottle. cup

Cap used as a container to consume liquid or semisolid foods.

SPORTS AND GAMES

hurricane lamp Portable lantern with a glass globe and metal frame to protect the flame from wind and impact.

canteen Portable container used to store liquids.

cooler Thermally insulated chest that is used to keep food cold with ice cubes or blocks of ice.

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water carrier Container with a spigot that is used to store drinking water when camping.

OUTDOOR LEISURE

camping

bow saw Collapsible tool with a serrated blade; It Is used to saw wood.

hatchet Small ax used to cut wood.

magnetic compass Instrument for finding directions; it has a graduated compass card and a magnetic needle that points toward magnetic north.

sight Device used to select a landmark In the direction a person chooses to walk. sighting mirror Polished glass surtace that retlects the image of the compass card and confirms the direction of travel.

sighting line Line running parallel to the baselines; it is used to indicate the direction of travel.

cover Compartment that contains the mirror and protects the compass card when it is folded over the base plate. edge Compass card marks where the needle’s red dot comes to restwhen the compass is aligned with magnetic north.

pivot - Point around which the magnetic needle moves. scale Graduated line used to judge the distance to be traveled on a topographic map, in conjunction with the map’s scale.

compass meridian line Line that, when matched with the meridian line on a map, can beused to determine the direction of travel in degrees.

compass card Rotating device that is graduated in degrees and marked with the four cardinal points; it is used to indicate the direction of travel with respect to true north.

SPORTS AND GAMES

magnetic needle Pointer with a red magnetized part that points to Earth’s magnetic • north pole.

baseline , Line marked on the base plate that is placed on top of a topographic map; it shows the direction of the place toward which the person wishes to travel. graduated dial Each of the equal intervals marked on the dial that indicate the angle in degrees of the points on the compass card.

base plate Transparent surface that supports the compass card and has markings and scales. 907

OUTDOOR LEISURE

knots I Intertwining of two ropes or ol one rope back on itself; they are used to tie two ropes together or one rope to an object.

square knot Knot used to join two ropes of equal diameter firmly together.

overhand knot Basic all-purpose knot tied by simply looping the rope back on itself.

running bowline Knot pulled tight around an object to hold it in place.

ropes of different diameters.

sheet bend but the second loop makes the knot stronger and more secure.

granny knot Knot used to tie two ropes together; it is used only when they will need to be untied easily.

sheepshank Knot used to temporarily shorten a rope.

cow hitch Knot used to join a rope tearing, mast, yard, etc.

clove hitch Knot used to join a rope to a stationary object or to another rope.

fisherman’s knot Knot used to tie together two ropes of equal diameter or two ends of fishing line.

heaving line knot Knot used to add weight to the end of a rope so it can be thrown.

figure-eight knot Any knot used to increase the diameter of a rope end.

common whipping Winding a cord around a rope end to prevent its strands from unraveling.

a rope that cannot slip and in which a person can sit to be raised or lowered.

bowline on a bight Knot with the same function as the bowline but with two ropes to make the loop; one forms the seat and the other goes around the waist.

short splice Splice: joining two ropes by interweaving their strands.

forming To create a splice, the strands of each rope are first unraveled and then interwoven.

completion To complete a splice, the strand ends of each rope are tucked into the other one.

^ twisted rope Strand of rope that Is twisted with

braided rope Cable made by braiding strands together.

SPORTS AND GAMES

cable Flexible, very strong cord made of twisted or braided ropes.

core Mass of braided threads that give the rope its strength.

I 908

sheath Casing made of interwoven threads that protects the core and makes it resistant to rubbing.

OUTDOOR LEISURE

fishing I

Outdoor leisure activity consisting of trying to catch fish with a fishing rod, fly reel

flyfishing

Mechanical device used to unwind the tly line after a cast and rewind it again to bring back the tly or the fish.

Fishing method that consists of delicately placing an artificial fly on or In the water; it simulates a real insect landing to attract fish.

foot Long part of the reel, attached at each end to the reel seat, which secures the foot to the handgrip of ■the rod.

handle Small lever attached to the crank; it is used to turn the spool and rewind the fly line.

catch Lever that releases the reel spool when depressed. drag Device that temporarily stops the spool while the angler fights with the fish to bring it out of the water; it is released by turning the crank.

fly line Silk or nylon fishing line used for flyfishing.butt cap Usually metal covering over the end of the rod to protect the rod from contact with the ground.

spool Cylinder on which the fly line is wound.

screw locking nut Ring used to hold the reel in place on the reel seat.

keeper ring Circle where the fishhook hitches onto keep the fly line running along the length of the rod when it reel seat Device that attaches the reel to the rod. is not being used.

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1 :

butt section Sturdiest section of a rod; it holds the handgrip and the reel.

fly rod

Thin sturdy stick that is flexible enough to cast a hook disguised as a winged insect (artificial fly) far over the water. male ferrule Metal tubing that fits into the female ferrule to join the two sections of the rod (butt section and tip section). ; 1

female ferrule Metal tubing into which the male ferrule fits to join the two sections of the rod (butt section and tip section).

handgrip Part used to pick up and handle the rod.

tail Feathers resembling a winged--.., insect’s tail.

wing Feathers resembling an insect’s wing.

topping Feathers resembling a winged insect’s back.

ribbing Gold or silver thread wrapped around the body of the fly; it imitates the stripes on a winged insect.

artificial fly

Arrangement of thread and feathers attached to a fishhook that imitates a winged insect; it can be cast over the water (dry fly) or into the water (wet fly).

cheek Feathers resembling a winged insect’s side. joint - Point where the two parts of the fly meet.

tip Silver thread at the butt end of the fly.

head Part resembling a winged insect's head.

butt Material (wool) that is wound, around part of the fly to make it thicker and hence more attractive. fishhook Metal hook of variable size attached to the end of float tackleandbaited-' with a natural or artificial lure intended to catch a fish.

tip-ring Circle at the end of a flyfishing rod’s tip.

SPORTS AND GAMES

veil Feathers resembling the underside of an insect’s wing.

guide One of the metal parts through which the fly line runs; they are used to guide it.

tip section Thinner and more flexible section of a rod.

shoulder ■Base of a feather resembling a winged insect's shoulder. body Thread wrapped around the shaft of a fishhook to resemble a winged insect’s body.

hackle ■Rooster feathers used to imitate a winged insect’s feet and neck. 909

OUTDOOR LEISURE

fisni ip

casting Fishing that consists of letting a hook drop and sink into the water and reeling it back in to simulate the movement of a small fish. spinning rod Stick whose length and sturdiness varies with the kind of fishing being done: it is used to cast a hook carried along by a weight, sinker or spinner far over the water.

screw locking nut Ring used to hold the reel in place on the reel seat.

1^11 I

reel seat Device that attaches the reel to the rod.

female ferrule Metal tubing into which the male ferrule fits to join the fwo sections of the rod (butt section and tip section).

butt grip Part used to pick up and handle the rod.

male ferrule Metal tubing that fits into the female ferrule to join the two sections of the rod (butt section and tip section).

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butt guide Large-diameter circle used to guide the slack line.

open-face spinning reel Reel from which the line unwinds as it comes off the upper sides of the spool, which does not rotate but remains in place.

tip-ring Circle at the end of a spinning rod’s tip.

foot Immobile part of a rod's reel seat.

SPORTS AND GAMES

leg Part connecting the reel to the foot. ---. ball arm opening mechanism Device used to open the bail arm so the line can unwind during a cast.

handle Rotating handle that activates the • crank.

line guide Device used to distribute fishing line evenly over the spool during rewinding.

crank Device used to turn the spool and ■rewind the fishing line.

bail arm Metal part that opens to allow line to unwind during a cast and that closes during rewinding.

tension adjustment Device used to give out line if the ■fish resists being brought in.

spool Cylinder on which the fishing line-''' is wound.

gear housing ■Metal casing protecting the gears, which are activated by the crank. rotor Rotating part used to rewind the fishing line.

baitcasting reel Reel from which the line unwinds due to the rotation of the spool on its axis.

spool-release mechanism Mechanism that releases the brake so the spool can once again turn freely. star drag wheel Star-pointed wheel that stops the fishing line from unwinding when the hooked fish pulls on the line.

spool Cylinder on which the fishing line is wound.-

spool axle Metal rod around which the fishing line is wound.stand Long part of the reel, attached at each end to the reel seat, which secures the reel to the handgrip of the rod. I 910

crank Device used to turn the spool and rewind the fishing line.

OUTDOOR LEISURE

fishing float tackle

[

Range of accessories at the end of the fishing line and ending with the fishhook: the length of the leader depends on the kind offish being caught.

fishhook

Metal hook of variable size attached to eye Hole through which the fishing line passes so the fishhook can be attached to the line or to float tackle. shank Straight part between the bend and the eye of the fishhook.

bobber Light object filled with air that keeps the bait at a certain depth below water level and signals a bite by its movement. swivel Rotating accessory consisting of two eyes that allow the artificial lure or the float tackle to rotate freely.

throat Depth of the fishhook.

leader Length of steel wire between the fishing line and the fishhook that prevents the line from being cut by predatory fish such as pike.

sinker Small lead object used to weight the line during the cast and to carry the fishhook underwater.

spinner

Artificial metal lure whose shape and color imitate the movements of a small fish.

snap Metal ring that opens and closes withaspring-loaded gate; it is used to connect the snelled fishhook to a swivel.

swivel Rotating accessory consisting of two eyes that allow the artificial lure or the float tackle to rotate freely.

treble fishhook Fishhook with three points that is usually used to catch large game fish.

ii j3

snelled fishhook Ready-tied fishhook attached to float tackle at the end of the fishing line.

split link Spiral-shaped ring connecting the fishhook to the blade.

blade Rotating metal object to which the swivel and the fishhook are attached.

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clothing and accessories

SPORTS AND GAMES

tackle box

Compartmentalized box used to store and carry bait and fishing equipment. creel

Basket used to store and carry the catch.

fishing vest

S landing net

Net attached to a frame at the end of a handle; it is used to take a fish out of the water.

Sleeveless jacket with many pockets for carrying small objects (license, sinkers, etc.).

waders

Thigh-high rubber boots used to fish in shallow water.

911

OUTDOOR LEISURE

hunting Outdoor activity that consists ot lying in wait for or pursuing game in order to kill it. rifle (rifled bore)

Portable firearm that shoots a single bullet: the grooved inside of the barrel imparts a spinning motion to the bullet that increases the accuracy of its trajectory.

breechblock

muzzle

Movable part that closes the chamber where the cartridges are loaded.

Opening through which the projectile leaves the barrel.

hammer

Part that triggers the shot by pistol grip striking the firing pin, which in turn Part used to grasp and aim the strikes the cartridge primer causing firearm. the powder charge to explode.

telescopic sight

Optical instrument mounted on a rifle or a measuring device to increase accuracy.

butt plate

Metal, rubber or plastic covering attached to the end of the stock to reinforce and protect it.

front sight

rear sight

Metal aiming device attached to the front of the barrel.

Articulated graduated aiming device attached to the back ot the barrel: the rear sight is lined up • with the front sight when aiming.

trigger guard

barrel

Tubular part that guides the trajectory of the projectile.

Metal piece covering and protecting the trigger.

trigger

lever stock

■ The bottom part of the gun that is used to hold and aim it.

Device that is pressed to tire the Device that releases the breechblock to load cartridges into weapon. the chamber and eject the spent cases from it.

muzzle

Opening through which the projectile leaves the barrel.

shotgun (smooth-bore)

Portable firearm where the inside of the barrel has no grooves: it can shoot a number of lead, copper or nickel pellets at a time.

hammer

Part that triggers the shot by striking the firing pin, which in turn strikes the cartridge primer causing the powder charge to explode.

pistol grip

Part used to grasp and aim the firearm.

butt plate

ventilated rib

front sight

Strip with air holes for cooling the barrel of the shotgun.

Metal aiming device attached to the front of the barrel.

Metal, rubber or plastic covering attached to the end of the stock to reinforce and protect it.

barrel breechblock

forearm

Movable part that closes the chamber where the cartridges are loaded.

Frame made of wood on which the barrel is fitted.

Tubular part that guides the trajectory of the projectile.

trigger guard

Metal piece covering and protecting the trigger.

trigger

Device that is pressed to fire the weapon.

stock

SPORTS AND GAMES

The bottom part of the gun that is used to hold and aim it.

cartridge (shotgun)

cartridge (rifle)

nose

Piece of ammunition made up of multiple projectiles (pellets), an explosive charge and a primer, all packed inside a case.

Piece of ammunition made up of a single projectile (bullet), an explosive charge (propellant) and a primer, all packed inside a case.

Tip otthe bullet: the nose determines how the bullet will penetrate the target upon impact.

crimping

Ridged edges of the case that are used to close the cartridge and keep the pellets inside.

bullet

core pellets

Small round shotgun projectiles that are sprayed out under pressure from the wad: they are made of lead, copper or nickel.

plastic case

Plastic cover containing the explosive charge and the cartridge’s projectiles (pellets).

Metal base of the case that contains the primer.

jacket

case wad

base

Rifle projectile: it separates from its case as it is driven in a straight line by a high-speed explosion.

lentral part of the bullet: it is made

Piece ot felt or plastic that separates ■ the pellets from the charge: when moved by the explosion, if drives the pellets forward at high speed.

Metal coating that protects the bullet as it moves along the barrel of the firearm.

Cylindrical cover that contains the cartridge's explosive charge and projectile.

propellant

Explosive substance used to drive the projectile.

charge primer

Metal part filled with a chemical detonating substance that ignites the powder charge. I 912

- Explosive substance used to drive the projectile.

primer

Metal part filled with a chemical detonating substance that ignites the propellant. - ■

cup

Metal base of the case that contains the primer.

OUTDOOR LEISURE

hunting

jaws Metal parts that close over the animal’s paw.

pan Part that snaps the trap jaws shut when pushed down. spring Elastic metal device that stretches to allow the jaws to spread and contracts to close them when the pan is pushed down.

spring Elastic metal device that stretches to allow the jaws to spread and contracts to close them when the pan is pushed down.

wheel Small pulley attached to the end ot each limb; it absorbs part of the force from the shot and it increases the shot’s accuracy.

compound bow Bow with a system of cables and wheels that increases its shooting power; it requires less effort for the archer to draw back the bowstring.

nocking point Mark on the bowstring where the arrow’s nock fits. mounting bracket Metal part with a threaded opening; a screw goes into it to attach the limb to the bow’s grip. dog Lock that keeps the trap open and that automatically activates it when the pan is pushed down. leghold trap Apparatus meant to capture an animal by the paw.

sight Articulated apparatus on the bow that aligns it with the target to''--., increase the accuracy of the shot. arrow rest Part against which the arrow shaft rests as the nock in fitted into the bowstring.

steel cable Wire rope with a slipknot atone end. locking device Device that locks the slipknot around the animal’s neck.

grip Part between the two limbs that is gripped to manipulate the bow.

cable guard Part that spreads the bowstring cables apart to prevent them from touching the arrow as the latter is nocked and shot. swivel Rotating part that prevents the snare from twisting. SPORTS AND GAMES

snare Trap consisting of a steel cable ending in a slipknot; it is used to capture small game by the neck and strangle them.

bowstring Group of fibers attached to the bow that are stretched taut to shoot an arrow. cable Steel ropes that are bound together and slide on wheels to increase the bow's power.

Flexible part that stores the potential energy as the bow is stretched. clip Metal ring through which a weighted rope is passed to hold the decoy in place on the surface ot the water.

decoy Plastic or wooden lure used to attract wild ducks.

913

GAMES

dice and dominoes I Cubes (dice) or pieces divided into two ends (dominoes) with numbers indicated by pips or figures. © © © o :o

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doublet Piece where both ends are of equal value; they are laid perpendicular' to the other pieces.

ordinary die Small cube marked on each side with one to six pips; it is used in various games (backgammon, Monopoly®, Yahtzee®, etc.).

double-six Piece where each end is worth six points, for a total of 12 points.

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dominoes Game that consists of setting up pieces in sequence according to their value, with adjoining pieces being identical.

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blank - End that is worth zero points. poker die Small cube marked on each side with card symbols: it is used to play poker dice, a game similar to poker, which is played with five dice,

pip Each of the spots worth one point.

double-blank • Piece where each end is worth zero points.

cards I Rectangular pieces of cardboard used to play various games; they have figures, signs and numbers on one side and are divided into four ’ suits.

♦

symbols The colors, figures and signs on a deck of cards. heart Red suit in a deck of cards that is shaped like a heart; this suit has the highest value. J

diamond Red suit in a deck of cards that is shaped like a lozenge; this suit has the second-highest value.

club Black suit in a deck of cards that is shaped like a cloverleaf; this suit has the third-highest value.

spade Black suit in a deck of cards that is shaped like a spearhead: this suit has the lowest value.

*■

V joker Card depicting a court jester: in most games, its value is the cardholder’s choice.

ace Card with a single sign that usually has the highest value in the suit.

king Eigure depicting a king that usually has the second-highest value in the suit.

queen Figure depicting a queen that usually has the third-highest value in the suit.

jack Eigure depicting an equerry that usually has the fourth-highest value inthe'suit.

standard poker hands SPORTS AND GAMES

A poker hand consists of five cards whose combination confers a relative value on which the player bets; they have an ascending order of value.

high card When none of the five cards in the hand can be combined with any other, the highest-ranked card is played. KQ5 9

one pair Contains two cards of equal value,

242-295:

COMMUNICATIONS AND

SPORTS AND GAMES > 786-920

921

INDEX

accelerator cable 332 accelerator control 331 accent mark 435 accept machine 666 access gallery 658 access panel 258, 266 access road 618 access server 525 access shaft 664 access to the second level of operations 529 access window 521 accessories 401, 558, 580 accessory box 456 accessory gearbox 627 accessory pocket 554 accessory pouch 859 accessory shoe 476 accidentals 435 accordion 432 accordion bag 388 accordion pleat 357 account book 535 account identification 731 accountant’s office 509 accumulator 559 accuracy sports 859 ace 914 acetylene cylinder 319 acetylene valve 319 achene 83, 84 achondrite 8 acid rain 69, 70 acid snow 70 acorn nut 311 acorn squash 189 acoustic ceiling 431 acoustic guitar 440 acoustic meatus 173, 174 acrobatic skate 895 acromion 153 acroterion 403, 404 actinides 684 actinium 684 action buttons 918 action lever 443 action of wind 67 active sensor 41 active tracking 498 actor 428 actors’ seats 428 actress 429 actual temperature 261 actuator 759 actuator arm 521 actuator arm motor 521 acute accent 473 acute angle 704 Adam's apple 146 adaptor 485 add in memory 529 add key 529 add/equals key 529 additional production personnel 490 additive color synthesis 690 adductor longus 150 adductor magnus 151 Aden, Gulf 33, 34 adhesive bandage 777 adhesive disk 111 adhesive tape 777 adipose tissue 171, 172 adjustable channel 310 adjustable clamp 286 adjustable frame 303 adjustable lamp 286, 399 adjustable platen 511 adjustable seat 584 adjustable spud wrench 315 adjustable strap 368 adjustable thermostat 239 adjustable waist tab 348 adjuster 782 adjusting band 502 adjusting buckle 895

INDEX

anatomy of a sponge 95 anatomy of a starfish 95 anatomy of a turtle 113 anatomy of a venomous snake 112 anatomy of an octopus 106 anatomy, human being 150 anchor 610, 791 anchor pin 559 anchor point 103 anchor w/ires 652 anchor-windlass room 605, 609 anchorage block 540 anchors, examples 610 anchovy 219 ancient costume, elements 336 ancient ships 598 anconeus 151 Andes Cordillera 31 andirons 257 Andorra 743 andouillette 216 Andromeda 12 anemometer 58, 59, 677 anesthesia room 780 angle grinder 308 angles, examples 704 angles, measure 701 Anglicanism 736 Angola 746 Anik487 animal cell 94 animal dung 70 animals 92 anise 202 ankle 146, 148 ankle boot 343 ankle guard 796 ankle length 351 ankle/wrist weight 850 anklet 365 announcer turret 488 annual ring 87 annular combustion chamber 627 annular eclipse 6 annulet 404 anode 689 anode rod 266 anorak 371 ant 101 Antarctic Circle 29, 35, 36 Antarctic Peninsula 29 Antarctic Plate 43 Antarctic Ridge 50 Antarctica 28, 29 antefix 403 antelope 128 antenna 17, 60, 96, 97, 98, 99, 107, 504, 505, 506, 551, 577, 611, 624, 631, 758, 761, 771, 812 antenna terminals 497 antennae cleaner 98 antennule 107 anterior adductor muscle 105 anterior chamber 177 anterior end 105 anterior fontanelle 158 anterior horn 167 anterior nasal spine 158 anterior notch 173 anterior tibial artery 160 anterior tibialis 150 anterior view 146, 148, 150 anther 80 anti-torque tail rotor 631 antiaircraft missile 762 anticline 651 anticollision light 624 antifriction pad 889 Antigua and Barbuda 743 antihelix 173 antilock braking system 559 antimissile self-defense 762 antimony 682 antipersonnel mine 758 antiradar missile 759 antireflection coating 672 antiseptic 777 antiship missile 759 antiskating device 500 antislip shoe 321, 826 antitank missile 759 antitank rocket 757 antitragus 173 antivibration handle 331 Antlia 11 anus 95, 97, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107,109,113,164, 169, 170 anvil 700

ASTRONOMY > 2-25:

I 922

arm cylinder 638 arm elevator 500 arm guard 808, 859 arm lock 844 arm nut 456 arm pad 880 arm position 829 arm rest 500 arm slit 355 arm stump 276 armature 688 armature core 688 armature winding 688 armchair 276, 734 armchairs, examples 276 Armenia 746 Armenian 469 armet 749 armhole 351 armless chair 734 armoire 278 armor 749, 758 armored cord 507 armored plate 758 armpit 146, 148 armrest 281, 554, 555, 783 armstand 828 arpeggio 435 arrector pili muscle 172 arresting cable 761 arris 404 arrow 750, 859 arrow key 261 arrow rest 859, 913 arsenic 682 art director 428 art room 734 arteries 160 arthropleura 92 artichoke 187 article 471 articular cartilage 154 articulated bus 569 articulated joint 569 articulated mannequin 398 articulation 557 artificial climbing structure 900 artificial fly 909 artificial lake 48 artificial radiation 41 artificial satellite 53 artistic value judges 823 arts and architecture 394 arugula 187 asafetida 199 ascending aorta 161 ascending colon 164 ascending passage 402 ascot tie 349 ash 391 ash layer 44 ashtray 391 Asia 28,33,50, 746 Asian noodles 207 Asian pear 197 asparagus 185 asperity 501 asphalt 656 asphalt shingle 299 asphalt still 656 aspirator 775 aspirin 777 ass 128 assist grip 554 assistant camera operator 428assistant coach 811, 879 assistant director 429 assistant judges 883 assistant property man 429 assistant referee 847, 860, 881, 882 assistant warden’s office 726 astatine 683 asterisk 473 asteroid belt 5 asthenosphere 42 astigmatism 691 astragal 405, 753 astronautics 18 astronomical observation 10 astronomical observatory 17 astronomical observatory, cross section 17 astronomical unit 5 astronomy 4 Atacama Desert 31 athlete 791 athletic shirt 351 athletic track 788

aorta 162, 163 aorta, arch 160, 161, 162 aortic valve 162 apartment building 711 aperture 105 aperture changer 694 aperture diaphragm 694 aperture door 17 aperture scale 479 aperture/exposure value display 479 apex 104,105,159,176 apical foramen 159 apocrine sweat gland 172 Apollo 19 apostrophe 473 apothecium 74 Appalachian Mountains 30 apparatus 823 apparatus room 764 apple 193 apple cider vinegar 201 apple corer233 apple, section 82 application launch buttons 527 appoggiatura 435 appointment book 530 approach 791, 792, 865 approach ramp 540 approach runs 824 approach stroke 866 approach wall 597 apricot 192 apron 276, 277,278, 577, 618, 842 apse 411 apsidiole 410, 411 Apus 10 aquamarine 375 Aquarius 10 Aquastat 259 aquatic bird 117 aquatic sports 827 aqueous humor 177 Aquila 10, 12 Ara 10 Arab Jamahiriya 745 Arabian Peninsula 33 Arabian Sea 33 Arabic 468 arachnids 96 arachnids, examples 102 arachnoid 167 Aral Sea 33 Aramaic 468 arame 183 arbitration committee 845 arbor 322 arc 704 arc welding 318 arc welding machine 318 arcade 407, 410 arch 540 arch bridge 540 arch bridges, examples 541 arch dam 661 arch dam, cross section 661 arch of aorta 160, 161, 162 arch of foot artery 160 archaeognatha 92 archaeopteryx 93 archboard 533 archer 859 archery 859 archery range 788 arches, examples 413, 541 archipelago 38 architectural styles 404 architecture 402 architecture, elements 413 architrave 403, 405 archives 394, 769 Arctic 28 Arctic Circle 35, 36 Arctic Ocean 28 arena 407, 788, 790 Arenberg parquet 254 areola 171 argent 741 Argentina 742 argon 684 Ariane IV 24 Ariane V 24 Ariel 5 Aries 12 ark 738 arm 95, 139, 147, 149, 276, 286, 329,433,452,456,610,638, 693,783 EARTH > 26-71;

VEGETABLE KINGDOM >72-89:

DO-IT-YOURSELF AND GARDENING > 296-333: OFFICE AUTOMATION > 466-535:

CLOTHING > 334-371;

Atlantic cod 221 Atlantic Ocean 28, 29, 32, 34 Atlantic salmon 221 atlas 111, 122, 126, 131, 153, 157 atlas moth 102 Atlas Mountains 34 ATM 715, 730, 731 atmosphere 66, 70 atoll 51 atom 680 atomic number 682 atoms 680 atrium 406 attache case 386 attached curtain 283 attack line 812 attack periscope 763 attack zone 812 attendant’s desk 732 attitude control thruster 18 attitude control thrusters 22 attraction 687 audience 728 audio console 488, 489, 490 audio control room 489, 490 audio input/output jack 527 audio jack 513 audio library 733 audio rhonitor488, 489, 490, 491 audio monitoring selector 491 audio system 556 audio technician 489, 490 audio volume unit meters 491 audio/video preview unit 491 audioguide 394 audiometric examination room 781 audiovisual equipment 716 auditorium 10, 394, 710, 718, 732 auditory meatus, external 158 auditory ossicles 174 auger bit 323 auger bit, solid center 306 auricle 98 auricle, ear 173 auriculars 115 Auriga 12 aurora 53 Australia 28, 50, 747 Australian aboriginal languages 469 AuStralian-Indian Plate 43 Austria 744 authorized landfill site 69 auto-answer indicator 508 auto-reverse button 504 auto/manual range 316 autoclave 780 autofocus on-off switch 483 automated teller machine (ATM) 715 automatic coupler 587 automatic dialer index 506 automatic drip coffee maker 241 automatic electronic timer 831 automatic rifle 755 automatic sliding door 416 automatic sorting trays 512 automatic tank gauge 655 automatic teller machine 731 automatic teller machine (ATM) 730 automatically controlled door 620 automobile 549 automobile car 588 automobile systems 552, 553 automobile transport semitrailer 572 autopilot controls 626 autotrophs 67 autumn 54 autumn squash 189 autumnal equinox 54 auxiliary battery 563 auxiliary facilities room 490 auxiliary handle 306 auxiliary heating 260 auxiliary projector 10 auxiliary tank 571 auxiliary video switcher 491 avenue 39, 711 average key 479 avocado 188 awl 905 awning channel 567 axe 330 axel 881 axial compressor 627 axial rib 105 axillary artery 160 axillary bud 77

ANIMAL KINGDOM > 90-143:

HUMAN BEING > 144-177;

PERSONAL ACCESSORIES AND ARTICLES > 372-391;

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY > 536-643;

ENERGY > 644-677;

SCIENCE > 678-705:

axillary nerve 166 axillary vein 160 axis 122, 153, 157 axle 586, 895 axle shaft 553 axon 168 axon hillock 168 Aymara 469 Azerbaijan 746 azimuth clamp 14, 15 azimuth fine adjustment 14, 15 Aztec temple 412 azure 741

B 434 baboon 139 baby doll 364 baby grand 443 baby wear 717 back 115, 124, 130, 147, 149, 173, 227, 229, 277, 281, 300, 303, 348, 391, 750, 783 back beam 460 back binding 840 back board 426 back boundary line 816 back brush 379 back check 443 back crossbar 893 back judge 807 back line 809, 877 back of a glove 346 back pad 857 back pocket 350 back ribs 214 back strap 857 back suspension 870 back wall 818, 819 back zone 812 back-uo light 554 backboard 811 backboard storage 775 backboard support 811 backbone 523 backcourt 818, 821 backdrop 430 backgammon 915 backguard 290, 292, 293 backhoe 637 backhoe controls 637 backing 425 backing board 425 backing hammer 425 backing plate 559 backing press 425 backpack 906 backrest 555, 577, 876 backspace 515 backspace key 515 backstay 602, 881 backstop 794, 811 backstretch 856 backstroke 832 backstroke start 832 backstroke turn indicator 831 backup storage unit 523 backward 828 backward bucket 637, 638 bacon 216 bactrian camel 129 badge 770 badger 134 badminton 816 badminton racket 816 Baffin Island 30 bag compartment 289 bag well 869 bagel 204 baggage cart 582 baggage check-in counter 620 baggage claim area 620 baggage compartment 568, 585, 631 baggage conveyor 623 baggage lockers 582 baggage racks 605 baggage room 582 baggage trailer 623 bagger 181 bagpipes 432 baguette 204 baguette cut 375 Bahamas 742 Bahrain 746 Baikal, Lake 33 bail 799

EOOD AND KITCHEN > 178-241;

ARTS AND ARCHITECTURE > 392-465;

SOCIETY > 706-785;

HOUSE > 242-295;

COMMUNICATIONS AND

SPORTS AND GAMES > 786-920

ASTRONOMY > 2-25;

EARTH > 26-71;

VEGETABLE KINGDOM >72-89:

DO-IT-YOURSELF AND GARDENING > 296-333; OFFICE AUTOMATION > 466-535:

barn 182 barograph 59 barometric pressure 55 barometric tendency 55 barrack buildings 409 barred spiral galaxy 9 barred window 727 barrel381,382,470, 753, 754, 755, 756, 757, 860, 912, 918 barrel jacket 755 barrel vault 407 barrette 380 barrier 281, 712 barrier barricade tape 771 barrier beach 51 bartender 720 bartizan 408, 409 basaltic layer 42 base 78,239,240,256,273,274, 275,286,305,307,308,381, 405, 412, 425, 494, 500, 516, 517, 531, 538, 591, 676, 685, 693, 698, 739, 740, 767, 791, 825, 826, 860, 912 base cabinet 224 base course 538 base of splat 276 base plate 58, 304, 500, 701, 756, 889,907 base plug 757 base ring 753 base width 663 baseball 794, 796 baseball stadium 788 baseball, cross section 797 baseboard 253, 255, 485 baseboard register 258 baseline 821, 907 basement 250, 713 basement window 245 basic building materials 298 basic operations 529 basic source of food 67 basic weaves 463 basil 202 basilic vein 160 basilosaur 93 basin 664, 838 basin side 664 basin wrench 315 basket 238, 241, 291, 292, 811, 888,899 basket handle 413, 899 basket stitch 458 basket suspension cables 899 basket weave pattern 254 basketball 810 basketball player 810 basmati rice 207 bass 220 bass bridge 442 bass clarinet 437 bass drum 437, 448 bass guitar 441 bass keyboard 432 bass pickup 441 bass register 432 Bass Strait 29 bass tone control 441, 497, 503 bass trap 490 bassoon 446 bassoons 437 baster233 bastion 409 bat 140, 643, 796, 797, 798 bat, morphology 140 bateau neck 363 bath 724 bath brush 379 bath sheet 379 bath towel 379 bathing wrap 368 bathrobe 364 bathroom 251, 264, 724, 735, 780 bathroom articles 717 bathroom scale 699 bathroom skylight 251 bathtub 251, 262, 264 baton 790 baton holder 770 bats, examples 141 batsman 798, 799 batten 285, 430, 600, 834, 836, 897 batten pocket 834, 836 batter 795, 796 batter head 448 batter skin 433 batter’s helmet 796

CLOTHING > 334-371;

battery 302, 482, 513, 552, 562, 563, 586, 673, 687, 759, 765 battery backup receptacles 520 battery box 571 battery case 562 battery condition module 563 battery cover 562 battery modules 60 battery pack 306 batting glove 796 battlement 408, 409 batwing sleeve 361 bay 7,38 bay filler panel 513 Bay of Bengal 33 bayonet base 275 bayonet mount 478 bazooka 757 beach 51 beach volleyball 813 bead 560 bead wire 561 beak 106 beaker 231, 685 beam 412, 418, 641, 698, 826 beam balance 698 beam bridge 540 beam bridges, examples 541 beam diameter reduction 694 beam gantry 663 beam reach 833 bean bag chair 277 bean thread cellophane noodles 207 beans 190,191 bearer 445 bearing pad 667 beater 236, 460, 641 beater ejector 236 beater handtree 460 beater sley 460 beaters 236 Beaufort Sea 30 beauty care 181 beaver 123, 749 becquerel 702 bed 280, 424, 538,823,904 bed chamber 406 bed lamp 286 bedrock 43, 78 bedroom 251, 902 bedside lamp 724, 780 bedside table 724, 780 beech 88 beechnut 193 beef cubes 214 beef, cuts 214 beer 180 beer mug 225 beet 189 beetle 101 begonia 80 Belarus 744 belay beam 900 belay rope 900 belayerOOO belfry 410, 411 Belgian endive 187 Belgium 743 Belize 742 bell 446, 447 bell boot 858 bell bottoms 358 bell brace 446 bell roof 415 bell tower 411, 737 bellow 445 bellows 432, 485 bellows strap 432 bells 449 belly 124 belly scale 112 belly tank 631 below-stage 430 belt313,350,352,561,611,844 belt clip 505 belt drive 605 belt highway 39 belt loader 646, 647 belt loop 350, 352, 905 beltway 709 beluga whale 137 bench 277, 593, 647, 715, 775, 851 bench height 647 bench seat 555 bend 385,911 Bengal, Bay 33 Benin 745

ANIMAL KINGDOM > 90-143;

HUMAN BEING > 144-177;

PERSONAL ACCESSORIES AND ARTICLES > 372-391:

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY > 536-643;

ENERGY > 644-677;

SCIENCE > 678-705:

bent blade 401 Berber 468 beret 341 bergamot 194 bergere 276 bergschrund 46 Bering Sea 28 Bering Strait 30 berkelium 684 berm 660 Bermuda sail 601 Bermuda shorts 358 berries 192 berry fruit 83 berth 584 bertha collar 363 beryllium 682 betting layout 919 bevel 776 bevel gear 686 bevel square 313, 701 beverage can 223 beverage dispenser 779 bezel 376 bezel facet 374 Bhutan 747 bias 455 bias-ply tire 561 biathlete 893 biathlon 893 bib 368, 369, 848 bib necklace 374 biceps of arm 150 biceps of thigh 151 biconcave lens 691 biconvex lens 691 bicorne 339 bicycle 578 bicycle bag 580 bicycle parking 735 bicycle, accessories 580 bicycle, parts 578 bicycles, examples 581 bidet 264 bifocal lens 385 bike carrier 558 bikini 367 bikini briefs 351 bilberry 192 bill 115, 610 bill compartment 386 bill presenter 730 bill-file 534 billfold 387 billhook 330 billiard cue 863 billiard spot 862 billiards 862 billiards, carom 862 billiards, English 863 bills, examples 117 bimah 738 bimetallic helix 695 bimetallic thermometer 695 binder 642 binding 340, 840, 891, 892 binocular microscope 693 biology 702 biosphere 66 biosphere, structure 66 biparous cyme 81 biplane 628 bipod 755, 756 birch 88 bird 115 bird of prey 117 bird’s eye chile 199 bird’s nest fern 76 bird, anatomy 116 bird, morphology 115 bird, skeleton 116 birds 115 birds, examples 118 birth 702 bishop 916 bishop sleeve 361 bismuth 682 bison 128 bit 302, 390, 648, 651, 858 bits 306 bits, examples 308 bitt 607 bitter melon 188 bivalve shell 105 bivalve shell, anatomy 105 bivalve shell, morphology 105 Black 916 black 472, 690,919 black ball 863

FOOD AND KITCHEN > 178-241:

ARTS AND ARCHITECTURE > 392-465;

SOCIETY > 706-785:

HOUSE > 242-295:

COMMUNICATIONS AND

SPORTS AND GAMES > 786-920

black bean 191 black bear 135 black clamp 558 black currant 192 black dwarf 8 black flying fox 141 black gram 191 black hole 8 black mustard 198 black pepper 198 black pollock 221 black radish 189 black rye bread 204 black salsify 189 Black Sea 28, 32, 33 black square 916 black stone 916 black tea 208 black-eyed pea 190 blackberry 192 blackboard 734 bladder 113 blade 76, 79, 227, 229, 237, 240, 261,274,302,303,304,305, 309,315,320,331,332,382, 383, 390, 453, 454, 636, 639, 659, 676, 677, 815, 838, 841, 849,878,880,881,900,911 blade close stop 382 blade guard 304, 305 blade height and tilting mechanism 305 blade injector 383 blade lever 424 blade lift cylinder 636, 639 blade lift fan 605 blade lock handle 305 blade locking bolt 304 blade rotation cylinder 639 blade shifting mechanism 639 blade tilting lock 304 blade tilting mechanism 304 blade with two beveled edges 401 blades, major types 401 blank 914 blanket 280 blanket insulation 299 blanket sleepers 369 blast valve 899 blasting charge 653 blastodisc 117 blazer 358 bleeder valve 259 blender 236 blending attachment 236 blind spot mirror 568, 569 blinds 285 blinker 857 blinking lights 568 block 295, 444, 632, 791, 813 block bracket 284 block cutter 401, 421 blockboard 300 blocking glove 800, 879 blood circulation 160 blood circulation, schema 161 blood factor negative 702 blood factor positive 702 blood pressure monitor 777 blood sausage 216 blood vessel 154, 162, 172 blood vessels 140 blood, composition 162 blotting paper 531 blouses, examples 359 blow pipe 432 blower 258, 445, 670 blower motor 258, 261 blowhole 136 blucher oxford 342 blue 400, 690 blue ball 863 blue band 871 blue beam 494 blue line 879 blue mussel 217 blue-green 400 blue-veined cheeses 211 blueberry 192 bluefish 220 blusher brush 378 BMX871 BMXbike 581 boa 114 board 300, 836, 916, 917 board cutter 424 board games 915 board insulation 299 boarding ladder 611

923

INDEX

bail arm 910 bail arm opening mechanism 910 bailey 408 Bailey bridge 542 baitcasting reel 910 baize 862 Bakelite body 757 bakery 181 baking sheet 232 balaclava 341, 872 balalaika 433 balance beam 824, 826 balance control 497 balance rail 443 balancer 441 balcony 251, 431, 738 balcony window 251 baling 71 balk area 862 balk line 862 balk line spot 862 Balkan Peninsula 32 ball 453, 462, 516, 752,823,858, 865, 920 ball assembly 268 ball bearing 470, 677 ball boy 820 ball mount 558 ball of clay 464 ball peen 301 ball return 865 ball sports 794 ball stand 865 ball winder 462 ball-and-socket joint 156 ball-cock supply valve 265 ball-peen hammer 301 ball-type faucet 268 ballast 591 ballerina shoe 343 balloon 899 balloon curtain 283 ballooning 899 ballpoint pen 470 ballroom 609 balsamic vinegar 201 Baltic Sea 32 balustrade 412, 417 Bambara 468 bamboo shoot 185 bamboos 917 banana 196 band 500 band ring 376 band select button 497 band selector 498 bandage 843 banding wheel 464 Bangladesh 747 bangle 376 banister 255 banjo 432 bank 538,664,710,715,730, 864,915 bank of heliostats 674 banknote 729, 915 banknote, back 729 banknote, front 729 banner 471 banner for the coming exhibition 394 banner for the current exhibition 394 banquet hall 718 banquette 277 Bantu languages 468 baptismal font 737 barl27,385,431,449, 686, 710, 714, 719, 720, 850, 851, 915 bar code reader 517 bar counter 720 bar frame 287 bar line 434 bar nose 331 bar shot 752 bar stool 277, 720 barb 56, 115, 911 Barbados 743 barbell 850, 851 barber comb 380 barbican 408 Barbuda 743 bare bow 859 baren 421 Barents Sea 32 bargraph-type peak meter 488 barium 682 bark 87 barley 85, 203 barley: spike 85

INDEX

boarding step 631 boarding walkway 619 boards 878 boat hook 611 boater 340 boats 604 boats, sculling 839 bobber 911 bobbin 452, 453, 458, 461 bobbin case 452 bobbin lace 458 bobbin winder 452, 462 bobby pin 380 bobeche 287 bobsled 884 bobstay 602 bodies, examples 549 body 176, 240, 268, 288, 306, 441,444,446,550,567,692, 697, 793,876,893,909 body care 379 body flap 23 body of fornix 167 body of nail 172 body pad 800 body shirt 359 body side molding 551 body suit 366 body temperature control unit 20 body tube 693 body wire 848 bohrium 683 boiler 259, 674 boiling-water reactor 671 bok choy 186 bokken 846 bold 472 bole 87 bolero 358 Bolivia 742 bolster 227, 229,280 bolt248, 310, 311,312,750 bolt assist mechanism 755 bolts 311 bondingjumper 272 bone folder 426 bone marrow 154 bone, parts 155 bone, structure 154 bones, types 157 bongos 449 boning knife 229 bonnet 268 bonus tiles 917 bony fish 108 bony fishes 219 book ends 535 book lung 103 book return desk 733 book truck 733 bookbinding leather 425 bookcase 734 booking room 769 bookstore 714 boom 573, 637, 638, 834 boom cylinder 637, 638 boom operator 429 boom truck 622 boom vang 834 booster parachute 22 booster seat 281 boot 343, 840, 841, 855, 874, 875,880,881,892,895,896 bootjack 345 bootee 342 Bootes 13 booth 720 borage 202 bordeaux glass 225 border 244, 431 borders 430 bore 753 boreal forest 66 boron 682 Bosnia and Flerzegovina 744 Bothnia, Gulf 32 Botswana 746 bottle 379, 685, 906 bottle cart 319 bottle opener 230, 905 bottom 840, 888 bottom bracket axle 580 bottom cap 689 bottom cylinder 422 bottom deck 655 bottom deckboard 632 bottom face 374 bottom line 831 bottom pocket 862

bottom rail 247, 278, 285 bottom ring 659 bottom road 650 bottom side rail 635 bottom-end transverse member 635 bottom-fold portfolio 386 bottomboard 445 boubou 339 boudoir grand 443 boulevard 39, 711 bound book 426 bow 340, 439, 609, 750, 834, 836 bow ball 839 bow collar 362 bow door 605 bow loading door 608 bow saw 907 bow thruster 609 bow tie 349 bow-winged grasshopper 102 bowl 227,237,240,390,612, 638 bowl with serving spout 237 bowler 799, 865 bowline 908 bowline on a bight 908 bowling 865 bowling alley 714, 865 bowling ball 865 bowling crease 799 bowling technique 864 bowls 864 bows 750 bowsprit 602 bowstring 750, 859, 913 box256, 259, 431,641 box bag 388 box car 587,588 box end wrench 311 box office 427 box pallet 632 box pleat 283 box sealing tape dispenser 534 box spring 280 box springs 716 box van 573 boxer 842 boxer shorts 351, 371 boxing 842 boxing gloves 843 boxing trunks 842 boys’ wear (size 2 to 6) 717 boys’ wear (size 7 to 17) 717 bra 367 brace 252, 307, 321,663 bracelets 376 brachial artery 160 brachial plexus 166 brachialis 150 brachiopod 92 brachioradialis 150, 151 bracket 285, 412, 613 bracket base 278 bract 84 braided rope 908 braies 338 brain 99, 103, 106, 107, 109, 110 brains 212 brake 783,851,870 brake arm 889 brake booster 552, 559 brake cable 579 brake caliper 574 brake fluid reservoir 559 brake handle 876 brake lever 579, 870 brake light 554 brake line 559 brake lining 559 brake loop 896, 897 brake pad 559 brake pedal 333, 552, 556, 559, 889 brake pressure modulator 559 brake shoe 559 brakeman 884 brakes 559 braking circuit 552, 559 braking system 553 braking zone 891 branch 86,87,89, 127, 185,262, 687, 776, 855 branch clip 776 branch duct 258 branch return pipe 259 branch supply pipe 259 branches 87 branching, examples 270 brandy snifter 225 ASTRONOMY

924

2-25;

EARTH

26-71;

DO-IT-YOURSELF AND GARDENING OFFICE AUTOMATION

> 466-535;

brass family 437 brattice 408 brayer421 brazier 412 Brazil 742 Brazil nut 193 bread 204, 722 bread and butter plate 226 bread guide 238 bread knife 229 bread machine 239 break 515 break line 362 break-out room 718 breaker 49 breaking the wall 917 breast 115, 146, 148, 171 breast beam 460 breast collar 857 breast dart 352 breast pocket 349, 352 breast welt pocket 348 breastplate 749, 853 breaststroke 832 breaststroke kick 832 breaststroke turn 832 breath testing machine 769 breather valve 655 breathing in 832 breathing out 832 breech 446 breech guard 446 breechblock 756, 912 breechblock operating lever assembly 756 breeches 338, 748, 848 Breton 469 brick 298 brick carton 223 brick wall 253, 298 bricklayer’s hammer 315 bridge39, 284, 385, 433,439, 440, 441, 523, 596, 692, 761, 863,875 bridge assembly 441 bridges 542 bridging 252 bridle 854 bridle assembly 615 bridle tape 443 Brie 211 briefcase 386 briefs 351, 367 brig 601 brigantine 601 brightness control 518 brilliant cut facets 374 brilliant full cut 375 brim 340, 341 brioiette cut 375 bristle 383, 384 bristles 320 broad beans 190 broad ligament of uterus 171 broad reach 833 broad welt side pocket 352, 355, 360 broadcast satellite communication 486 broadleaved trees, examples 88 broadsword 751 broccoli 187 broccoli rabe 187 brochure rack 730 broken line 538, 539 bromine 683 brooch 376 brood chamber 100 brook 48 brook trout 221 broom 257, 295 brother 785 brother-in-law 785 brother/sister 785 brothers 785 brow brush and lash comb 378 brow reinforce 749 browband 854 brown alga 75 brown ball 863 brown dwarf 8 brown rice 207 brown sugar 209 browser 524 Brunei Darussalam 747 brush 85, 289, 295, 320, 384, 397,422,688 brush and rails 852 brushes 688

VEG

> 296-333: TRANSPORT

i; CLOTHING > 334-371;

Brussels sprouts 186 bubble 575 bubble bath 379 buccal cavity 116 bucket 261, 637, 659 bucket cylinder 637, 638 bucket hinge pin 637 bucket lever 637 bucket ring 659 bucket seat 555 bucket wheel excavator 647 buckle350,388, 555, 611,889 buckwheat 85, 203 buckwheat: raceme 85 bud 78 Buddha 736 Buddhism 736 buffalo 128 buffer 417 buffer tank 654 buffet 279, 720 bugle 447 building sewer 262, 263 bulb 127, 185,274,275,316, 607,687 bulb dibble 324 bulb unit 664 bulb vegetables 184 bulb, section 78 bulbet 78 bulbocavernous muscle 169 Bulgaria 744 Bulgarian 469 bulge 9 bulk carrier 604 bulk mail 475 bulk terminal 596 bulkhead 571 bulkhead flat car 588 bull’s-eye 859 bulldog 130 bulldozer 636, 647 bullet 912 bulletin board 535, 734 bullfinch 118 bullion stitch 459 bulwark 602 bumblebee 101 bump 812, 875 bumper 289, 570, 571, 577, 583 bumper guard 818 bumper molding 550 bumps 545, 547 bunch 390 bunch of grapes 86 bund wall 655 bundle 185, 663 bunk 567 bunker oil 656 bunker silo 182 bunting 739 bunting bag 368 buoy 833 buoy weatherstation 54 buoyage regions 616 buoyancy compensator 841 buoyancy tube 611 burdock 189 burgee 739 burgundy glass 225 burial 71 Burkina Faso 745 Burmese 468 burned gases 564 burner234, 259,290, 899,903 burner control knobs 290 burner frame 903 burner ring 234 burnisher 422 bursting charge 757 Burundi 745 burying beetle 101 bus 513,522,568,713 bus module 40 bus network 522 bus shelter 712 bus station 710 bus stop 712 busbar 658 busboy 721 bush 322 bush-cricket 101 bushing 657, 658, 663 business aircraft 628 business transactions 525 business window 731 bustle 337 butane accessories 903 butane tank 391

ANIMAL KINGDOM > 90-143:

HUMAN BEING > 144-177;

PERSONAL ACCESSORIES AND ARTICLES > 372-391; 13:

ENERGY > 644-677:

SCIENCE > 678-705:

butt 391, 425, 456, 754, 755, 816,822,863,909 butt cap 909 butt end 880 butt grip 910 butt guide 910 butt plate 754, 912 butt section 909 butt-strap 385 butte 52 butter 210 butter compartment 291 butter cup 223 butter curler 229 butter dish 226 butter knife 228 butterfly 96 butterfly kick 832 butterfly stroke 832 butterfly turn 832 butterfly, anatomy 97 butterfly, hind leg 96 butterfly, morphology 96 butterhead lettuce 186 buttermilk 210 buttock 147, 149, 169, 170 button 274, 349, 354, 432, 753, 849 button loop 350 button strap 369 buttondown collar 349 buttoned placket 349, 354 buttonhole 352 buttress 410, 660 buttress dam 660 buttress dam, cross section 660 by-pass taxiway 618 bypass duct 627 bypass feeder 512

0 434 Cclef 434 C-clamp 312 Cl canoe 838 cab 636, 637, 638, 639, 640, 643, 876 cabbage 186 cabin 608, 631 cabin cruiser 607 cabinet 224, 291,292,293,494 cable306, 488, 504, 516, 517, 558,573,824,851,859,908, 913 cable distributor 486 cable drum compartment 489 cable'guard 859, 913 cable line 525 cable modem 525 cable ripper 317 cable shutter release 482 cable sleeve 306 cable stay anchorage 541 cable stitch 458 cable-stayed bridges 541 cables 492, 523 cabochon cut 375 caboose 588 cabriole leg 276 cabriolet 276 cadmium 683 Caelum 11 cafe curtain 282 cafeteria 735 caftan 339 cage 407 caiman 114 cajun spice seasoning 199 cake mascara 378 cake pan 232 calamus 115 calandria 669 calcaneus 126, 153, 155 calcar 140, 141 calcareous sponge 95 calcium 682 calculator 386 calculator dial 479 calculator, pocket 529 calculator, printing 529 calendar pad 530 calf 128, 147, 149 California. Gulf 30 californium 684 caliper 423, 559 call button 417, 505 call director telephone 507

FOOD AND KITCHEN > 178-241;

ARTS AND ARCHITECTURE > 392-465:

SOCIETY > 706-785;

HOUSE > 242-295;

COMMUNICATIONS AND

SPORTS AND GAMES > 786-920

ASTRONOMY > 2-25:

EARTH > 26-71;

VEGETABLE KINGDOM >72-89;

DO-IT-YOURSELF AND GARDENING > 296-333; OFFICE AUTOMATION > 466-535:

CLOTHING > 334-371;

carton 223, 390 cartoon 471 cartridge 268, 315, 470, 500, 754, 773 cartridge (rifle) 912 cartridge (shotgun) 912 cartridge faucet 268 cartridge film 481 cartridge fuse 272 cartridge stem 268 cartridge tape recorder 488 cartridges 860, 861 cartwheel hat 341 carver’s bench screw 401 carving 401 carving fork 229 carving knife 229 casaba melon 195 case313,345, 377,436, 442, 695, 696, 700, 912 case fan 513 casement 249 casement window 415 cash dispenser 730 cash register 181 cash supply 731 cashew 193 cashier 181 casing 249, 260, 261, 332, 920 casing first string 654 Caspian Sea 28, 33 cassava 184 Cassegrain focus 17 cassette 499, 504, 521 cassette compartment 495, 496 cassette deck 488 cassette drive 521 cassette eject switch 495 cassette holder 499 cassette player 504 cassette player controls 504 cassette tape deck 499 Cassini 19 Cassiopeia 12 cast-on stitches 457 castanets 437, 449 caster 281, 289, 448 castes 99 casting 910 castle 408 casual shoe 343 cat 132 cat breeds 132 cat’s head 132 cat, morphology 133 Catalan 469 catalytic converter 553 catalytic reforming plant 656 catamaran 835 catapult 761 catch 909 catcher 443, 794, 795, 796 catcher’s glove 796 catching glove 879 catenary 585, 595 catering vehicle 623 caterpillar 97 cathedral 410 cathedral ceiling 251 cathedral roof 251 cathedral, plan 411 cathode 689 Catholicism 736 catwalk 430 caudal fin 108, 136 caudal vertebrae 122. 126, 131, 138, 141, 142 cauliflower 187 caulking gun 315 cave 47, 51 cavernous body 169 cayenne chile 199 CB radio 505 CD radio cassette recorder, portable 504 CD/DVD player 918 CD/DVD-ROM drive 513, 526 CD/DVD-ROM eject button 513 CD/ROM player 517 cecum 103, 106, 116, 125, 164 cedar of Lebanon 89 cedilla 473 ceiling257, 818, 819 ceiling bracket 284 ceiling collar 257 ceilingfan 261 ceiling fitting 286 ceiling joist 252 ceiling projector 59

ANIMAL KINGDOM > 90-143;

HUMAN BEING > 144-177:

PERSONAL ACCESSORIES AND ARTICLES > 372-391;

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY > 536-643;

ENERGY > 644-677;

SCIENCE > 678-705;

ceiling register 258 celeriac 189 celery 185 celery cabbage 186 celestial bodies 4 celestial coordinate system 13 celestial equator 13 celestial meridian 13 celestial sphere 13 celiac trunk 161, 165 cell 96, 100, 407, 563, 727, 768 cell body 168 cell membrane 74, 94 cell wall 74 cello 439 cellos 437 cells 687, 728 cellulartelephone, portable 506 Celsius 702 Celsius scale 695 Celsius temperature, measurement 702 Celtic languages 469 celtuce 186 cement 822 cement mixer 573 cement screed 254 cementum 159 cemetery 39, 711 censer 737 cent 728 Centaurus 11 center 431, 704, 807, 809, 811, 847,879,916 center aisle 584 center attacker 812 center back 812, 814 center back vent 348 center base 740 center chief 740 center circle 803, 810 center console 556 center court 818 center electrode 562 center face-off circle 879 center field 795 center fielder 794 center flag 802 center forward 801, 814 center half 801 center hole 500 center keelson 607 center line 801, 809, 810, 814, 815, 816, 848, 877, 879 center line judge 820 center loudspeaker 493 center mark 820 center pocket 862 center point 740 center post 278, 551 center service line 821 center span 540 center spot 803, 862 center strap 821 center! mark 858 center third 809 center wheel 696, 697 centerboard 834 centerboard boat 835 centering 528 centering control 518 Central African languages 468 Central African Republic 745 Central America 28, 30 central brush 573 central business district 708, 710 central circle 809 central column 676 central disk 95 central focusing wheel 692 central incisor 159 central nave 738 central nervous system 167 central pumping station 654 central screw 425 central wrestling area 843 centrifugal compressor 627 centrifuge module 21 centriole 94 cephalic vein 160 cephalothorax 103, 107 Cepheus 12 ceramic capacitor 689 cereal 203 cereal products 204 cereals 85 cerebellum 167 cerebropleural ganglion 105 cerebrospinal fluid 168

FOOD AND KITCHEN > 178-241;

ARTS AND ARCHITECTURE > 392-465:

SOCIETY > 706-785;

HOUSE > 242-295;

COMMUNICATIONS AND

SPORTS AND GAMES > 786-920

cerebrum 167 cerium 684 cervical collar 775 cervical vertebra 153, 157 cervical vertebrae 116, 122, 126, 131, 138, 141, 142 cervix of uterus 170 cesium 682 Cetus 10, 12 Chac-Mool 412 Chad 745 Chad, Lake 34 chain 580, 697, 826 chain brake 331 chain drive 641, 643 chain guide 580 chain mail 749 chain of dunes 52 chain of neurons 168 chain pipe wrench 315 chain reaction 681 chain stay 578 chain stitch 459 chain wheel 870 chain wheel A 580 chain wheel B 580 chainsaw 331 chainsaw chain 331 chair 723 chair lift 886 chair lift departure area 886 chairs, examples 277 chaise longue 277 chalaza 117 chalice 737 chalk 863 chalk line 313 Chamaeleon 11 chameleon 114 chamfer bit 308 chamois leather 345, 377 chamomile 208 champagne flute 225 Chance card 915 chandelier 287 change sign key 529 changing table 281 changing table 281 channel scan button 495 channel scan buttons 495 channel selector 505 channel selector controls 495 chanter 432 chanterelle 183 Chantilly parquet 254 chapati bread 205 chapel 408, 726 character 472 character correction 528 characters 917 characters of a font 472 charcoal 397 charcoal drawing 396 chard 185 charge 912 charge air cooler 564 charge indicator 383 charger 306 charges, examples 741 charging handle 755 charging light 383 charging plug 383, 563 charlotte mold 232 charm bracelet 376 charms 376 Charon 5 chart room 604 chase 753 chat room 525 chayote 189 check 721 check nut 58 check valve 263, 319 check-rail 590 checkbook 386 checkbook case 387 checkbook/secretary clutch 386 checker916 checkerboard 916 checkered flag 872 checkers 915, 916 checkout 181 checkout counter 716, 717, 723 checkouts 181 checks 729 cheek 124,130,148,301,753, 909 cheek piece 860, 861 cheek ring 854

925

INDEX

capped column 64 capped tee 257 Capricornus 10 capstan button 443 capsule 75, 783 capsule, section 84 captain 884 captain’s quarters 609 captain’s seat 626 caption 471 capture 916 car 587, 835 car ceiling 417 car cleaning yard 589 car coat 355 car cover 558 cardealer711 car deck 608 car floor 417 car guide rail 417 car racing 872 car safety 417 carwash 548 carabiner 901 carabiner, D 900 carabiner, locking 900 caraco jacket 337 carafe 241 carambola 197 carapace 107, 113 caravel 599 caraway 198 carbon 683 carbon dioxide absorption 78 carbon dioxide gas coolant 670 carbon dioxide reactor 670 carbon rod 689 carbon-zinc cell 689 Carboniferous 92 carburetor 574 card 915 card case 386 card number 729, 731 card reader 493, 507 card reader slot 548, 730, 731 card support 58 cardamom 198 cardboard 400 cardholder’s name 729 cardholder’s signature 729 cardiac stomach 107 cardigan 354, 359 cardinal 118 cardinal marks 616 cardoon 185 cards 914 cargo aircraft 475, 629 cargo bay 22 cargo bay door 23 Caribbean Islands 742 Caribbean Plate 43 Caribbean Sea 28, 30 caribou 128 Carina 11 Carina 108 carnation 80 carnivores 67 carnivorous mammals 130 carnivorous mammals, examples 134 carom billiards 862 carp 220 carpal pad 130 Carpathian Mountains 32 Carpentaria, Gulf 29 carpenter’s hammer 301 carpentry material 313 carpentry: drilling tools 306 carpentry: nailing tools 301 carpentry: sawing tools 303 carpentry: screwing tools 302 carpentry: shaping tools 308 carpet 254 carpus 116, 122, 126, 131, 136 138, 141, 142, 154 carriage 632, 753, 756 carriage control dial 456 carriage handle 456 carriage return 528 carriages 456 carrier 284, 577, 578 carrier bag 388 carrot 189 carry-on bag 388 carrying handle 755 cart path 866 cartilaginous fish 108 cartilaginous fishes 218 cartography 35

Callisto 4 calls indicator 508 calm 56 Calvin 736 calyx 80, 83, 84, 165 cam ring 307 cambium 87 Cambodia 747 Cambrian 92 camcorder, digital 517 camel 129 Camelopardalis 12 Camembert 211 camera 18, 428, 480, 490, 492, 775,873 camera body 476 camera control area 489 camera control technician 489, 490 camera control unit 489, 490 camera operator 428 camera pedestal 492 camera platform 482 camera platform lock 482 camera screw 482 camera viewfinder 492 camera, digital 517 Cameroon 745 camisole 366 camp stove 903 campers 567 camping 902 camping (tent) 725 camping (trailer and tent) 725 camping (trailer) 725 camping equipment 905 camping prohibited 725 camshaft 566 can opener 230, 240, 905 Canada 742 Canadian bacon 216 Canadian duckpin 865 Canadian football 809 Canadian football, playing field 809 canal bed 597 canal lock 596, 597 canary melon 195 cancel button 519 canceled stamped mail 474 Cancer 13 candela 702 candies 717 candle 737 candlepin 865 candy thermometer 231 cane pen 470 Canes Venatici 13 canine 121, 159 Canis Major 11 Canis Minor 13 canister 611 canisters 222 canned failed fuel 666 canned goods 181 cannelloni 206 cannon 124, 758 canoe 600,837 canoe, Cl 838 canoe-kayak 837, 838 canopy 391, 416, 567, 611, 628, 639, 760, 896, 897, 902 canopy release knob 898 cantaloupe 195 canteen 906 canter 125 cantilever 661 cantilever bridge 540 cantilever span 540 cantle 855 canvas 400, 842 canvas divider 902 cap 76, 236, 255, 269,275, 340, 398, 470, 484, 676, 770, 783, 827,830 cap iron 309 cap sleeve 360 capacitor 689 cape 38, 338, 355 Cape Horn 31 Cape of Good Hope 34 Cape Verde 745 capillary blood vessel 172 capillary tube 695 capital 37, 405 capitals lock 514 capitals lock key 514 capitate 154 capitulum 81 capon 213 caponiere 409

INDEX

cheek strap 854 cheese 722 cheese box 223 cheese counter 181 cheese grater, rotary 230 cheese knife 228 cheeses, blue-veined 211 cheeses, fresh 210 cheeses, goat's-milk 210 cheeses, soft 211 cheetah 135 chef 721 chemical bond 680 chemical elements 682 chemical treatment 656 chemise 408 chemistry 680 chemistry symbols 684 cherimoya 196 cherry 192 chen/il 202 chess 916 chess notation 916 chess pieces 916 chessboard 916 chest 124 chest expander 850 chest freezer 291 chest protector 796, 808, 859 chesterfield 276 chestnut 193 chevet 411 Chevre cheese 210 chevron 740 chevron stitch 459 chicane 872 chick 120 chick peas 190 chicken 213 chief 740 chief executive officer’s office 509 chief judge 823, 837 chief mechanic 873 chief officer’s office 768 chief range officer 860 chief referee 846, 847, 860, 883 chief steward 855 chief timekeeper 830 chief’s office 764 chiffonier 279 child carrier 580 child safety seat 558 child’s skull 158 child’s tricycle 581 children 785 children’s books 732 children’s clothing 369 children’s furniture 281 children’s section 732 children’s shoes 717 children’s sportswear 717 Chile 742 chile 199 Chile Trench 50 chili powder 199 chimney 245, 257, 259 chimney connection 256 chimney pot 245 chimpanzee 139 chin 115, 148 chin guard 765, 885 chin protector 575 chin rest 439 chin strap 765, 808, 870 China 747 China Sea, East 33 China Sea, South 33 Chinese 468 chinois 231 chip cover 305 chip van 572 chipmunk 123 chipolata sausage 216 chipset 513 chisel 421 chiton 336 chive 184 chlamys 336 chlorine 683 chloroplast 74 choanocyte 95 chock 900,901 chocolate 208 choir 410, 411 choir organ manual 444 choker 374 chondrite 8 choosing key 261 chop 214, 215

chord 435 chorizo 216 choroid 177 chow chow 130 Christianity 736 Christmas tree 652, 654 chromatin 94 chromium 683 chromosphere 6 chronology of religions 736 chrysalis 97 chuck302,306, 307, 649 chuck key 306 chuck, keyless 306 chukka 342 church 711, 737 chute 650 cicada 101 cigar 390 cigar band 390 cigar cutter 390 cigarette 390 cigarette pack 390 cigarette papers 390 ciliary body 177 ciliate 79 cilium 94 cine scale 479 cinnamon 198 Circinus 11 circle, parts 704 circles 917 circuit 872 circuit breaker 260, 658 circuit vent 262 circular body 432 circular needle 457 circular route 39 circular saw 304 circular saw blade 304 circular track 16 circulating pump 259, 675 circulation desk 733 circumference 704 circumflex accent 473 circumvallate papilla 176 cirque 7 cirque, glacial 46 cirrocumulus 56, 62 cirrostratus 56, 62 cirrus 56, 62 citron 194 citrus fruit 82 citrus fruits 194 citrus juicer 230, 237 city 37, 708 city bicycle 581 city bus 568 city hall 710 city houses 419 clam 217 clam cleat 835 clamp 274, 303,381,424, 462 clamp binder 532 clamp lever 381 clamp spotlight 286 clamp/holder 685 clamping block 700 clamping screw 312 clamping screws 700 clapper/the slate 429 clapskate 883 clarinet 446 clarinets 437 clasp 386, 387 class ring 376 classic blouse 359 classification yard 589 classified advertisements 471 classroom 727, 734, 735 classroom for students with learning disabilities 734 clavicle 111, 116, 122, 141, 142, 152 claw 96, 98, 107, 113, 115, 121, 122, 130, 133, 140, 143, 301, 376, 425 claw hammer 301 claw, extended 133 claw, retracted 133 claw-pole rotor 688 clay 822 clay core 660 clay target 860 clean and jerk 850 clean dish table 721 clean utility room 778 cleaner height adjustment knob 289 cleaning brush 383 ASTRONOMY > 2-25;

\ 926

EARTH >26-71;

VEGETABLE KINGDOM >72-89:

DO-IT-YOURSELF AND GARDENING > 296-333: OFFICE AUTOMATION > 466-535:

cleaning supplies 721 cleaning tools 289 cleanout 270 clear key 529 clear sky 56 dear-entry key 529 cleat 834, 835 cleated shoe 808 cleated shoes 885 cleaver 229 clefs 434 clerks’ desk 728 clerks’ office 728 clew 836 click 696, 697 cliff7, 45, 51 climate control 556 climates of the world 61 climbing 900 climbing harness 901 climbing iron 345 climbing plant 322 climbing shoe 900 climbing structure, artificial 900 clinical thermometer 695 clinical thermometers 777 clip 284, 470, 506, 534, 700,913 clip earrings 374 clipboard 533 clipless pedal 870 clippers 381 clitoris 170 cloaca 103, 110, 113, 116 cloakroom 394, 719, 723, 731 cloche 341 clock 488, 489,491, 734 clock mechanism 697 clock operator 810 clock radio 503 clock timer 238, 290 clog 344 close hauled 833 close reach 833 close-up lens 478 closed stringer 255 closed to bicycles 545, 546 closed to motorcycles 545, 546 closed to pedestrians 545, 546 closed to trucks 545, 546 closeness setting 383 closet 250, 279 closure rail 590 cloth roller 460 clothing 336 clothing guard 783 clothing store 714 cloud 53, 65 cloud ceiling, measure 59 cloud of volcanic ash 44 cloudless sky 56 clouds 56, 62 clouds of vertical development 62 cloudwater 70 cloudy sky 56 clove 198 clove hitch 908 cloverleaf 538, 539 club 914 club chair 276 clubhouse 856, 866 clubhouse turn 856 clubs 823 clump of flowers 322 clutch 552 clutch housing 576 clutch lever 327, 574, 576 clutch pedal 556 coach 568, 800, 811, 827, 879 coach car 584 coach’s box 794 coaches 881, 883 coaches’ stand 891 coal mine 647 coal storage yard 646 coal-fired thermal power plant 646 coarse adjustment knob 693 coarse salt 201 coastal features 51 coat check 720 coat dress 356 coat hook 510 coat rack 510 coat tree 510 coatroom 726 coats 352, 355 coaxial cable 523 cob 85 cobalt 683 cobra 114

CLOTHING > 334-371;

coccyx 152, 157 cochlea 174 cochlear nerve 174 cock 752 cockatoo 118 cockchafer 101 cocking lever 757 cockle 217 cockleshell 276 cockpit 834, 873, 898 cockpit canopy 898 cockpit ventilation 898 cockroach 101 cocktail glass 225 cocktail lounge 724 cocoa 208 coconut 193 Cocos Plate 43 code 528 coelophysis 93 coffee 208 coffee beans 208 coffee maker 241 coffee makers 241 coffee mill 240 coffee mug 226 coffee pot 905 coffee shop 710, 715, 725 coffee spoon 228 coil 68§ coil spring 285, 553 coiling 465 coin 729 coin chute 920 coin purse 387 coin reject slot 920 coin return bucket 507 coin slot 507, 920 coin, reverse 729 coin: obverse 729 cola nut 193 colander 231 cold air 64, 675 cold coolant 665, 674 cold food 722 cold heavy water 670 cold room 722 cold shed 596 cold storage chamber 180, 181 cold temperate climates 61 cold-water circuit 262 cold-water riser 262 cold-water supply 266 cold-water supply line 265, 267, 270, 271 collar77, 348, 349,352, 362, 370,383,838,851 collar bar 376 collar point 349, 362 collar stay 349 collards 186 collaret 339, 363 collars, examples 362 collateral 168 collecting funnel 59 collecting vessel 59 collection body 573 collector head 18 collector rings 688 collet 308, 482 collie 130 Colombia 742 colon 97, 113, 125,473 color chart 398 color control 512 color display 456 color filter 478 color selection filter 494 color shifting ink 729 color spray 398 color supplement 471 color synthesis 690 color television camera 20 color wheel 400 colored pencil drawing 396 colored pencils 396 colors 400 colors, examples 741 colter 641, 643 colter’s shaft 641 Columba 11 columella 105 columella fold 105 column 47, 64, 259, 287, 307, 403,405,452, 471, 482, 485, 540,919 column crank 482 column lock 482 column of mercury 695

ANIMAL KINGDOM > 90-143;

HUMAN BEING > 144-177;

PERSONAL ACCESSORIES AND ARTICLES > 372-391;

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY > 536-643;

ENERGY > 644-677;

SCIENCE > 678-705;

column radiator 259 coma 8 Coma Berenices 13 comb 417, 461, 749 comb binding 533 combat aircraft 760 combat sports 842 combination 852 combination box and open end wrench 311 combination lock 386 combine harvester 643 combs 380 combustion 564, 565, 627 combustion chamber 564, 566 comet 8 comforter 280 comma 473 command control dial 476 command module 19, 25 commander’s seat 758 commando knife 751 commercial area 713 commercial concern 525 commercial zone 709 commissure of lips of mouth 174 common carotid artery 160 common coastal features 51 common extensor of fingers 151 common frog 111 common hair cap moss 75 common iliac artery 160, 165 common iliac vein 165 common nail 301 common periwinkle 217 common peroneal nerve 166 common plaice 221 common polypody 76 common symbols 725 common toad 111 common whipping 908 communicating ramus 168 communication antenna 761 communication by telephone 506 communication devices 522 communication module 486 communication panels 626 communication protocol 524 communication set 594 communication tunnel 23 Communications 468 communications volume controls 20 communion rail 737 Community Chest card 915 commutator 688 commuter train 583 Comoros 746 compact 378 comp'act bone 154 compact disc 501, 504 compact disc player 488, 501, 503, 504 compact disc player controls 504 compact disc player, portable 503 compact disc reading 501 compact disc recorder 503 compact disc rewritable 521 compact disc rewritable recorder 521 compact flash memory card 481 compact memory card 477 compact videocassette adapter 496 compacting 71 compartment 279, 416, 919 compass 898, 907 compass bridge 604, 608, 609 compass card 37, 612, 907 compass meridian line 907 compass saw 303 competition 789 competition area 845, 846, 847 competition course basin 788 competition ring 852 competition site: half-pipe 887 competitive course 831 competitors’ compound 871 competitors’ line 845, 847 complaints office 768 complex dune 52 compluvium 406 composition of the blood 162 compost bln 323 compound bow 859, 913 compound eye 96, 98, 99 compound leaves 79 compressed air reservoir 586 compressed-air cylinder 765, 841 compressed-air tank 873 compression 564, 565, 627

FOOD AND KITCHEN > 178-241;

ARTS AND ARCHITECTURE > 392-465;

SOCIETY > 706-785:

HOUSE > 242-295:

COMMUNICATIONS AND

SPORTS AND GAMES > 786-920

ASTRONOMY > 2-25;

EARTH >26-71;

VEGETABLE KINGDOM >72-89;

DO-IT-YOURSELF AND GARDENING > 296-333; OFFICE AUTOMATION > 466-535;

CLOTHING > 334-371;

cooling tower 646 cooling vent 526 coping 894 coping saw 303 copper 683 copper plate 422 copper to plastic 269 copper to steel 269 copulatory bursa 97, 104 copy output mode 512 copy quantity 512 copyright 473 coracoid 111, 116 Coral Sea 29 coral snake 114 corbel 408 corbel piece 256 cord 285, 288, 289,316, 331, 332,424, 505 cord sleeve 308, 318 cord tieback 282 cordate 79 cordless drill-driver 306 cordless mouse 516 cordless screwdriver 302 cordless telephone 507 core 6, 82,867, 908, 912 core box bit 308 coriander 202 Corinthian column 407 Corinthian order 405 Corinthian pilaster 407 cork 892 cork ball 797 cork tip 817 corkscrew 230, 905 corn 85, 203 corn bread 205 corn flour 204 corn oil 209 corn salad 187 corn syrup 209 corn: cob 85 cornea 177, 691 corner 426, 842 corner arc 803 corner cap 587 corner cupboard 279 corner fitting 635 corner flag 801, 803 corner judge 845 cornerjudges 846 corner pad 842 corner stool 842 corner structure 635 corner stud 252 corner tower 408 cornerpiece 389 cornet 437, 447 cornice245, 247,278, 282,403 404 corolla 80 corona 6 Corona Australis 10 Corona Borealis 13 corona radiata 170 coronal suture 158 coronet 124, 127 coronet boot 853 corpus callosum 167 correction fluid 534 correction key 456 correction paper 534 corridor connection 584 corrosive 774 corselette 366 corset 337, 367 cortex 165 Corvus 11 corymb 81 cosmetic tray 389 cosmetics 717 Costa Rica 742 costal cartilage 122 costal shield 113 costume 428 cot 776 Cote d’Ivoire 745 cotehardie 337 cottage cheese 210 cottage curtain 282 cotter pin 249 cotton applicators 777 cotyledon 77 couched stitches 459 coude focus 17 cougar 134 cough syrup 783 coulomb 702

ANIMAL KINGDOM > 90-143;

HUMAN BEING > 144-177;

PERSONAL ACCESSORIES AND ARTICLES > 372-391;

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY > 536-643;

ENERGY > 644-677;

SCIENCE > 678-705;

Coulommiers 211 counsels’ assistants 728 counter 370, 722 counter reset button 499 counterguard 409 counterjib 634 counterjib ballast 634 counterpressure cylinder 421 counterscarp 409 countertop 224 counterweight 14, 16, 417, 500, 542, 591, 634, 638, 639, 640 counterweight guide rail 417 country 37, 709 coupler head 586, 640, 641 coupler knuckle 587 coupler knuckle pin 587 coupler-tilt tablet 444 coupling bolt 659 coupling guide device 585 coupon booth 731 course 833, 866, 874, 890 course buoys 838 course gate 837 course steward 853, 855 course umpire 838 court728, 809,810, 812,813, 814, 816, 818, 819, 820 court referee 814 courthouse 710 courtroom 728 courtyard 727, 735, 738 couscous 204 couscous kettle 235 cousin 785 couter 749 cove bit 308 cover240, 261,268, 273, 274, 391,477, 512, 755, 757, 767, 797, 867, 907 coveralls 887 covered parapet walk 408 covered way 409 covering 425, 815 covering disk 643 covering grille 259 covering materials 299 cow 128 cow hitch 908 cowl 550 cowl neck 363 Cowper’s gland 169 cowshed 182 coxa 96, 98 coxal gland 103 coxed eight 839 coxed four 839 coxed pair 839 coxless double 839 coxless four 839 coxless pair 839 coxswain’s seat 838 Coyoixauhqui stone 412 crab 218 crab spider 102 cracked bread 205 cracked rye bread 205 cradle 14, 15, 485, 756 crafts 452 crakow 339 crampon strap 901 crampon system 893 cranberry 192 crane 652 crane runway 634 cranes 634 cranial nerves 166 crank230, 307, 312,580, 750, 910 crank handle 313, 423 crankcase 565 crankshaft 564, 566 crash helmet 872, 884, 885 crate 222 Crater 11 crater 7, 44, 647 crater ray 7 crawl kick 832 crawler tractor 636 crayfish 218 cream 210 cream cheese 210 cream cup 223 creamer 226 crease 350 credenza 510 credit card 729 Cree 469 creel 911

FOOD AND KITCHEN > 178-241;

ARTS AND ARCHITECTURE > 392-465;

SOCIETY > 706-785;

HOUSE > 242-295;

COMMUNICATIONS AND

SPORTS AND GAMES > 786-920

creep 47 cremaster 97 crenate 79 crepidoma 403, 405 crescendo pedal 444 crescent 741 crescent wrench 311 crescentic dune 52 crest 45, 49, 690, 748, 797 crest of spillway 657 Cretaceous 93 crevasse 46 crevice tool 289 crew neck 368 crew neck sweater 354, 359 crew quarters 604 crew return vehicle 21 crew’s locker 584 crib 281 cribriform plate of ethmoid 175 cricket 798 cricket ball 798 cricket player 798 cricket shoe 798 crime prevention 768 crimp 901 crimping 912 crisper 291 crisscross curtains 283 critical point 891 Croatia 744 crochet hook 457 crocodile 114 crocus 80 croissant 204 crook 446 crook key 446 crookneck squash 189 crop 97, 99, 104, 106, 116 crosne 184 cross 740 cross brace 783 cross cut 650 cross handle 919 cross rail 277 cross section 920 cross section of a baseball 797 cross section of a buttress dam 660 cross section of a golf ball 867 cross section of a gravity dam 661 cross section of a hydroelectric power plant 658 cross section of a molar 159 cross section of a muzzle loading 753 cross section of a pipe 390 cross section of a power plant 664 cross section of a reflecting telescope 15 cross section of a reflex camera 477 cross section of a refracting telescope 14 cross section of a road 538 cross section of a street 712 cross section of an airbrush 398 cross section of an arch dam 661 cross section of an astronomical observatory 17 cross section of an electron microscope 694 cross section of an embankment dam 660 cross stitches 459 cross-country bicycle 870 cross-country cyclist 870 cross-country ski 892 cross-country ski trail 886 cross-country skier 892 cross-country skiing 892 cross-headed tip 302 cross-tip screwdriver 905 crossarm 663 crossbar 424, 433, 461, 578, 792, 827, 897 crossbeam 460 crossbow 750 crossbuck sign 591 crosshead 632 crossing 410, 411 crossing arm 568 crossing gate mechanism 591 crossover back straps overalls 369 crossover cargo deck line 607 crossover mirror 568 crosspiece 278, 460, 782 crosstree 834 crosswise grain 455 crotch 351 crotch piece 359

927

INDEX

container ship 596, 604 container terminal 596, 708 container-loading bridge 596 container/pallet loader 623 containers 635 containment building 665, 667 contest area 844, 845, 846 contestant 844, 846 continent 49 continental crust 42 continental margin 49 continental rise 49 continental shelf 49 continental slope 49 continents, configuration 28 continuity person 429 continuity tester 316 continuous beam 540 contour feather 115 contrabassoons 437 contractile vacuole 94 contrast control 512, 518 control 514 control bar 897 control box 267 control button 516 control cable 323, 580 control center 394, 727, 764 control column 626 control console 10, 626 control deck 605 control gate 890 control key 514 control keys 508 control knob 290, 292,293,294 control lever 649 control lights 519, 520 control of staff entries and exits 726 control panel 238, 239, 261, 290, 292,293,294,476,512, 518, 694,766 control rod 670, 671 control room 10, 431, 488, 657, 669, 718, 768 control room, radio 488 control rooms, television 490 control stand 586 control stick 631, 898 control tower 618, 761 control tower cab 618 control valve 903 control visual display 694 control wheel 626, 766 control: group select 514 controller 918 controller ports 918 convection 681 convection current 681 convection zone 6 convective cell 63 convector 260 convenience food 181 convenience outlet 316 convention center 708, 711, 718 conventional door 416 convergent plate boundaries 43 converging lenses 691 convertible 549 convex lens 691 conveyor 646, 647, 649 conveyor belt 71, 620 Cook Strait 29 cook’s knife 229 cooked ham 216 cookie cutters 232 cooking area 722 cooking dishes 239 cooking plate 239, 722 cooking set 905 cooking surface 239 cooking utensils 234, 722 cooksonia 92 cooktop 224, 290 cooktop edge 290 cool tip 381 coolant 665, 674 coolant inlet 672 coolant outlet 672 coolant: boiling water 671 coolant: carbon dioxide 670 coolant: pressurized heavy water 670 coolant: pressurized water 671 cooler 906 cooling 656 cooling cylinder 692 cooling fan 497, 552, 561, 563, 566 cooling system 553

compression coupling 270 compression fitting 269 compression link 640 compression/intake 565 compressor 260, 533 compressor turbine 627 computer 513, 734 computer compartment 527 computer connector 518 computer interface port 520 computer network 523 computer programs 771 computer room 763 computer science room 734 computer screen 20 computer table 511 concave lens 691 concave primary mirror 15 concentric lamellae 154 concert grand 443 concha 173 conchlglle 206 concourse 582 concrete 298 concrete block 298 concrete drain 655 concrete shielding 670, 671 concrete wall 675 condensation 67, 680 condensation of steam into water 665 condensation pool 671 condensed 472 condenser 646, 668, 674, 693, 694 condenser adjustment knob 693 condenser backwash inlet 669 condenser backwash outlet 669 condenser coil 261 condenser cooling water inlet 669 condenser cooling water outlet 669 condenser fan 261 condenser height adjustment 693 condenser water outlet 668 condiments 200, 723 condominium 886 condominiums 419 condor 119 conduction 681 conductor’s podium 437 condyloid joint 156 cone 89,177,705 conference room 509, 718, 730 confessionals 737 configuration of the continents 28 confined aquifer 646 confirmation key 731 confluent 48 Confucianism 736 Confucius 736 Congo 745 Congo River 34 conic projection 36 conical broach roof 415 conical buoy 615, 617 conical washer 265 conifer 89 coniferous forest 66 conifers, examples 89 conjunctiva 177 connecting cable 465, 502 connecting gallery 543 connecting rod 564, 566 connecting terminal 452 connection 916 connection box 490 connection pin 689 connection point 273 connective tissue 172 connector 269, 272, 488 connector panel 518 conning tower 763 consen/ation laboratory 395 constellations of the Northern hemisphere 12 constellations of the Southern hemisphere 10 constriction 695 consumer 487 consumer number 273 contact 274, 916 contact devices 274 contact lenses 384 contact lever 287 contact printer 484 container 59, 236, 320, 605, 635 container car 588 container hold 605 container semitrailer 572

INDEX

Crottin de Chavignol 210 crouching position (freestyle wrestling) 843 croup 124, 826 crown 87, 115, 159,340,341, 374,398,440.448,610,696 crown block 651 crownpiece 854 crucifix 737 crude oil 656 crude-oil pipeline 654 cruise control 556 cruise control lever 333 crus of helix 173 crushed chiles 199 crusher 71, 646 crushing roll 642 crustaceans 107, 218 crustose lichen 74 crutch 782 Crux 11 crystal button 287 crystal drop 287 crystallization 680 Cuba 742 cube 705 cuboid 155 cucumber 188 cue ball 862, 863 cuff338, 342,349, 350, 880 cuff link 361 cuirass 748 cuisse 749 culet374 culler-facer-canceler 474 culottes 357 cultivated mushroom 183 cultivator 641 cultural organization 525 cumin 198 cumulonimbus 56, 62 cumulus 56, 62 cuneiform, 1st 155 cuneiform, 2nd 155, 156 cup223,226, 367, 905, 906, 912 cup gasket 773 cupola 614 cupped Pacific oyster 217 cupule 84 curator’s office 394 curb 712, 872 curb bit 854 curb chain 854 curb hook 854 curb rein 854 curium 684 curled endive 187 curled kale 186 curler 877 curling 877 curling brush 877 curling iron 381 curling stone 877 currant 192 currant tomato 188 currency abbreviations, examples 728 currency exchange 725 currency, name 729 current event scoreboard 825 curry 198 cursor down 515 cursor left 515 cursor movement keys 515, 529 cursor right 515 cursor up 515 curtain 282, 389, 492 curtain pole 284 curtain track 284 curtain wall 408 curtains, examples 283 curved jaw 310 customer service 731 customer’s service entrance 273 customers’ entrance 720 customers’ restrooms 720 customs control 621 customs house 596 cut for gemstones 375 cut nail 301 cut stone 298 cut-off trench 660, 661 cuticle nippers 377 cuticle pusher 377 cuticle scissors 377 cuticle trimmer 377 cutlery basket 294 cutlery set 905 cuts of beef 214

cuts of lamb 215 cuts of pork 215 cuts of veal 214 cutter 317 cutter bar 642, 643 cutter link 331 cutting blade 236, 240, 424, 534 cutting board 229 cutting cylinder 332 cutting edge 227, 229, 382, 636, 637, 638 cutting guide 424 cutting head 535 cutting line 455 cutting oxygen handle 319 cutting tip 319 cutting tools 330 cutting torch 319 cutting weapons 751 cutting wire 464 cuttlefish 217 cyan 690 cyanobacteria 92 cycling 870 cyclone 63 cyclone names 63 cyclorama 492 Cygnus 12 cylinder 249, 268, 564, 705, 754 cylinder case 249 cylinder head cover 552, 566 cylinder pressure gauge 319 cylinder vacuum cleaner 289 cylindrical buoy 615 cylindrical projection 36 cymbal 448 cymbals 437, 449 cypress scalelike leaves 89 Cyprus 744 cytopharynx 94 cytoplasm 74, 94, 170 cytoproct 94 cytostome 94 Czech 469 Czech Republic 744

□ D 434,862 D carabiner900 d quark 680 dabber422 daffodil 80 dagger 751 daggerboard 836 daggerboard well 836 daikon 189 dairy 182 dairy compartment 291 dairy products 180, 210 dairy products receiving area 180 dalmatian 131 dam 657 damper 258, 443, 465 damper lever 443 damper pedal 442, 451 damper rail 443 dance blade 881 dandelion 187 danger 616 danger area 844 danger zone 847 dangerous materials 774 Danish 469 Danish Blue 211 Danish rye bread 205 Danube River 32 dark chocolate 208 darkness 617 darkroom equipment 484 darmstadtium 683 dart 455, 918 dart sac 104 dartboard 918 darts 918 dash 473 dashboard 556, 574 dashboard computer 771 dashboard equipment 771 data display 479, 495, 508 data display illumination button 479 data hold 316 data logger 58 data processing 41, 54 data reception 41 data record system 694 data recording 41 data storage devices 521 ASTRONOIVIY > 2-25;

EARTH >26-71;

VEGETABLE KINGDOM >72-89;

DO-IT-YOURSELF AND GARDENING > 296-333; OFFICE AUTOMATION > 466-535;

data transmission 41 database 525 date 192, 729 date display/recording button 496 dater 531 dating nail 590 daughter 784, 785 daughter-in-law 784 David 736 davit 602, 606 day-care center 715 daymark 615 daymarks 617 dayroom 727 dead ball line 804 dead bolt 248, 249 dead bowl area 864 deadly poisonous mushroom 76 death 702 debit card 731 debris 63 decagon 705 decanter 225 deceleration and braking zone 891 deceleration lane 539 deceleration stretch 885 deciduous forest 66 decimal key 529 decimal tab 528 deck 471, 540, 571, 650, 838, 893 deck arch bridge 541 deck crane 761 declination 13 declination setting scale 14, 15 decollete bra 367 decomposers 67 decorative accessories 716 decorative braid 368 decoy 913 decoy launcher 762 dedicated line 523, 524 deep fryer 238, 721 deep peroneal nerve 166 deep-sea floor 42 deer crossing 545, 547 defense counsels’ bench 728 defense third 809 defensive midfielder 803 deferent duct 169 defibrillator 775 deflector 260, 329,332,333 deforestation 69 defrost drain 291 degree 704 degree Celsius 702 dehumidifier 261 Deimos 4 delete 515 delete key 515 delicatessen 180, 216 delicious lactarius 183 delivery 799, 864 delivery entrance 713 Delphinus 12 delta 48, 51 delta distributary 48 Delta II 24 delta wing 629, 630 deltoid 150 deluge gun 766 demilune 409 demitasse 226 Democratic People’s Republic of Korea 747 Democratic Republic of the Congo 745 dendrite 168 Denmark 744 denomination 729 dental alveolus 159 dental care 384 dental floss 384 dental floss holder 384 dentary 112 dentate 79 dentil 404, 405 dentin 159 deodorant 379 deoxygenated blood 162 department store 715, 716 departure time indicator 582 depolarizing mix 689 deposit slot 730 depressed-center flat car 588 depth adjustment 308 depth finder 613 depth gauge 841 depth of focus 43

CLOTHING > 334-371;

depth scale 613 depth stop 307 depth-of-cut adjustment knob 309 depth-of-field preview button 476 depth-of-field scale 478 derailleur 578, 580, 870 derby 340 dermis 172 derrick 604, 607, 651, 652, 654 derrick mast 607 descender 900 descending aorta 161 descending colon 164 descending passage 402 desert 52, 61, 66 desired temperature 261 desk 724 desk lamp 286 desk mat 511 desk tray 531 desktop computer 522, 523, 524 desktop video unit 520 dessert fork 228 dessert knife 228 dessert spoon 228 desserts 723 destination 582 destroying angel 76 detachable body truck 573 detachable control 239 detachable palm rest 514 detergent dispenser 294 detonator 757 deuterium oxide upgrading 669 developer bath 485 developing baths 485 developing tank 484 Devonian 92 dew 65 dew pad 130 dew shield 14 dewclaw 130 dexter 740 dexter base 740 dexter chief 740 dexter flank 740 diable 235 diacritic symbols 473 diagonal 663 diagonal buttress 410 diagonal movement 916 diagonal step 892 dial 273, 695, 696, 697, 698 dial-type display 613 dial/action button 527 diameter 704 diamond 375, 914 diamond interchange 538 diamond mesh metal lath 299 diamond point 278 diaper 368 diaphragm 163, 477, 488, 502 diaphysis 155 diastema 123 dibble 324 dice 914 dice cup 915 die 915 diesel engine 586 diesel engine compartment 637, 638,639 diesel engine cycle 565 diesel engines 762 diesel lift engine 605 diesel motor compartment 636 diesel oil 656 diesel propulsion engine 605 diesel shop 583 diesel-electric locomotive 586 differential 553 difficult slope 886 difficulty judges 823 diffuser 428, 479 diffuser pin 329 dig 812 digestive gland 104, 105, 106, 107 digestive glands 103 digestive system 164 digit no, 122, 143 digital audio player, portable 503 digital audio tape recorder 488 digital camcorder 517 digital camera 481, 517 digital display 316, 699, 777 digital frequency display 498 digital nerve 166 digital pad 130, 133 digital pulp 172 digital reflex camera 477

ANIMAL KINGDOM > 90-143;

HUMAN BEING > 144-177;

PERSONAL ACCESSORIES AND ARTICLES > 372-391;

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY > 536-643;

ENERGY > 644-677;

SCIENCE > 678-705;

digital storage 481 digital thermometer 777 digital versatile disc 494 digital video effects monitor 491 digital video special effects 491 digital voice recorder 534 digital watch 696 digitizing pad 517 digits 116 Dijon mustard 200 dike 44 dill 202 dimetrodon 92 dimmer switch 274 dimple 867 dinette 224, 250 dining car 584 dining room 250, 406, 608, 720, 723, 724, 727, 763, 764 dining section 584 dinner fork 228 dinner knife 228 dinner plate 226 dinnerware 226 dinnerware, glassware and silverware 717 diode 673 Dione 5 dioptric ring 614 dip switch 576 dipper 398 dipper arm 637 dipper arm cylinder 637 direct home reception 486 direct-current power cord 526 direct-reading rain gauge 58, 59 direction of electron flow 687, 689 direction of Mecca 738 direction to be followed 544, 546 directional buttons 918 directional sign 593 director 429 director of photography 429 director of shooting 859 director’s chair 276 director’s control monitors 428 director’s office 731, 732 director’s seat 429 directory 524 dirty dish table 721 disc 559, 641 disc arm 641 disc brake 552, 559, 574, 874 disc compartment 501 disc compartment control 501 disc faucet 268 disc tray 494, 521 discharge bay 666 dischdge line 263 discharge outlet 246 discus 793 discus throw 791 dish 239, 493 « dish antenna 493 dishwasher224, 271,294, 721, 723 disk9, 273, 423, 521,560, 851 disk camera 481 disk drive 450 disk eject button 521 disk motor 521 disk spacing lever 643 diskette 521 disks 237 displacement 690 display261,494, 497, 503,505, 506, 507, 526, 529, 530, 548, 613, 699, 730, 731 display cabinet 279, 510 display panel 496 display preparation area 180 display release button 526 display setting 506 disposable camera 480 disposable contact lens 384 disposable diaper 368 disposable fuel cylinder 314, 319 disposable razor 383 distal epiphysis 155 distal phalange 154, 155 distal phalanx 126, 133, 172 distal sesamoid 126 distance 385 distance scale 478 distance traveled 700 distance, measure 700 distress beacon 611 distributary, delta 48 distribution box 263

FOOD AND KITCHEN > 178-241;

ARTS AND ARCHITECTURE > 392-465;

SOCIETY > 706-785;

HOUSE > 242-295;

COMMUNICATIONS AND

SPORTS AND GAMES > 786-920

ASTRONOMY > 2-25;

EARTH > 26-71;

VEGETABLE KINGDOM >72-89;

DO-IT-YOURSELF AND GARDENING > 296-333; OFFICE AUTOMATION > 466-535;

dot matrix printer 520 double 853 double bass 439 double basses 437 double bed 724 double bend 544, 547 double boiler 235 double circuit breaker 272 double curtain rod 284 double drop lowbed semitrailer 572 double flat 435 double glazing 675 double oxer 852, 853 double pennant 739 double plate 252 double pulley system 686 double reed 446 double ring 918 double room 724 double seat 594 double sharp 435 double sheet bend 908 double sink 262 double spacing 472 double virgule 524 double zero 919 double zero key 529 double-bladed paddle 837, 839 double-blank 914 double-breasted buttoning 352 double-breasted jacket 348 double-burner camp stove 903 double-decked pallet 632 double-decker bus 569 double-edged blade 383 double-edged razor 383 double-leaf bascule bridge 542 double-six 914 double-twist auger bit 306 doubles luge 884 doubles service court 817 doubles sideline 817, 820 doublet 338, 914 doubling die 915 doubly dentate 79 dough hook 236 Douglas, pouch 170 dousing water tank 665, 669 dousing water valve 669 dovetail 692 dovetail bit 308 down tube 579 down wind 833 downhill 889 downhill bicycle 870 downhill cyclist 870 downhill ski 888 downspout 244 downstream face 661 downstream gate 837 downstream shoulder 660 downstream toe 660 downtown 709, 710 dozen (1 to 12) 919 dozen (13 to 24) 919 dozen (25 to 36) 919 Draco 13 draft arm 638 draft hole 259 draft link 640 draft tube 638, 658, 659 draft tube liner 659 drafting machine 399 drafting table 399 drag 630, 909 dragonfly 102 dragons 917 drain 262, 270 drain hose 271, 292, 294 drain tile 253 drain valve 266, 267, 655 drainage blanket 660 drainage layer 660 draining circuit 262 draining spoon 233 Drake Passage 29, 31 draped neck 363 draped neckline 363 draped swag 283 draw 789 draw bar hitch 641 draw bar hitch head 642 draw drapery 282 draw hoe 326 draw tube 693 drawbar 756 drawbar lock 756 drawbridge 408 drawer224, 278, 279,281,290

CLOTHING > 334-371;

drawers 351 drawing 396, 401 drawing board 399 drawing, accessories 399 drawing, equipment 396 drawstring 353, 387 drawstring bag 387, 388 drawstring hood 369 dredger 232 dress with bustle 337 dress with crinoline 337 dress with panniers 337 dressage 855 dresser 279, 428 dresses, examples 356 dressing room 428, 431, 509, 734 dressmaker’s model 454 dried chiles 199 drift 650 drifting snow high 57 drifting snow low 57 drill 307 drill collar 651 drill pipe 651 drill press 307 drill rod 648 drill ship 604, 653 drilling drawworks 651 drilling rig 651 drilling tools 306 drills 306 drink box 223 drinks 180 drip bowl 290 drip dry 347 drip molding 551 drip pan 239 drip tray 241 dripping pan 234 drive belt 292 drive chain 578 drive pulley 688 drive shaft 553, 605, 631 drive wheel 240, 307 drive wheels 639 driven compressor wheel 564 driver 857, 868, 872 driver seat 577 driver’s cab 585, 586 driver’s seat 758 driveway 245 driving glove 346 driving turbine wheel 564 driving wheel 462, 640 drizzle 64 dromedary camel 129 drone 99 drone pipe 432 droop nose 629 drop earrings 374 drop light 316 drop shot 821 drop waist dress 356 drop-leaf 278 drug storage 775 drum 230, 285,293,404, 448, 559,612, 697 drum brake 559 drumlin 45 drums 448 drumstick 433 drupelet 83 dry cells 689 dry cleaner 715 dry climates 61 dry dock 596 dry flat 347 dry fruits 84, 193 dry gallery 47 dry pastel 396 dry pastel drawing 396 dry well 671 dry-weather tire 872 drying 347 drypoint 422, 423 dual cassette deck 503 dual launch structure 24 dual seat 575 dual swivel mirror 381 dual-in-line package 689 dubnium 683 duck 120, 213 duck egg 213 duffel bag 388 duffle coat 353 dugout 794 dugout canoe 599 dulse 183 dumbbell 850

ANIMAL KINGDOM > 90-143;

HUMAN BEING > 144-177;

PERSONAL ACCESSORIES AND ARTICLES > 372-391;

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY > 536-643;

ENERGY > 644-677;

SCIENCE > 678-705;

dump 647, 648 dump body 572, 573, 639 dump semitrailer 572 dump truck 573, 639 dune 51 dunes, examples 52 duo 438 duodenum 116, 164 dura mater 167, 168 durian 197 dust canister 308 dust cover 500 dust receiver 288 dust spout 304 dust storm 57 dust tail 8 dusting brush 289 dustpan 295 Dutch 469 Dutch bicycle 581 Dutch oven 235 duty belt 770 duty-free shop 621 DVD 494 DVD player 494 DVD recorder 521 dynamic brake 586 dynamic microphone 488 dynamics propeller 605 dynamo 688 dysprosium 684

E434 e-commerce 525 e-mail 525 e-mail key 514 e-mail software 524 eagle 119, 741 ear 133, 140, 146,277 ear flap 340 ear loaf 204 ear muffs 861 ear plugs 872 ear protection 772, 774 ear, auricle 173 ear, structure 174 earbud 506 earbuds 872 eardrum 174 earlobe 173 earphone 502 earphone jack 513 earphones 503 earpiece 385, 776 earplugs 772 earrings 374 Earth 4, 5, 6, 7, 28 earth auger, motorized 323 Earth coordinate system 35 earth foundation 538 Earth radiation scanner 60 Earth radiation sensor 60 Earth sensor 40, 60 Earth’s atmosphere, profile 53 Earth’s crust 42, 43 Earth’s crust, section 42 Earth’s orbit 6, 7 Earth, structure 42 earthflow 47 earthquake 43 easel 399, 484 East37, 616, 917 East cardinal mark 617 East China Sea 33 East Pacific Ridge 50 East-Northeast 37 East-Southeast 37 Eastern Hemisphere 35 Eastern meridian 36 easy slope 886 eau de parfum 379 eau de toilette 379 eave 412 eccrine sweat gland 172 echinoderms 94, 95 echinus 404 echo 40, 41 echo sounder probe 613 eclipses, types 6, 7 ecliptic 13 economy and finance 728 ectoderm 95 ectopterygoid 112 Ecuador 742 edge 300, 454, 729,881,884 887, 888, 907

FOOD AND KITCHEN > 178-241;

ARTS AND ARCHITECTURE > 392-465;

SOCIETY > 706-785;

HOUSE > 242-295;

COMMUNICATIONS AND

SPORTS AND GAMES > 786-920

edging 322 edible boletus 183 edit search button 496 editorial 471 education 732 educational institution 525, 711 eel 219 effluent 48 effort 686 effusive volcano 44 egg 100, 117, 170 egg beater 232 egg butt snaffle bit 854 egg carton 222 egg noodles 207 egg poacher 235 egg slicer 233 egg timer 231 egg tray 291 eggplant 188 eggs 109, 111,213 Egypt 745 Egyptian reed pen 470 eight cut 375 eighth note 435 eighth rest 435 einsteinium 684 ejaculatory duct 169 eject button 477, 499, 918 ejection port 755 ejection seat 760 El Salvador 742 elastic 280 elastic ligament 133 elastic strainer 902, 903 elastic support bandage 777 elastic waistband 353 elastic webbing 350 elasticized leg opening 351 elbow 124, 130, 140, 147, 149, 156,258 elbow pad 800, 808, 894, 895 elbow pads 880 elbow, 45° 269 elbows 206 electric automobile 563 electric baseboard radiator 260 electric cable 563 electric charge, measurement 702 electric circuit 274 electric connection 258, 260 electric current, measurement 702 electric drill 306 electric dryer 293 electric fan motor 561 electric foil 848 electric furnace 258 electric golf cart 869 electric grill, indoor 239 electric guitar 441 electric kiln 465 electric knife 237 electric miter saw 304 electric motor 259, 331, 332, 563 electric potential difference, measurement 702 electric range 290, 721 electric razor 383 electric resistance, measurement 702 electric steamer 239 electric supply 266 electric variometer 898 electric water-heater tank 266 electrical box 274 electrical cable 556 electrical circuit, parallel 687 electrical connection 571 electrical connection panel 489 electrical hazard 774 electrical inlet 465 electrical payout linkage 920 electrical power unit 622 electrical scoring apparatus 848 electrical system 553 electricity 272, 687 electricity cable 712 electricity meter 273 electricity production room 763 electricity tools 316 electricity transmission 663, 665 electricity transmission network 674 electrode 275, 318 electrode assembly 259 electrode holder 318 electrode lead 318 electrolytic capacitors 689 electrolytic separator 689 electromagnetic spectrum 690

INDEX

distribution by aerial cable network 486 distribution by submarine cable 487 distribution by underground cable network 487 distribution center 474 distribution panel 272, 273 distributor cap 552, 566 distributor service loop 273 district 39 ditali 206 ditch 538, 864 divergent plate boundaries 43 diverging lenses 691 diversion tunnel 657 dives, examples 829 divide key 529 divided by 703 divider 386, 643 dividers 532 dividing breeching 767 diving 828 diving board 246 diving glove 841 diving installations 828 diving plane 763 diving tower 828 diving well 246, 788 djembe 433 Djibouti 745 Dnieper River 32 do 847 do not iron 347 do not tumble dry 347 do not use chlorine bleach 347 do not wash 347 do-it-yourself 298 do-it-yourself store 714 dock 596 dock crane 596 docking cradle 527 document compartment 527 document folder 532 document handler 512 document-to-be-sent position 508 documentation center 394, 764 dodecagon 705 dog 130,913 dog breeds 130 dog ear collar 362 dog’s forepaw 130 dog, morphology 130 dog, skeleton 131 dohyo 847 dolichos beans 190 dollar 728 dolly 428 dolly tracks 428 dolphin 136, 137 dolphin, morphology 136 dolphin, skeleton 136 domain name 524 dome roof 415 dome shutter 17 dome tent 903 domestic appliances 236, 240, 288 domestic appliances, major 716 domestic appliances, small 717 domestic pollution 69 Dominica 743 Dominican Republic 743 dominoes 914 door238, 278, 290,293,417, 551, 554, 567, 624, 724, 738, 818,902,903 door access 699 door handle 551 door lock 551 door open warning light 557 door panel 278 door shelf 291 door stop 291, 587 door switch 293 doorknob 247, 248 doors, examples 416 Dorado 11 Doric column 407 Doric order 404 dormer window 244 dorsal abdominal artery 107 dorsal aorta 99 dorsal blood vessel 97 dorsal fin 136 dorsal mantle cavity 106 dorsal root 168 dorsalis pedis artery 160 dorsum of nose 175 dorsum of tongue 176 dose inhaler 783

INDEX

electron 680 electron beam 494, 694 electron beam positioning 694 electron collector 689 electron flow, direction 687, 689 electron gun 494, 694 electron microscope elements 694 electron microscope, cross section 694 electronic ballast 275 electronic book 527 electronic control box 563 electronic control unit 559 electronic drum pad 451 electronic flash 482 electronic instruments 450 electronic payment terminal 181, 731 electronic piano 451 electronic scale 699 electronic timing system 883 electronic typewriter 528 electronic viewfinder 496 electronics 689 electronics store 714 elements of a house 247 elements of architecture 413 elements, table 682 elephant 129 elevating arc 756 elevating cylinder 573, 634, 766 elevating hand-wheel 756 elevating handle 756 elevation 250 elevation adjustment 692 elevation zones 66 elevatorl6,407, 417, 509,625, 638, 650, 666, 713, 724, 761, 898 elevator car 417 eleven 23 elk 128 ellipses 473 elliptical galaxy 9 elliptical snowshoe 893 embankment 538 embankment dam 660 embankment dam, cross section 660 emblem 739 embrasure 409 embroidered fabric 459 embroidery 459 emerald 375 emerald cut 375 emergency 778 emergency brake 594 emergency electric motor 763 emergency physician’s office 778 emergency regulator 841 emergency station 543 emergency support vessel 653 emergency switch 576 emergency truck 543 emery boards 377 emery pack 454 Emmenthal 211 employee lunchroom 509 empty set 703 emptying hose 292 en prison 919 enamel 159 enclosure 182, 416 end 515 end aisle display 181 end bracket 284 end button 439 end cap 284, 667 end door 635 end grain 300 end joist 252, 253 end key 506, 515 end ladder 587 end line 806, 811, 812, 815 end moraine 46 end piece 169 end plate 667 end search button 496 end stop 284, 303, 835 end zone 806, 809 endocardium 162 endocarp 81, 82 endoderm 95 endoplasmic reticulum 74, 94 endpaper 426 endpiece 385, 863 energy 646 energy integration to the transmission network 662, 677

energy release 681 energy source 41 energy transmission at the generator voltage 662 energy, measurement 702 energy-saving bulb 275, 673 engaged Corinthian column 407 engaged Doric column 407 engaged Ionic column 407 engagement ring 376 engine 574, 651, 758 engine air intake 568 engine and crew alarm display 626 engine block 566 engine compartment 568, 632, 639,640 engine control room 606 engine fuel valves 626 engine housing 331 engine mounting pylon 625 engine room 608, 763 engines, types 564 English 469 English billiards 863 English cane 782 English Channel 32 English horn 446 English horns 437 English loaf 205 English mustard 200 enhanced greenhouse effect 68 enlarger 485 enlarger timer 485 enlarging lens 485 enoki mushroom 183 ensiling tube 643 ENT room 779 entablature 247, 403, 405 enter key 515 enterprise 525 entire 79 entrance 100, 539, 719 entrance door 568, 569 entrance doors 427 entrance for the public 402 entrance hall 394, 509 entrance slide 100 entrance to the pyramid 402 entrance turnstile 592 entrances for the actors 402 entries 829 entries line 529 entry 632, 829 envelope 899 environment 66 epaulet 352 epaulet sleeve 360 epee 849 epeeist 848 epicalyx 83 epicenter 43 epicondyle 153 epidermis 172 epididymis 169 epidural space 168 epiglottis 163, 176 epitrochlea 153 equalizing buckle 285 equals 703 equals key 529 Equator 13, 31, 34, 35, 36, 63 Equatorial Guinea 745 equestrian sports 852 equestrian sports ring 788 equilateral 413 equilibrator 756 equipment 421, 422, 423, 769, 790,900 equipment compartment 585 equipment lock 666 equipment rack 489, 490 equipment storage room 734 Equuleus 12 erase button 477, 508 eraser 534 erbium 684 erecting lenses 692 Eridanus 10 Eritrea 745 Erlenmeyer flask 685 ermine 741 escalator 417, 427, 592, 713 escape 514 escape key 514 escape wheel 696, 697 escapement mechanism 436 escarole 186 escutcheon 105, 248, 268, 270

ASTRONOMY > 2-25:

I 930

EARTH >26-71;

121 examples examples 438 examples examples examples 443 examples examples examples

of insects 101 of instrumental groups of interchanges 538 of jumps 881 of keyboard instruments of kitchen knives 229 of knives 228 of lagomorphs 123

VEGETABLE KINGDOM >72-89;

DO-IT-YOURSELF AND GARDENING > 296-333; OFFICE AUTOMATION > 466-535;

esophagus 95, 97, 99, 103, 104, 109,110,112,113,116,125, 163,164 espadrille 344 espresso coffee maker 241 espresso machine 241 Estonia 744 etching press 422 eternal light 738 Ethernet port 526 Ethiopia 745 ethmoid, cribriform plate 175 Eurasia 28 Eurasian Plate 43 euro 728 Europa 4 Europe 28, 32, 50, 743 European experiment module 21 European outlet 274 European plug 274 European robin 118 European Union, flag 729 europium 684 Eustachian tube 174, 175 Eutelsat 486 euthynteria 403, 404 evacuation route 543 evaporated milk 210 evaporation 67, 680 evaporator blower 261 evaporator coil 261 even 919 evening glove 346 event 831 event platform 824 evolution of life 92 ex-voto 737 examination room 779, 781 examples of airplanes 628 examples of algae 75 examples of amphibians 111 examples of anchors 610 examples of angles 704 examples of arachnids 102 examples of arch bridges 541 examples of arches 413, 541 examples of armchairs 276 examples of bats 141 examples of beam bridges 541 examples of bicycles 581 examples of bills 117 examples of birds 118 examples of bits 308 examples of blouses 359 examples of bodies 549 examples of branching 270 examples of broadleaved trees 88 examples of carnivorous mammals 134 examples of chairs 277 examples of charges 741 examples of collars 362 examples of colors 741 examples of conifers 89 examples of currency abbreviations 728 examples of curtains 283 examples of dams 660 examples of dives 829 examples of doors 416 examples of dresses 356 examples of dunes 52 examples of eyeglasses 385 examples of feet 117 examples of ferns 76 examples of fittings 269 examples of flowers 80 examples of forks 228 examples of freight cars 588 examples of furs 741 examples of fuses 272 examples of handles 840 examples of headings 283 examples of heads 302 examples of helicopters 631 examples of holds and throws 844 examples of hooves 127 examples of insectivorous mammals

CLOTHING > 334-371;

examples of leaves 89 examples of lichens 74 examples of marine mammals 137 examples of marsupials 143 examples of metals 741 examples of mosses 75 examples of motorcycles 577 examples of nails 301 examples of networks 522 examples of ordinaries 740 examples of pants 358 examples of partitions 740 examples of pins 865 examples of pleats 283, 357 examples of pockets 360 examples of primates 139 examples of reptiles 114 examples of rigs 601 examples of rodents 123 examples of roofs 414 examples of sails 601 examples of semitrailers 572 examples of shorelines 51 examples of skirts 357 examples of skis 840, 888 examples of sleeping bags 904 examples of sleeves 360 examples of space launchers 24 examples of space probes 19 examples of spoons 228 examples of tables 278 examples of tail shapes 629 examples of telephones 507 examples of tents 902 examples of tips 302 examples of tires 560 examples of tools 401 examples of transition fittings 269 examples of trucks 573 examples of ungulate mammals 128 examples of volcanoes 44 examples of windows 415 examples of wing shapes 630 exciter 659 exclamation point 473 excluded players re-entry area 827 excretory pore 104 execution judges 823 executive desk 511 executive length 351 executive secretary 509 exercise area 823 exercise wear 371 exhalation valve 773 exhaust 564, 565, 627 exhaust air duct 543 exhaust duct 627 exhaust gas admission 564 exhaust guide vanes 627 exhaust manifold 552, 564, 565, 566 exhaust nozzle 760 exhaust pipe 552, 553, 564, 575, 576, 631 exhaust pipe stack 636 exhaust port 565, 649 exhaust stack 570, 639, 640 exhaust system 553 exhaust tube 274, 275 exhaust valve 564, 566 exhaust/scavaging 565 exhibit hali 719 exhibition billboard 394 exhibition rooms 395 exhibition stand 719 exit 539 exit button 527 exit cone 100 exit taxiway 621 exit turnstile 592 exocarp 81, 82, 83 exosphere 53 expandable baton 770 expandable file pouch 386 expander 450 expanding file 533 expansion bolt 302 expansion chamber 695 expansion piton 900 expansion space 590 expansion tank 259, 675 expert slope 886 expiration date 729 explosion 564 explosive 774 explosive volcano 44 export pipeline 652 exposure adjustment knob 476 exposure correction scale 479

ANIMAL KINGDOM > 90-143;

HUMAN BEING > 144-177;

PERSONAL ACCESSORIES AND ARTICLES > 372-391;

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY > 536-643;

ENERGY > 644-677;

SCIENCE > 678-705;

exposure meter 479 exposure mode 476 exposure value scale 479 exposure-time scale 479 extended 472 extended claw 133 extension 278 extension ladder 321 extension pipe 289 extension table 278 extensor digitorum brevis 150 extensor digitorum longus 150 exterior dome shell 17 exterior door 247 exterior of a house 244 exterior pocket 386, 388 exterior sign 592 external auditory meatus 158 external ear 174 external floppy disk drive 521 external fuel tank 22 external gills 111 external jugular vein 160 external nose 175 external oblique 150, 151 external tooth lock washer 310 extra-bold 472 extra-light 472 extrados 413 eye 63, 103, 104, 106, 107,112, 113, 121, 133, 136, 148, 177, 301,453,454, 461,855,900, 911 eye guard 765 eye makeup 378 eye protection 772, 774 eye ring 115 eye wall 63 eyeball 110, 177 eyebrow pencil 378 eyebrow stripe 115 eyebrow tweezers 377 eyecup 496 eyeglasses 385, 861 eyeglasses case 387 eyeglasses parts 385 eyeglasses, examples 385 eyelahes 132 eyelash 177 eyelash curler 378 eyelashes 132 eyelet284, 342,371,387, 457, 881 eyelet tab 342 eyeJid 113 eyepiece 14, 15, 477, 479, 496, 692,693 eyepiece holder 14 eyeshadow 378 eyespot 95 eyestalk 104

F F434 F clef 434 F-1 engine 25 fabric care symbols 347 fabric guide 288 fabric structure 455 fagade 411 face 139, 146,301,409,425, 647, 650, 815, 867 face mask 798, 800, 808, 879 face shield 318 face side 300 face-off circle 878 face-off spot 878 facepiece 773 faceplate 248, 249 facet 629 facial makeup 378 facsimile (fax) machine 508 factorial 703 factory 708 faculae 6 Fahrenheit scale 695 failed fuel bay 666 failed fuel canning 666 fairing 24, 574, 891 fairlead 835 fairway 866, 867 falcatus 92 falciform sesamoid bone 121 falcon 119 Falkland Islands 31 fall 362 fall front 279

EOOD AND KITCHEN > 178-241;

ARTS AND ARCHITECTURE > 392-465:

SOCIETY > 706-785;

HOUSE > 242-295:

COMMUNICATIONS AND

SPORTS AND GAMES > 786-920

fiber optic cable 523 fibGrs 29*5

ASTRONOMY > 2-25;

EARTH > 26-71;

fibula 122, 126, 131, 138, 141, 142, 152, 155, 156, 336 fiddlehead 76 fiddlehead fern 185 field 790, 794, 799,804 field electromagnet 688 field hockey 800 field hockey field 788 field lens 692 field lens adjustment 693 field line 687 field m.ouse 123 field player 801 field winding 688 field, field hockey 788 fielder’s glove 797 fielders 799 fifth 434 fifth wheel 570 fifty 703 fifty-yard line 806 fig 197 figure 855 figure skate 881 figure skating 881 figure ski 840 figure skiing handle 840 figure-eight knot 908 figurehead 598 figures 472 Fiji 747 Fiji Islands 29 filament 80, 274 filament support 274 Filchner Ice Shelf 29 file 309, 524, 905 file format 524 file guides 532 file room 509 file server 523 filiform papilla 176 filing box 533 filing furniture 510 fill opening 288 filler 390 filler cap 332, 561, 570 filler neck 553 filler plate 513 filler tube 265 fillet 404, 405 filleting knife 229 filling hole 757 filling inlet 655 film 477, 481 film advance mode 476 film cartridge chamber 476 film disk 481 film drying cabinet 484 film guide rail 476 film guide roller 476 film leader indicator 476 film pack 481 film recorder 520 film rewind knob 476 film rewind system 476 film speed 476, 479 film speed scale 479 film sprocket 476 filter 238, 246, 258, 290, 390, 675 filter cover 773 filter holder 241 filter tip 390 filum terminale 167 fin 260, 625, 631, 759, 760, 840, 841 fin-mounted tail unit 629 final drive 636 final: 2 players 789 finalist 789 financial services 730 finch 118 finderscope 14, 15 fine adjustment knob 693 fine adjustment wheel 700 fine arts 394 fine bookbinding 424 fine data entry control 450 fine guidance system 17 finely threaded screw 700 finger 172, 797 finger button 447 fingerflange 776 finger tab 859 fingertip 531 fingerboard 432, 439, 441 fingernail 173 finial 412, 739 VEGETABLE KINGDOM >72-89;

DO-IT-YOURSELF AND GARDENING > 296-333; OFFICE AUTOMATION > 466-535;

CLOTHING > 334-371;

finish 852 finish area 885, 887, 891 finish buoys 839 finish judge 883 finish judges 883 finish line 791, 833, 839, 856, 871, 890 finish line judge 839 finish wall 830 finishing 401 finishing nail 301 Finland 744 Finnish 469 fir 89 fir needles 89 fire box 256 fire door 416 fire escape stairs 509 fire extinguisher 725, 771 fire extinguisher, portable 767 fire hose 767 fire hydrant 712, 767 fire hydrant wrench 767 fire irons 257 fire pot 259 fire prevention 764 fire prevention education officer’s office 764 fire station 711, 764 fire truck 764 fire trucks 766 fire-fighting material 767 firebrick 256, 298 firebrick back 256 firefighter 765 firefighters’ dormitory 764 firefighters’ toilets and showers 764 fireplace 250, 256 fireplace screen 257 firewall 523 FireWire port 526 firing 465 firing accessories 752 firing chamber 465 firing lanyard 756 firing mechanism 757 firing shaft 756 firing tube 763 firing, wood 256 firmer chisel 401 firn 46 first aid 725 first aid equipment 775 first aid kit 771, 777 first aid manual 777 first aid station 886 first aid supplies 775 first aid team 853 first assistant camera operator 428 first base 794 first baseman 794 first classification track 589 first dorsal fin 108, 109 first floor 250 first focal room 16 first leaves 77 first level of operations 529 first molar 159 first officer’s seat 626 first premolar 159 first quarter 7 first referee 813 first reinforce 753 first round: 128 players 789 first row 804 first space 811 first stage 25 first valve slide 447 first violins 437 first voltage increase 677 first-class cabin 624 fish fork 228 fish knife 228 fish platter 226 fish poacher 234 fish scaler 905 fish wire 317 fishbone stitch 459 fisherman’s knot 908 fishes 108 fishes, bony 219 fishes, cartilaginous 218 fisheye lens 478 fishhook 909, 911 fishing 909 fishing vest 911 fishplate 590 fishplate bolt 590 fission of uranium fuel 665

ANIMAL KINGDOM > 90-143;

HUMAN BEING > 144-177;

PERSONAL ACCESSORIES AND ARTICLES >372-391;

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY > 536-643;

ENERGY > 644-677;

SCIENCE > 678-705;

fission products 681 fissionable nucleus 681 fitness equipment 850 fitted sheet 280 fitting 766 fitting room 716 fittings 269, 389 fittings, examples 269 five 703 five hundred 703 five spice powder 199 five-number bet 919 fivepin 865 fixative 400 fixed arch 541 fixed base 312 fixed blade 424 fixed bridges 540 fixed distance marking 621 fixed jaw 311, 312, 700 fixed platform 653 fixed weight 436 fixed winglet 759 fixed-roof tank 655 fixing bath 485 fixture drain 262 fjords 51 flag 804, 890 flag of the European Union 729 flag shapes 739 flag with Schwenkel 739 flag, parts 739 flagellum 104 flageolet 191 flags 742 flagstone 298, 322 flail mower 642 flame 681 flame adjustment wheel 391 flame spreader tip 319 flame-resistant driving suit 872 flamingo 119 flammable 774 flank 115, 124,409,425 flank forward 804 flanking tower 408 flap 348, 387,535,855 flap hydraulic jack 760 flap lever 626 flap pocket 348, 352, 360 flare 6, 652 flare joint 269 flare nut wrench 311 flash hider 755 flash lamp 482 flash tube 692 flashcube 482 flashing 257 flashing light 591 flashlight 770 flashtube 482 flat 435, 894 flat bone 157 flat brush 397 flat car 588 flat end pin 285 flat head 302 flat mirror 17 flat oyster 217 flat part 457 flat roof 414 flat screen monitor 518 flat sheet 280 flat shuttle 461 flat stitches 459 flat tip 302 flat washer 310 flat-back brush 380 flat-bed 452 flat-plate solar collector 672 flatbed pushcart 633 flatbed semitrailer 571 flatwater racing, canoe-kayak 838 flea 101 flesh 81, 82, 83 fleshy fruit 82, 83 fleshy leaf 78 fletching 859 fleur-de-lis 741 flews 130 flexible boot 887 flexible hose 289, 649 flexible hose connection 649 flexible rubber hose 271 flexible skirt 605 flexible tube 776 flies 430 flight 829,891,918 flight bag 897

EOOD AND KITCHEN > 178-241;

ARTSAND ARCH ITECTURE > 392-465;

SOCIETY > 706-785;

HOUSE > 242-295;

COMMUNICATIONS AND

SPORTS AND GAMES > 786-920

flight deck 22, 624, 626, 631, 761 flight information board 621 flight instruments 899 flight of stairs 255 flights 828 flint 318, 752 flint arrowhead 748 flint knife 748 flintlock 752 flip 881 flip turn 832 float 263, 628, 756 float ball 265 float clamp 263 float seaplane 628 float tackle 911 floater 827, 890 floating bridge 542 floating crane 596 floating dock 839 floating head 383 floating rib 138, 152 floating roof 655 floating sleeve 337 floating-roof tank 655 floodlight 492 floodlight on pantograph 492 floodplain 48 floor257, 676, 818, 819 floor brush 289 floor coverings, textile 254 floor drain 262 floor exercise area 824 floor joist 252, 253 floor lamp 286 floor mat 558 floor mats 824 floor tile 299 floorboard 254, 577 floppy disk drive 513 floppy disk eject button 513 florist 715 flotation section 615 flour 204 flow 597 flow bean 654 flow tube 672 flower 77, 80 flower bed 245, 322 flower bud 77 flowertiles 917 flower, inflorescences 81 flower, structure 80 flowering 86 flowering plants 93 flowers, examples 80 flue 267, 444 flue hat 267 flue pipe 444 fluid adjustment screw 320 fluid cup 398 fluke 610 fluorescent tube 275 fluorine 683 flush 914 flush bushing 269 flush handle 265 flute 306, 404, 405 fluted land 306 fluted pole 284 fluted shaft 557 fluteroni 401 flutes 437 fly 101,350,351,368, 739 fly agaric 76 fly front closing 355, 369 fly line 909 fly reel 909 fly rod 909 flyfishing 909 flying buttress 410, 411 flyingjib 603 flying mammal 140 flyleaf 426 flywheel 422, 464, 566, 851 FM mode select button 497 foam 49 foam cushion 772 foam insulation 299 foam monitor 607 foam pad 904 foam-rubber insulation 299 focal plane shutter 476, 477 focus 43, 691 focus mode selector 476 focus selector 496 focus setting ring 478 focusing knob 14, 15 focusing lenses 694

931

INDEX

falling rocks 545, 547 fallopian tube 170 fallopian tubes 171 fallow 182 false rib 153 false start rope 830 false tuck 368 family 784 family relationships 784 family tent 902 family waiting room 778 fan 259,260, 293, 627, 643 fan belt 552, 566 fan brush 378, 397 fan cable stays 541 fan control 261 fan heater 260 fan housing 382 fan motor 261 fan trellis 322 fan wheel 688 fan’s tube 643 fang 103, 112 fanion 739 fantail 676 far turn 856 farmhouse 182 farmhouse bread 205 farmstead 182 farmyard 182 fascia 404 fast data entry control 450 fast operation buttons 501 fast-food restaurant 715 fast-forward button 495, 499, 504, 508 fastener binder 532 fasteners 453 fastening device 284 father 784, 785 father-in-law 784 fats and oils 209 faucet 264 faucets 268 fault 43 feather crown 817 feather stitch 459 feathered shuttlecock 817 feed deck 531 feed dog 453 feed lever 307 feed table 643 feed tube 237, 240 feeder header 669 feeder output tray 512 feedhorn 493 feeding tube 643 feedwater 670, 671 feet, examples 117 feet-first entry 829 feijoa 197 felt 422 felt hat 340, 341 felt tip pen 397 felt tip pen drawing 396 felucca 600 female 702 female cone 89 female ferrule 909, 910 female reproductive organs 170 femoral artery 160 femoral nerve 166 femoral vein 160 femur 96, 98, 111, 116, 122, 126, 131, 138, 141, 142, 152 fence 182,244, 303,304 fencer 848 fencing 848 fencing shoe 848 fencing weapons 849 fender 550, 570, 578, 640 fennec 134 fennel 185 fenugreek 198 fermium 684 fern 76 fern, structure 76 ferns 92 ferns, examples 76 ferrule 320, 391, 863, 868 ferry boat 608 ferryboat 596 fertilizer application 69 fetlock 124 fetlock joint 124 fettling knife 464 fettucine 206 fez 339 fiber 908

INDEX

focusing magnifier 485 focusing ring 692 focusing screen 477 fodder corn 182 fog 57, 65 fog horn 611 fog light 554, 570 foible 849 foie gras 216 foil 849 foil warning line 848 foil, aluminum 222 foilist 848 fold 336 fold line 455 foldaway ladder 321 folder 532 folding chair 277 folding cot 904 folding door 416 folding grill 907 folding nail file 377 folding ramp 608 folding shovel 906 folding wing 857 foliage 87 foliate papilla 176 foliose lichen 74 follicle 84 follicle, section 84 follow-through 864 following car 870 fondue fork 228 fondue pot 234 fondue set 234 fontanelle 158 food 180 food and kitchen 180 food can 223 food chain 67 food mill 230 food processor 237 food reserves 724 food tray 222 food vacuole 94 food, basic source 67 foot 104, 105, 139, 140, 143, 146, 147, 148, 149, 155,278, 368, 425, 440, 444, 448, 836, 909, 910 foot control 452 foot cushion 862 foot fault judge 821 foot hole 444 foot pegs 871 foot pocket 841 foot protection 773, 774 footstrap 836 foot stretcher 838 foot support 851 football 806, 808 football field 788 football player 808 football, American 806 football, Canadian 809 footboard 280, 876 footbridge 408, 583, 593 foothold 901 footing 252, 253 footless tights 371 footrest 281,312, 464, 783 footrope 602 footstool 224, 277 footstrap 358, 851 for filing 532 for opening 230 forage blower 643 forage harvester 642 foramen cecum 176 force, measurement 702 forced hot-water system 259 forced warm-air system 258 forces acting on an airplane 630 fore and aft passage 607 fore edge 426 fore royal sail 603 fore-royal mast 602 fore-topgallant mast 602 fore-topmast 602 forearm 124, 130, 147, 149, 860, 912 forearm crutch 782 forearm pad 808 forearm support 782 forecastle 605, 609 forecourt 821 forehead 115, 146 foreleg 96, 98 foreleg, honeybee 98

ASTRONOMY > 2-25:

I 932

freezing rain 57, 64 freight car 583 freight cars, examples 588 freight dispatching 621 freight hold 625 freight receiving 621 freight station 583 French 469 French betting layout 919 French bread 204 French cuff 361 French cut 375 French horn 447 French horns 437 French knot stitch 459 French roulette wheel 919 French window 415 frequency bands 498 frequency display 503 frequency setting slide control 498 frequency, measurement 702 fresco 406 fresh air duct 543 fresh cheeses 210 fresh meat counter 180 fret 440, 441, 919 friction strip 318, 391 frieze 278, 403,404 frigate 762 fringe 337 frock coat 338 frog no, 127,353,439,590,641 frog, anatomy 110 frog, life cycle 111 frog, morphology 110 frog, skeleton 111 frog-adjustment screw 309 frond 76 front 348, 349 front apron 349 front axle 639 front beam 698 front binding 840 front board 426 front brake 579 front brake lever 576 front bumper 885 front compression strap 906 front cover 519 front crawl stroke 832 front crossbar 893 front derailleur 578, 580 front desk 724 front door 250 front fascia 550 front fender 574 front flap 391 front foil 609 front footrest 575, 576 front fork 870 front grille 261 front grip 757 front knob 307 front landing gear 760 front leg 277 front page 471 front picture 471 front pocket 387 front point 901 front rigid section 569 front runner 884 front shock absorber 577 front sight 754, 757, 861, 893, 912 front sight housing 755 front tip 288 front top pocket 350 front view 798 front wall 818, 819 front wheel 333, 639, 640, 783 front-end loader 637 frontal 112, 737 frontal bone 131, 152, 158 frontal sinus 175 frontalis 150 frontcourt 818 frontoparietal 111 fronts 56 frontwall 571 frost 65 frozen food storage 181 frozen foods 181 fruit branch 86 fruit tree 182 fruit vegetables 188 fruit-picking ladder 321 fruition 86 fruits 81, 180, 192, 723 fruits, tropical 196 fruticose lichen 74

forelimb 110, 111, 121, 143 forelock 124 foremast 600, 602, 607 foresail 603 foreskin 169 forest 45 forest fire 69 forestay 834 forestem 838 forewing 96 fork 14, 227, 579, 632, 633, 697, 870,875,905 fork arm 632 fork pocket 635 forked tongue 112 forklift truck 632 forks, examples 228 Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 744 formeret 410 forming food vacuole 94 forms of medications 783 formula 1 car 873 formula 3000 car 873 formula Indy car 873 Fornax 10 forte 849 fortification 409 fortified wall 738 forward 803, 828 forward slide change 483 forward somersault with a twist 829 forward swing 864 forward three-and-a-half somersault tuck 829 forward travel pedal 333 forward/reverse 327 fossil fuel 68, 70 foul line 794, 865 foul line post 795 fouls/penalties 789 foundation 252, 253, 660 foundation blockage 660 foundation of dam 660 foundation of tower 540 foundation slip 366 foundations 253 fountain pen 470 four blade beater 236 four-door sedan 549 four-four time 434 four-masted bark 602 four-of-a-kind 914 four-person bobsled 884 four-stroke-cycle engine 564 four-toed hoof 127 four-way lug wrench 558 four-way selector 477 fourchette 346 fourth 434 fourth round: 16 players 789 fourth wheel 696 fovea 177 fox 134 foyers 431 fraction 703 fractionating tower 656 fraise 339 frame 100,252,256,278,280, 303,312,321,327,352,386, 389,395,423,433,449,460, 575, 612, 632, 633, 638, 639, 641,642,672,673,676, 688, 700, 776,796,816,822,823, 824,870,893,895,902 frame stile 278 frame, embroidery 459 frames 385 framing square 313 France 743 Francis runner 659 francium 682 frankfurter 216 free guard zone 877 free margin 172 free skating blade 881 free throw line 811, 814 free zone 812, 813 freestyle skiing 890 freestyle snowboard 887 freestyle wrestling 843 freeway 539, 709 freewheel 580 freezer 224, 291, 720 freezer bag 222 freezer bucket 240 freezer compartment 291 freezer door 291 freezing 680

EARTH > 26-71;

VEGETABLE KINGDOM >72-89;

DO-IT-YOURSELF AND GARDENING > 296-333: OFFICE AUTOMATION > 466-535;

CLOTHING > 334-371;

fry basket 231 frying pan 235, 905 fuel 665, 670 fuel bundle 667 fuel control 627 fuel door 551 fuel handling sequence 666 fuel indicator 557 fuel injector 565, 566 fuel line 553 fuel lines 899 fuel oil 656 fuel pellet 667 fuel supply system 553 fuel tank 331, 553, 570, 586, 631, 758, 760 fuel transfer pipe 25 fuel: enriched uranium 671 fuel: natural uranium 670 fueling machine 666, 669, 670 Fulani 468 fulcrum 686, 828 full and by 833 full cheek snaffle bit 854 full cheek snaffle bit with toggles 854 full face helmet 874 full face mask 765 full house 914 full moon 7 full-load adjustment screw 273 fullback 804, 807 fully reflecting mirror 692 fumarole 44 fume extractor 758 function display 450 function keys 507, 508, 514, 699 function selector 261 function selectors 506 fungicide 69 fungiform papilla 176 funiculus 83, 84 funnel 231, 494, 599, 608 funnel cloud 63 fur 121, 122, 133, 139, 143 furcula 116 furlable boom 18 furnace 258, 674 furniture beetle 101 furrow 176 furs, examples 741 fuse 273, 663, 673 fuse body 757 fuse cutout 663 fuse holder 663 fuse puller317 fuselage 625, 898 fuselage mounted tail unit 629 fuses, examples 272 fusilli 206 futon 280

G G 434 Gclef 434 gable 244, 411 gable roof 414 gable stud 252 gable vent 244 gabletop 223 Gabon 745 gadolinium 684 gaff 602 gaff sail 601 gaff sail boom 602 gaff topsail 603 gaffer 429 Gai-lohn 187 gain control 613 gaiter 339 gaits, horse 124 galaxy 9 galaxy, classification 9 Galileo 19 gallbladder 110, 112, 164 galleon 599 gallery 411, 614, 676 galley 598, 624 Gallic warrior 748 gallium 682 Gambia 745 ' game 212, 822 game board 915 game clock 789 game console 918 game port 513 games 788, 914

ANIMAL KINGDOM > 90-143:

HUMAN BEING > 144-177:

PERSONAL ACCESSORIES AND ARTICLES > 372-391:

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY > 536-643;

ENERGY > 644-677:

SCIENCE > 678-705;

gamma rays 690 gantry crane 635, 657, 658 Ganymede 4 gap 911 garage 244, 726, 769 garage door 416 garam masala 199 garbage can 723 garbage disposal sink 270 garbage disposal unit 270 garden 406 garden cress 187 garden hose 328 garden line 324 garden path 244 garden sorrel 187 garden spider 102 garden, pleasure 322 garden, public 713 garden, vegetable 182 gardening 298, 322 gardening gloves 325 garlic 184 garlic press 230 garment bag 389 garment fabric 455 garment strap 389 garnet 375 garrison cap 340 garter 367 garter belt 367 garter snake 114 garter stitch 458 gas 275, 651, 656, 680 gas burner 267, 685 gas cock 267 gas conduit 563 gas cylinder 755 gas lift module 652 gas lighter 391 gas main 712 gas pedal 556 gas range 290, 721 gas tank 563, 574, 577 gas tank cap 576 gas water-heater tank 267 gases, noble 684 gasket 269, 294 gaskin 124 gasoline 656 gasoline engine 553, 563, 566 gasoline pump 548 gasoline pump hose 548 gastrocnemius 150, 151 gate596, 658, 664, 852,900 gate arm 591 gate arm lamp 591 gate arm support 591 gate judge 837 gate operating ring 659 gate-leg 278 gate-leg table 278 gateway 523 ' gather 359 gather skirt 357 gathering 426 gauge 424 gauge wheel 333 gauntlet 318, 346, 749 gauze roller bandage 777 gear 462 gear housing 910 gearshift 576 gear tooth 686 gearbox 423, 552 gearing systems 686 gearshift lever 552, 556, 575, 577 gelatin capsule 783 Gemini 13 gemstones, cut 375 generator 563, 578, 646, 659, 668 generator unit 658, 659 generators 688 Genoa salami 216 gentlemen's toilet 427 geographical map 734 geography 28 geology 42 geometrical shapes 704 geometry 704 Georgia 746 geostationary orbit 60 geostationary satellite 60 geothermal and fossil energy 646 geothermal energy 646 geothermal field 646 germ 85 German 469 German mustard 200

FOOD AND KITCHEN > 178-241:

ARTS AND ARCHITECTURE > 392-465:

SOCIETY > 706-785;

HOUSE > 242-295:

COMMUNICATIONS AND

SPORTS AND GAMES > 786-920

ASTRONOMY > 2-25;

EARTH > 26-71;

VEGETABLE KINGDOM >72-89;

DO-IT-YOURSELF AND GARDENING > 296-333; OFFICE AUTOMATION > 466-535;

goalkeeper’s gloves 802 goalkeeper’s pad 879 goalkeeper’s skate 880 goalkeeper’s stick 879, 880 goalpost 807, 809, 858 goat 128 goat’s milk 210 goat’s-milk cheeses 210 goatfish 219 gob hat 341 Gobi Desert 33 goggles 318, 870, 887, 896 gold 683 goldfinch 118 golf 866 golf bag 869 golf ball 867 golf ball, cross section 867 golf cart 869 golf cart, electric 869 golf clubs, types 867 golf course 708, 788 golf glove 869 golf shoes 869 Golgi apparatus 74, 94 gonad 95,105,106 gondola 181, 600, 886 gondola car 588 gondolas departure area 886 gonfalon 739 gong 437, 449 gonopore 95, 104 goose 120, 213 goose egg 213 goose-neck 255 gooseberry 192 gooseneck 638 gored skirt 357 gorge 47, 48 gorget 749 Gorgonzola 211 gorilla 138 gorilla, morphology 139 gorilla, skeleton 138 Gothic cathedral 410 gouache 396 gouache cakes 397 gouache tube 397 gouge 401 gour 47 government organization 525 governor tension sheave 417 GPS receiver-antenna 613 grab handle 567, 570, 584, 766 gracilis 151 grade crossing 583 grade slope 244 grader 639 graduated arc 612 graduated cylinder 685 graduated dial 907 graduated scale 698, 699 grafting knife 330 grain 300 grain elevator 643 grain of wheat, section 85 grain tank 643 grain terminal 596 grain tube 643 Grand Canyon 30 grand gallery 402 grandchildren 784 granddaughter 784 grandfather 784 grandfather clock 697 grandmother 784 grandparents 784 grandson 784 grandstand 856 granitic layer 42 granivorous bird 117 granny knot 908 granulated sugar 209 granulation 6 grape 86, 192 grape leaf 86, 186 grape, section 83 grapefruit 194 grapefruit knife 229 grapeshot 752 graphic arts 420 graphic equalizer 498 grapnel 610 grass 822 grassbox 332 grasshopper 102 grassland 66 grate 290 grater 230

CLOTHING > 334-371;

grave accent 473 gravel 253, 263 gravel bed 872 gravity band 610 gravity dam 661 gravity dam, cross section 661 gravy boat 226 gray matter 167, 168 grease well 239 greases 656 Great Australian Bight 29 Great Barrier Reef 29 Great Britain 743 Great Dane 131 Great Dividing Range 29 great green bush-cricket 101 great horned owl 119 Great Lakes 30 great organ manual 444 Great Sandy Desert 29 great saphenous vein 160 great scallop 217 Great Schism 736 Great Victoria Desert 29 great-grandchildren 784 great-granddaughter 784 great-grandfather 784 great-grandmother 784 great-grandparents 784 great-grandson 784 greater alar cartilage 175 greater covert 115 greater trochanter 153 greave 749 Greco-Roman wrestling 843 Greece 744 Greek 469 Greek bread 204 Greek temple 403 Greek temple, plan 403 Greek theater 402 green 400, 690, 864, 866, 867 green alga 75 green ball 863 green beam 494 green bean 191 green cabbage 186 green coffee beans 208 green'gland 107 green light 712 green onion 184 green peas 190 green pepper 198 green russula 183 green sweet pepper 188 green tea 208 green walnut 84 greenhouse 182 greenhouse effect 68 greenhouse effect, enhanced 68 greenhouse effect, natural 68 greenhouse gas 68 greenhouse gas concentration 68 Greenland 30 Greenland Sea 28 Grenada 743 grenade 757 Grenadines 743 greyhound 131 grid 494 grid system 36 griddle 239 grille 261, 403, 432, 550, 561, 727 grinding wheel 308 grip 428, 793, 838, 850, 859, 867, 913 grip handle 303 grip tape 894 gripper 421 gripping tools 310 grocery bags 181 groin 146, 148 groove 229, 424, 453, 750, 868,

888 ground ground ground ground ground ground ground ground ground ground ground ground ground ground

ANIMAL KINGDOM > 90-143;

272, 655 air conditioner 622 airport equipment 622 beef 214 bond 272 clamp 318 connection 272 electrode 562 fault circuit interrupter 272 lamb 215 moraine 46 pepper 199 pork 215 sill 409

HUMAN BEING > 144-177;

PERSONAL ACCESSORIES AND ARTICLES >372-391;

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY > 536-643;

ENERGY > 644-677;

SCIENCE > 678-705;

ground surface 647 ground terminal 497 ground veal 214 ground wire 272, 273 ground-wire peak 663 ground/neutral bus bar 272 grounded receptacle 263 groundhog 123 grounding prong 274 grounding socket 274 grow sleepers 368 growth line 104, 105 Grus 10 Gruyere 211 Guarani 469 guard 229, 250, 251, 255, 316, 811, 849 guard rail 291, 894 guardhouse 408, 409 guardrail 606 Guatemala 742 guava 197 guide 909 guide bar 331 guide handle 308 guide roller 499 guiding and current bar 595 guiding tower 542 guillotine trimmer 484 Guinea 745 guinea fowl 120, 212 guinea pig 123 Guinea, Gulf 34 Guinea-Bissau 745 guitar 440, 441 gules 741 gulf 38 Gulf of Aden 33, 34 Gulf of Alaska 30 Gulf of Bothnia 32 Gulf of California 30 Gulf of Carpentaria 29 Gulf of Guinea 34 Gulf of Mexico 30 Gulf of Oman 33 Gulf of Panama 31 gum 159, 174 gun 315 gun body 320 gun flap 352 gun range 769 gunner’s sight 758 gurnard 219 gusset 386, 388 gusset pocket 359, 360 Gutenberg discontinuity 42 gutta 404 gutter 244, 865 guy cable 824, 825 guy line 902 guy wire 676 Guyana 742 guyot 49 gymnasium 608, 727, 734, 764, 788 gymnasium office 734 gymnast’s name 825 gymnastics 823, 824 gynecological examination room 779 gyoji 847 gypsum board 299 gypsum tile 299 gyroscope 759

H hack 877 hackle 909 hacksaw 303, 314 haddock 221 hafnium 683 hail 64 hail shower 57 hair 147, 149, 172, 439 hair bulb 172 hair clip 380 hair conditioner 379 hair dryer 382 hairfoilicle 172 hair roller 380 hair roller pin 380 hair shaft 172 hairstylist 428 hairbrushes 380 haircolor379 haircutting scissors 382 hairdresser 714

FOOD AND KITCHEN > 178-241;

ARTSAND ARCHITECTURE > 392-465;

SOCIETY > 706-785;

HOUSE > 242-295;

COMMUNICATIONS AND

SPORTS AND GAMES > 786-920

hairdressing 380 hairpin 380 hairspring 696 Haiti 742 hakama 846, 847 half barb 56 half bath 250 half cell 897 half court line 819 half handle 229 half indexing 528 half note 435 half rest 435 half-distance line 827 half-glasses 385 half-mask respirator 773 half-pipe 871, 887 half-pipe, competition site 887 half-side 632 half-slip 366 half-through arch bridge 541 half-volley 820 halfway line 803, 805 halibut 221 hall 250, 608, 719, 724 hallah 205 halo 9 halogen desk lamp 286 halogen light 775 halyard 603, 739 ham knife 229 hamate 154 hammer317, 442, 443, 754, 793, 861,912 hammer ax 901 hammer butt 443 hammer drill 648 hammer felt 443 hammer head 901 hammer loop 313 hammer rail 442, 443 hammer shank 443 hammerthrow 791 hamster 123 hand 139, 147, 149, 154, 173 hand blender 236 hand brake 552 hand brake gear housing 587 hand brake wheel 587 hand brake winding lever 587 hand cultivator 325 hand drill 307 hand fork 325 hand grenade 757 hand hole 535 hand lamp 765 hand miter saw 303 hand mixer 236 hand mower 332 hand post 433 hand protection 774 hand protector 331, 875 hand rest 516 hand shield 318 hand tools 325 hand truck 633 hand vacuum cleaner 288 hand vise 422 hand wash in lukewarm water 347 hand-warmer pocket 353, 355 hand-warmer pouch 360 handbags 387 handball 814 handcuff case 770 handgrip 574, 577, 782, 909 handgrips 850 handguard 755 handheld computer 527 handhold 857 handholds 901 handicap spot 916 handicaps board 858 handle:227,:230,:236,:237, 238, 239, 240, 256, 268, 270, 280, 288, 289, 290, 291, 295, 301, 302, 303, 304, 305, 307, 308, 309, 310, 311, 312, 313,315, 316, 319, 320, 323, 328,331. 332, 381, 382, 383, 384, 386, 387, 388, 389, 391, 425,439, 454, 458, 460, 503, 504, 534, 558, 611, 649, 750, 775,783, 793, 797, 798, 800, 815, 816, 822, 840, 849, 877, 884, 888, 891, 905, 909, 910, 920 handlebar 327, 851, 871, 876 handlebar grip 871 handlebars 579, 871, 876 handles, examples 840

933

INDEX

German rye bread 205 German salami 216 German shepherd 130 Germanic languages 469 germanium 682 Germany 744 germination 77 geyser 44 Ghana 745 ghee 210 gherkin 188 gi 846 giant slalom 889 giant slalom ski 888 gibbon 139 Gibraltar, Strait 32 gift shop 714 gifts 717 gill 76, 106 gill slits 108 gills 105, 109 ginger 199 ginkgo nut 193 giraffe 129 girder 252 girdle 367, 374 girls’ wear (size 2 to 6) 717 girls’ wear (size 7 to 17) 717 girth 853, 855, 856 girth strap 855 gizzard 116 glacial cirque 46 glacial lake 48 glacier 46, 48, 66 glacier tongue 46 glacis 409 gladius 748 glans penis 169 glass 672, 673 glass bottle 223 glass case 699 glass collection unit 71 glass cover 291 glass curtain 282 glass dome 612 glass lens 385 glass protector 878 glass recycling container 71 glass slide 693 glass sorting 71 glass sphere 58 glass washer 723 glass-fronted display cabinet 279 glass-lined tank 267 glassed roof 250, 582, 713 glasses 723 glassware 225 glider 898 glidingjoint 156 gliding phase 892 global warming 68 globe 734, 903 globular cluster 9 glottis 112 glove 20, 798, 800, 842, 848, 855, 870, 871, 874, 875, 878, 882, 884, 887, 891, 892 glove compartment 556 glove finger 346 glove storage 780 glove, back 346 glove, palm 346 gloves 346, 872 glucose 78 glue 254 glue stick 534 gluteal nen/e 166 gluteus maximus 151 gnocchl 206 gnomon 696 go 915, 916 goal800,802,804, 807, 809, 814,827,879,920 goal area 802, 814 goal area line 814 goal attack 809 goal circle 809 goal crease 879 goal defense 809 goal judge 827, 858, 878 goal lights 879 goal line 800, 804, 806, 809, 814, 827, 878 goal line referee 814 goal shooter 809 goal third 809 goalkeeper 800, 801, 803, 809, 814, 827, 878, 879 goalkeeper’s chest pad 880

INDEX

handling 632 handrail 255, 417, 569, 594.607 handsaw 303 handset 506, 507 handset cord 506 handwheel 425, 452 hang glider 897 hang gliding 897 hang gliding pilot 897 hang point 897 hang to di7 347 hang-up ring 382 hanger 483 hanger bracket 783 hanger loop 354 hanging basket 322 hanging file 532 hanging glacier 46 hanging pendant 286 hanging sleeve 338 hanging stile 247, 249, 278 hank 835 hapteron 75 harbor 596 hard boot 887 hard contact lens 384 hard disk drive 521 hard disk drive, secondary 513 hard palate 174,175 hard surface 822 hard top gondola 588 hard-shell clam 217 hardboard 300 hardwood base 899 hare 123,212 harissa 201 harmonica 432 harness 460, 841, 893, 896, 897 harness racing 857 harnesses 460 harp 440 harp cable stays 541 harps 437 harpsichord 443 harquebus 752 hasp 389 hassium 683 hastate 79 hat switch 516 hatband 340 hatch 23, 758 hatchback 549 hatchet 767, 907 hatching 463 haulage road 647 Hausa 468 Haversian canal 154 Hawaiian 469 hawk 315 hay baler 642 hayloft 182 haze 57 hazelnut 193 hazelnut, section 84 head 8,96, 97, 99, 104, 115, 140, 147, 149, 161, 169, 185,301, 302,308,311,383,384,390, 391,425,439,440,441,449, 452,457,458,516, 591,793, 816, 822, 858, 867, 901, 909 head cover 869 head cushion 862 head harness 773 head linesman 807 head number 857 head nurse’s office 779 head of femur 153 head of frame 249 head of humerus 153 head of water 662 head pole 857 head protection 772, 774 head roller 460 head tube 319, 579 head, bat 140 head, bird 115 head-first entry 829 headband 426,502,504, 772, 773 headbay 657 headboard 280, 281 headcap 426 header 247, 252, 643 headframe 649, 650 headgear 340, 341, 842 heading471 headings, examples 283 headland 51

headlight 333, 550, 570, 574, 576, 579,585,586,640, 758,876 headlight/turn signal 556 headlights 554 headline 471 headphone jack 450, 451, 497, 504 headphone plug 504 headphones 502, 504 headpin 865 headrail 285 headrest 555 heads, examples 302 headset kit 506 headwind 833 headwind, start 833 health 775 health and beauty care 181 health organization 525 hearing 173 heart 97, 99, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 109, 110, 112, 116, 125, 162,163, 212, 914 heartwood 87 heat control 259 heat deflecting disc 274 heat energy 68 heat exchanger 259, 670, 675 heat gun 320 heat loss 68 heat production 665 heat pump 260 heat ready indicator 381 heat selector switch 382 heat shield 22 heatsink 513 heat transfer 681 heat transport pump 669 heat-sealed film 223 heater 903 heating 256 heating coil 899 heating duct 293 heating element 258, 259, 293, 294,318,465 heating equipment 608 heating fuel tank 563 heating grille 594 heating oil 656 heating, forced hot-water system 259 heating, forced warm-air system 258 heaving line knot 908 heavy continuous rain 57 heavy continuous snow 57 heavy duty boot 342 heavy gasoline 656 heavy intermittent rain 57 heavy intermittent snow 57 heavy machinery 636 heavy rainfall 63 heavy thunderstorm 57 heavy-water reactor 670 Hebrew 468 heddle rod 461 heddles 460,461 hedge 245,322 hedge shears 330 hedge trimmer 331 hedgehog 121 heel 127, 147, 149, 229, 303, 309,342,351,370,439,440, 641,797,868,880,881 heel grip 342 heel loop 783 heel rest 236, 288 heel stop 895 heeled shoe 339 heelpiece 840, 889 heelplate 892 height adjustment 641, 642, 826, 851 height adjustment scale 304 height control 485 height finder 761 height of the dive 829 height scale 485 helicopter 631, 762 helicopter flight deck 762 helicopter hangar 762 helicopters, examples 631 heliostats 674 helipad 652 helium 684 helium sphere 25 helix 173, 705 helm roof 415 ASTRONOMY > 2-25:

EARTH > 26-71;

VEGETABLE KINGDOM >72-89;

DO-IT-YOURSELF AND GARDENING > 296-333: OFFICE AUTOMATION > 466-535;

helmet 20, 748, 765, 798,800, 808, 858, 870, 871, 875, 878, 882, 887, 888, 891, 894, 895, 896, 897, 901 helmet lamp 901 helmet ring 20 hem 285 hemisphere 705 hemispheres 35 hemlath 676 hemline 455 hen 120 hen egg 213 hen house 182 hendecagon 705 hennin 339 Henry VIII 736 hepatic vein 161 heptagon 705 heraldry 739 herbal teas 208 herbicide 69 herbivores 67 herbs 202 Hercules 13 hermaphroditic duct 104 heron 119 herring 219 herringbone parquet 254 herringbone pattern 254 herringbone stitch 459 hertz 702 Hertzian wave transmission 486 Herzegovina 744 heterotrophs 67 hex nut 562 hexagon 705 hexagon bushing 269 hexagon nut 311 hidden pocket 386 high (19 to 36) 919 high altar 737 high beam 554 high beam indicator light 557 high beam warning indicator 576 high card 914 high chair 281 high cloud, type 55 high clouds 62 high focal plane buoy 615 high frequency antenna cable 628 high gain antenna 18 high jump 791, 792 high warp loom 461 high wing 628 high-back overalls 368 high-hat cymbal 448 high-pressure area 63 high-pressure center 55 high-pressure steam inlet 668 high-rise apartment 419 high-speed exit taxiway 618 high-speed shaft 677 high-speed train 585 high-temperature cutoff 266 high-tension electricity transmission 646, 662, 677 high-voltage tester 316 highball glass 225 highland 7, 61 highland climates 61 highlight key 479 highway 39, 539 highway crossing 591 highway crossing bell 591 hijiki 183 hiking boot 344 hill 45, 674 hilted bayonet 751 Himalayas 33 hind leg 96 hind leg, butterfly 96 hind leg, honeybee 98 hind limb 110, 111, 121, 143 hind toe 115, 117 hind wing 96 Hindi 469 Hinduism 736 hinge238, 247,249,278, 294, 386,389,465,500,554,692, 889 hinge joint 156 hinge pin 638 hinged presser foot 452, 453 hip 147, 149 hip pad 808 hip roof 414 hip-and-valley roof 415 hippopotamus 129

CLOTHING > 334-371;

hitch ball 558 hitch pin 442 hitting area 797 hive 100, 182 hive body 100 hobble 857 hobble hanger 857 hobo bag 388 hock 124, 130,215 hockey 878 hockey ball 800 hockey skate, in-line 895 hoe 327 hoe-fork 326 hog line 877 hoisin sauce 200 hoist 739 hoist room 649 hoisting block 634 hoisting ring 610 hoisting rope 321, 417, 634 hoisting system 635 holdback 282 holder 685 holding 844 holding area marking 620 holds, examples 844 hole 423, 866, 867 holes 866 hollow barrel 776 hollow brick 298 hollow shot 752 holmium 684 hologram foil strip 729 holster 770 holy water font 737 home 515 home antenna 486 home furnishings store 715 home key 515 home plate 795 home theater 493 home user 525 home-plate umpire 795 homestretch 856 homo sapiens sapiens 93 homogenized milk 210 Honduras 742 honey 209 honey cell 100 honeybee 98 honeybee, anatomy 99 honeybee, foreleg 98 honeybee, hind leg 98 honeybee, middle leg 98 honeybee, morphology 98 honeycomb 100 honeycomb section 100 honeydew melon 195 honor tiles 917 hood 256, 289, 333, 353, 368, 550,570,721,841,882,901 hooded sweatshirt 370 hoof 124, 127 hoof, plantar surface 127 hoofs, types 127 hook 249, 284,313,316,327, 452,453,456,457,573,611, 634,699,776,861,862,881 hook and eyes 453 hook ladder 321, 767 hooker 804 hoop 459, 823 hoop earrings 374 hopper 643 hopper car 588 hopper ore car 588 horizon mirror 612 horizon shade 612 horizontal bar 824, 825 horizontal clamp 701 horizontal control 518 horizontal end handhold 587 horizontal ground movement 43 horizontal member 663 horizontal motion lock 482 horizontal movement 916 horizontal pivoting window 415 horizontal seismograph 43 horizontal stabilizer 625, 631, 898 horizontal-axis wind turbine 677 horn 376, 556, 576, 586, 766 horned melon 196 hornet 101 horny beak 113 Horologium 10 hors d’oeuvre dish 226 hors d’oeuvres 722 horse 124, 129, 826, 858

ANIMAL KINGDOM > 90-143:

HUMAN BEING > 144-177;

PERSONAL ACCESSORIES AND ARTICLES > 372-391:

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY > 536-643;

ENERGY > 644-677;

SCIENCE > 678-705;

horse racing 856, 857 horse, anatomy 125 horse, gaits 124 horse, morphology 124 horse, skeleton 126 horsefly 101 horseradish 189 horseshoe 127, 376, 413 horseshoe mount 17 hose 289, 319, 365, 367, 767 hose connector 329 hose dryer 764 hose holder 764 hose nozzle 328 hose trolley 328 hospital 711, 725, 778 hospital bed 780 hot bus bar 272 hot coolant 665, 674 hot food 722 hot food table 721 hot line connector 663 hot pepper 188 hot plate 721 hot-air outflow 258 hot-air outlet 256 hot-air register 258 hot-shoe contact 476 hot-water circuit 262 hot-water heater 262 hot-water outlet 259, 266, 267 hot-water riser 262 hot-water supply line 270, 271 hotel 710, 724, 886, 915 hotel reservation desk 620 hotel rooms 724 houppelande 338 hour angle gear 17 hour hand 697 house 244, 431, 877, 915 house drain 271 house dress 356 house furniture 276 house, elements 247 house, elevation 250 house, exterior 244 house, foundations 253 house, frame 252 house, structure 250 houseboat 607 household equipment 295 household linen 716 household products 180 household waste 69, 70 houses, city 419 houses, traditional 418 housing261,275, 306, 308, 316, 3t8, 383, 488, 499, 507, 613, 614 hovercraft 605 howitzer 756 hub 103,522,523, 534, 579, 659, 677, 783 . hub cover 659 Hubble space telescope 17, 53 Hubble's classification 9 Hudson Bay 30. Huitzilopochtli, Temple 412 hull 84, 599, 834, 876 hull column 652 hull sonar 762 human being 146 human body 146 human denture 159 humerus 111, 116, 121, 122, 126, 131, 136, 138, 141, 142, 152, 156 humid continental-hot summer 61 humid continental-warm summer 61 humid subtropical 61 humidifier 261 humidistat 261 humidity 261 humidity, measure 59 hummingbird 118 hummus 200 hump 589 hump lead 589 hump office 589 humpback whale 137 Hungarian 469 Hungary 744 hunting 912 hunting cap 340 hurdle 790 hurdle, steeplechase 790 hurricane 57, 63 hurricane lamp 906

FOOD AND KITCHEN > 178-241;

ARTS AND ARCHITECTURE > 392-465;

SOCIETY > 706-785;

HOUSE > 242-295;

COMMUNICATIONS AND

SPORTS AND GAMES > 786-920

I lapetus 5 Iberian Peninsula 32 ice 67 ice ax 901 ice breaker 606 ice cream freezer 240 ice cream scoop 233 ice cube dispenser 224 ice cube tray 291 ice dispenser 548 ice hockey 878 ice hockey player 878 ice machine 721 ice piton 901 ice rink 886 ice screw 901 iceberg lettuce 186 Iceland 32, 744 Icelandic 469 ichthyosaur 93 ichthyostega 92 icing syringe 232 ID window 386 identification badge 770 identification bracelet 376 identification section 768 identification tag 389 idler wheel 876 igloo 418 igneous rocks 42 ignition box 627 ignition key 332, 333 ignition switch 556, 576 ignition transformer 259 iguana 114 ileum 164 iliohypogastric nerve 166 ilioinguinal nerve 166 ilium 111, 116, 122, 152 illumination mirror 701 image adjustment buttons 496 image review button 477 imager 60 imperial roof 414 impervious rock 651 impluvium 406 impost 413 impulse sprinkler 329 in goal 805 in-flight refueling 760 in-flight refueling probe 760 in-ground swimming pool 246 in-line hockey skate 895 in-line skate 895 in-line skating 895 in-line speed skate 895 inactive dike 664 inbounds line 806 incandescent lamp 274, 614 incident neutron 681 incineration 71 incised figure 420 ASTRONOMY > 2-25;

EARTH > 26-71;

VEGETABLE KINGDOM >72-89;

DO-IT-YOURSELF AND GARDENING > 296-333; OFFICE AUTOMATION > 466-535;

CLOTHING > 334-371;

inner stators 627 inner table 915 inner tent 902, 903 inner toe 115 inorganic matter 67 input devices 514 input lights 497 input monitors 491 input receptacle 520 input select button 497 input selector 497 input terminal 316 input tray 519 input/output audio/video jacks 497 inrun 890, 891 insectivorous bird 117 insectivorous mammals 121 insectivorous mammals, examples 121 insects 96 insects, examples 101 insert 515 insert key 515 inset pocket 360 inside 227 inside edge 901 inside knob 248 inside linebacker 806 inside-leg snap-fastening 368, 369 insole 345 installation work 395 instant-read thermometer 231 instep 146, 351 instrument panel 557 instrument platform 60 instrument shelter 58 instrument unit 25 instrumental groups, examples 438 insulated blade 316 insulated handle 239, 316, 317 insulating material 253, 254, 294 insulating materials 299 insulating sleeve 275 insulation 259, 266, 267, 672 insulator 562, 663 insurance services 730 intaglio printing 420 intaglio printing process 422 intaglio printing process, equipment 422 intake 564, 565 intake manifold 564, 565, 566 intake port 565 intake valve 564 integral 703 integral bayonet 751 integrated circuit 689 Intelsat 487 intensive care unit 780 intensive farming 68, 70 intensive husbandry 68, 69 interactive terminals 395 interchange 709 interchangeable studs 802 interchanges, examples 538 intercom microphone 491 intercom station 491 intercostal nerve 166 interface card, network 522 interface card, wireless network 522 interfacing 455 interfemoral membrane 140 interior dome shell 17 interior door handle 554 interior door lock button 554 interior pocket 389 interlining 455 interlock 463 intermediate booster station 654 intermediate slope 886 intermodal car 588 internal boundary 37 internal ear 174 internal filum terminale 167 internal iliac artery 160, 161, 165 internal iliac vein 161 internal jugular vein 160 internal modem port 513, 526 internal tooth lock washer 310 international boundary 37 international mail 475 international road signs 544 international space station 21 international system of units 702 international weather symbols 56 Internet 523, 524 Internet keys 514 Internet service provider 525 Internet user 524 Internet uses 525 internode 77 interrogation room 768 interrupted projection 36

ANIMAL KINGDOM > 90-143;

HUMAN BEING > 144-177;

PERSONAL ACCESSORIES AND ARTICLES > 372-391;

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY > 536-643;

ENERGY> 644-677;

SCIENCE > 678-705;

intersection of two sets 703 intertragic notch 173 inteival 617 intervals 434 interventricular septum 162 intervertebral disk 157 intevertebral foramen 157 interview rooms 728 intestine 95, 97, 103, 104, 105, 107,109,112, 161 intrados 413 intravenous stand 780 intrusive filtration 69 intrusive rocks 42 Inuktitut 469 invert 595 inverted pleat 283, 357 inward 828 lo 4 iodine 683 ion tail 8 Ionic column 407 Ionic order 404 Iran 746 Iraq 746 Ireland 743 iridium 683 iris 177 Irish 469 Irish bread 205 Irish moss 183 Irish Sea 32 iron 683,867,868 iron at high setting 347 iron at low setting 347 iron at medium setting 347 iron curtain 430 iron meteorite 8 ironing 347 irregular bone 157 irregular crystal 64 is an element of 703 is approximately equal to 703 is equivalent to 703 is greater than 703 is greater than or equal to 703 is identical with 703 is included in/is a subset of 703 is less than 703 is less than or equal to 703 is not an element of 703 is not equal to 703 is not identical with 703 is not parallel to 704 is parallel to 704 ISA expansion connector 513 isba 418 ischium 111, 116, 122, 153 Islam 736 island 38, 224, 539, 761 island arc 49 isobar 55 isolated danger mark 617 isolated languages 469 isolation cell 727 isolation room 778 isoseismal line 43 Israel 746 ISS21 issuing bank, initials 729 isthmus 38 isthmus of fallopian tube 171 isthmus of fauces 174 Isthmus of Panama 30 Italian 469 italic 472 Italy 744 ivory ball 919

J J-2 engine 25 jabot 362 jaboticaba 197 jack 443, 558, 864, 873, 914 jack field 488 jack spring 443 jack stand 641 jack-up platform 653 jacket 338, 353, 355, 521, 689, 844,848,855,912 jackets 348, 358 jackfruit 196 jackleg drill 648 jackpot box 920 jackpot feed 920 jaguar 135 jail 915 jalapeho chile 199 jalousie 249 Jamaica 742

FOOD AND KITCHEN > 178-241;

ARTS AND ARCHITECTURE > 392-465;

SOCIETY > 706-785;

HOUSE > 242-295,

COMMUNICATIONS AND

SPORTS AND GAMES > 786-920

jamb 247, 256 janitor’s closet 724, 731 Japan 33,747 Japan Trench 50 Japan,Sea 33 Japanese 469 Japanese experiment module 21 Japanese persimmon 197 Japanese plum 193 Jarlsberg 211 Java Trench 50 javelin 748, 793 javelin throw 791 jaw 302, 306, 307,312,317,377 jaw, rabbit 123 jaw, rat 123 jaw, rodent’s 123 jaws 312, 913 jay 118 jazz band 438 jeans 358 jejunum 164 jerboa 123 jersey 805, 870 Jerusalem artichoke 184 Jesus Christ 736 jet blast deflector 761 jet engine test area 761 jet fuel 656 jet refueler 622 jet tip 384 Jew’s harp 433 jewel 696 jewelry 374 jewelry store 714 Jewish hallah 205 jib 634, 635,834 jib tie 634 jibe 833 jibsheet 834 jicama 184 jig saw 305 jigger topgallant staysail 603 jigger topmast staysail 603 jiggermast 602 jigsaw puzzle 917 jingle 449 jo 846 jockey 856 jockey rollers 580 jodhpurs 853 John Calvin 736 John dory 221 joint 426, 470, 863, 909 joint filler315 jointed mouth 854 jointed mouth bit 854 jointer plane 309 joist 254 joker 914 Jordan 746 joule 702 journal box 586 joystick 516 joysticks 918 Judaism 736 judge 842, 843, 844, 848, 855, 859 judge coordinator 823 judge’s stand 856 judges 824,825,828,881 judges’ bench 728 judges’ office 728 judges’ stand 887, 890, 891 judo 844 judogi 844 juice sac 82 juicer 240 jujitsu 846 jujube 197 jump rope 850 jump skis 840 jump, steeplechase hurdle 790 jumper356 jumper cables 558 jumping 792 jumping ski 891 jumping technique 891 jumps, examples 881 jumpsuit 358, 368, 369 junction box 591 junior officer’s office 768 juniper berry 198 junk 600 Jupiter 4 Jurassic 93 jurors’ room 728 jury 853 jury box 728 jury platform 871 justaucorps 338 justice 726 juvenile cell 768

INDEX

incisor 121, 123 incisors 159 inclination 13 incoming message cassette 508 incurrent pore 95 incus 174 indent 528 index 471, 612 index arm 612 index card cabinet 533 index card drawer 533 index cards 532 index finger 173 index mirror 612 index shade 612 index/enlarge button 477 India 747 Indian chapati bread 205 Indian naan bread 205 Indian Ocean 28, 29, 33, 34 indicator board 582, 793 indicator light 767 indicator lights 515 indicator needle 479 indicators 494, 501 indicators display button 496 indium 682 Indo-European languages 469 Indo-lranian languages 469 Indonesia 33, 747 Indonesian 469 indoor activity area 727 indoor electric grill 239 indoor shutters 282 indoor unit 260 Indus 10 industrial area 709 industrial communications 487 industrial pollution 69 industrial waste 69, 70 industry 525 inert gas 274 inferior 472 inferior cymbal 448 inferior dental arch 174 inferior mesenteric artery 165 inferior nasal concha 175 inferior rectus muscle 177 inferior umbilicus 115 inferior vena cava 160, 161, 162, 165 infield 794 infiltration 67 infinity 703 infirmary 726 inflated carrying tire 594, 595 inflated guiding tire 594, 595 inflation system 611 inflator 841, 904 inflator valve 841 inflator-deflator 904 inflorescences, types 81 inflorescent vegetables 187 information 725 information booth 715 information console 841 information counter 620 information desk 719, 730, 733, 769,779,886 information spreading 525 infrared homing head 759 infrared port 526, 527 infrared radiation 68, 690 infrared sounder 60 infrared thermal mapper 18 infraspinatus 151 infundibulum of fallopian tube 171 infusions 208 inhalation valve 773 initials of the issuing bank 729 injection well 646 injection/combustion 565 ink 397, 421, 470 ink drawing 396 ink sac 106 inked surface 420 inking slab 421 inkjet printer 519 inlaid parquet 254 inlet hose 485 inlet valve 566 inmates’ admission office 726 inmates’ entrance 726 inner boot 889, 895 inner circle 877 inner core 42 inner door shell 554 inner edge 127 inner hearth 256 inner jib 603 inner lining 561 inner lip 105 inner planets 5

husband 785 husk 84, 85 hut 418 Huygens 19 hybrid automobile 563 Hydra 11, 13 hydrant intake 766 hydraulic coupler 640 hydraulic cylinder 633, 640 hydraulic disc brake 870 hydraulic hose 641, 642 hydraulic jack 567 hydraulic pallet truck 633 hydraulic resistance 851 hydraulic shovel 638 hydraulic system 632 hydraulic turbine 659 hydroelectric complex 657 hydroelectric power plant, cross section 658 hydroelectricity 657 hydrofoil boat 609 hydrogen 682 hydrologic cycle 67 hydrometer 562 hydrosphere 66 Hydros 10 hyena 134 hygrograph 59 hygrometer 261 hyperlinks 524 hyperopia 691 hypha 76 hyracotherium 93 hyssop 202

K K-frame 663 K1 kayak 839 Kalahari Desert 34 kale 186 Kamchatka Peninsula 33 kangaroo 142, 143 kangaroo, morphology 143 kangaroo, skeleton 142 Kaplan runner 659 karate 845 karate-gi 845 karateka 845 kayak 837 kayak, K1 839 Kazakhstan 746 keel 116, 897 keel boat 835 keep 408 keeper ring 909 kelly 651 kelvin 702 kendo 847 kendoka 847 Kenya 745 Kermadec-Tonga Trench 50 kernel 85 kerosene 656 kerosene tank 25 Keroularios 736 ketch 601 ketchup 201 kettle 45, 240 kettledrum 448 key 249, 432, 436, 442, 443, 445, 446 key case 387 key cutting shop 715 key finger button 446 key grip 428 key guard 446 key lever 446 key lock 386 key signature 435 keybed 442 keyboard 442, 450, 507, 514, 526, 865 keyboard instruments 442 keyboard port 513 keyless chuck 306 keys 451 keystone 410, 413 keyway 249 kick pleat 357 kicker471,800, 890 kickers 890 kickstand 575, 577 kidney 104, 105, 106, 109, 110, 112, 116, 125, 161, 212 kielbasa sausage 216 killer whale 137 kilogram 702 kilt 357 kimono 364 kimono sleeve 361 king914, 916 king post 253, 897 king’s chamber 402 king's side 916 kingfisher 118 kingpin 571 kiosk 548, 593 Kiribati 747 kitchen 222,224,250,406,584, 719, 721, 723, 724, 726, 735, 763,764 kitchen articles 716 kitchen facilities 509 kitchen knife 229 kitchen knives, examples 229 kitchen scale 231 kitchen shears 233 kitchen timer 231 kitchen towel 295 kitchen utensils 229 kiwi 196 knapsack 901 knee 124,130,146,148 knee boot 857 knee boot suspender 857 knee pad 796, 808, 858, 880, 882, 894,895 knee roll 855 knee wrap 850 knee-high sock 365 kneeling position 861 knickers 358 knife 227, 401,421,841,905, 907 knife pleat 350, 357 knife-blade cartridge fuse 272 knight 916

knit shirt 354 knitting 457 knitting machine 456 knitting measure 457 knitting needle 457 knives, examples 228 knob 278, 309, 797 knob handle 304 knobby tread tire 577 knockout 272 knoll 890 knot 463 knot stitches 459 knots 908 knurled bolt 320 koala 143 kohlrabi 185 Kola Peninsula 32 kombu 183 kora 433 Koran 736 Korea 747 Korean 469 Korean Peninsula 33 kote 847 krypton 684 Kuiper belt 4 kumquat 194 kungfu 846 kungfu practitioner 846 Kuril Trench 50 Kuwait 746 Kyrgyzstan 746

L label 500 label holder 533 label maker 533 labia majora 170 labia majorum 171 labia minora 170, 171 labial palp 96, 99, 105 lablab bean 190 laboratory 16, 17 laboratory equipment 685 labyrinth 885 laccolith 44 lace 797,843,881 lace carriage 456 Lacerta 12 lacing 893 lacrimal canal 177 lacrimal caruncle 177 lacrimal gland 177 lactiferous duct 171 Iadder246, 418, 567, 597, 615, 639,655 ladder and hose strap 767 ladder pipe nozzle 766 ladder scaffold 321 ladders 321 ladies’ room 509, 724 ladies’ toilet 427 ladle 233, 752 Ladoga, Lake 32 Lady chapel 410, 411 ladybug 101 lagging 655 lagomorph’s jaw 123 lagomorph’s jaw: rabbit 123 lagomorphs 122 lagomorphs, examples 123 lagoon 51 lake 7,38, 45,48 lake acidification 70 Lake Baikal 33 Lake Chad 34 Lake Eyre North 29 Lake Ladoga 32 Lake Malawi 34 Lake Tanganyika 34 Lake Titicaca 31 Lake Victoria 34 lam 460 lamb cubes 215 lamb, cuts 215 lambdoid suture 158 lamina 75 laminboard 300 lamp 693 lamp base 614 lamp socket 275 lamp socket, parts 275 lamphouse elevation control 485 lamphouse head 485 lamprey 219 lanceolate 79 lancet 413 ASTRONOMY > 2-25;

936

land 306 land pollution 69 land station 54 lander (Viking) 18 iandfill 709 landfill site 69 landing 251, 255, 650, 891 landing area 790, 792, 793, 891 landing deck 761 landing gear 567, 571 landing gear crank 571 landing gear lever 626 landing light 631 landing net 911 landing radar 761 landing slope 891 landing track 890 landing window 631 landslides 47 lane 788, 790,830,831,882 lane line 791 lane number 893 lane rope 831 lane timekeeper 830 language display button 507 language families 468 languages of the world 468 languid 444 lantern 322, 614, 903 lantern pane 614 lanthanides 684 lanthanum 684 Lao People’s Democratic Republic 747 lap counter 883 lapel 348, 362 lapiaz 47 lapis lazuli 375 laptop computer 523, 526 laptop computer briefcase 527 laptop computer: front view 526 laptop computer: rearview 526 lapwing 118 larch 89 lard 209 larding needle 233 large blade 905 large intestine 110, 164 large wheel 783 large-screen television set 493 larger spotted dogfish 218 larva 100 larynx 163 lasagna 206 laser beam 501, 692 laser printer 519 last quarter 7 latch 238, 294, 389, 456, 900 latch bolt 248 latch lever 452 latch needle 456 lateen sail 601 lateen yard 600 lateral bar 851 lateral brush 573 lateral condyle of femur 153 lateral cuneiform 155 lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh 166 lateral filing cabinet 510 lateral groove 127 lateral incisor 159 lateral line 108, 877 lateral mark 617 lateral moraine 46 lateral semicircular canal 174 * lateral view of skull 158 lateral-adjustment lever 309 latex glove 776 latex glove case 770 lath 285 lath tilt device 285 latissimus dors! 151 latrines 406 Latvia 744 launch escape system 25 laundry 724, 726 laundry room 250 lava flow 44 lava layer 44 lavatory truck 622 lawn 245, 322 lawn aerator 333 lawn bowling 864 lawn care 332 lawn edger326 lawn rake 333 lawn tractor 333 lawn trimmer 332 lawrencium 684

EARTH >26-71:

VEGETABLE KINGDOM >72-89;

DO-IT-YOURSELF AND GARDENING > 296-333; OFFICE AUTOMATION > 466-535:

CLOTHING > 334-371;

leach field 263 leaching 70 lead 471, 682, 877 lead ball 757 lead pencil 470 lead screw 306 lead-in wire 274, 275 leader 900, 911 leading 472 leading bunch 870 leading edge 362, 625, 897, 898 leading edge flap 760 leading edge tube 897 leading motorcycle 870 leaf 75, 77, 78, 79, 185 leaf axil 79 leaf lettuce 186 leaf margin 79 leaf node 77 leaf vegetables 186 leaf, structure 79 leakproof cap 903 lean-to roof 414 leash rod 461 leather end 350 leather goods 386 leather goods store 714 leather sheath 907 leather akin 798 leaves, examples 89 Lebanon 746 lectern 737 ledger 252 ledger line 434 leech 836 leek 184 left atrium 161, 162 left attacker 812 left back 801, 803, 812, 814 left center 804 left channel 502 left cornerback 806 left defense 878 left defensive end 806 left defensive tackle 806 left field 795 left fielder 794 left forward 811 left guard 807 left half 801 left inside forward 801 left kidney 165 left lung 161, 163 left midfielder 803 left pulmonary vein 162 left safety 806 left service court 819, 821 leftside 384 left tackle 807 left ventricle 161, 162 left wing 801, 804, 879 left winger 814 leg 113, 139, 147, 149, 156, 278, 280, 281, 323, 351, 448, 641, 815, 823, 910 leg curl bar 851 leg extension bar 851 leg guard 796 leg position 829 leg strap 611 leg-of-mutton sleeve 361 leg-warmer 371 legging 901 leghold trap 913 legionary 748 legume, section 84 legumes 190 lemon 194 lemon balm 202 lemur 139 length post 856 length, measure 700 length, measurement 702 lengthwise bulkhead 606 lengthwise grain 455 Iensl77, 477, 478, 517, 518, 691 lens accessories 478 lens aperture scale 478 lens cap 478 lens case 384 lens hood 478, 612 lens mount 477 lens release button 476 lens system 692 lenses 478, 691 lenticular galaxy 9 lentils 190 Leo 13 Leo Minor 13

ANIMAL KINGDOM > 90-143:

HUMAN BEING > 144-177:

PERSONAL ACCESSORIES AND ARTICLES > 372-391:

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY > 536-643:

ENERGY > 644-677;

SCIENCE > 678-705:

leopard 135 leotard 371 Lepus 11 Lesotho 746 lesser covert 115 letter 474 letter opener 531 letter scale 531 letters 472 letters to the editor 471 lettuce 186 leucoplast 74 level 650 leveling foot 292, 293, 294 leveling head 701 leveling head level 701 leveling head locking knob 701 leveling screw 58, 699, 701 leveling-adjustment foot 483 Iever238, 310, 377, 421,423, 686,912,920 lever cap 309 lever corkscrew 230 levigator 423 Liberia 745 libero 812 Libra 11 librarian’s office 732 library 395, 711, 726, 732, 734 Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 745 license plate light 554 lichen 74 lichen, structure 74 lichens, examples 74 lid 234,237,238, 239,240, 241, 290,291,292,295,313,465, 484,689 lid brace 465 Liechtenstein 744 Herne 410 life buoy 609, 611, 771 life cycle of the frog 111 lifejacket 611 life raft 605, 611 life support system 20 life support system controls 20 life, evolution 92 life-saving equipment 611 lifeboat 602, 604, 608, 652 lift 602, 630 lift arm 637 lift bridge 542 lift chain 265 lift cord 285 lift cord lock 285 lift door 569 lift span 542 lift-arrp cylinder 637 lift-fan air inlet 605 lifting chain 632 lifting handle 756 lifting hook 651 lifting link 640 ^ ligament 105 ligature 446 light 14, 15, 17,472,594,615, 617 light aircraft 628 light bar 766, 771 light bar controller 771 light button 505 light continuous drizzle 57 light continuous rain 57 light continuous snow 57 light intermittent drizzle 57 light intermittent rain 57 light intermittent snow 57 light machine gun 755 light rain 64 light ray 691 light sensor 477 light shield 17 light signal 436 light-load adjustment screw 273 light-reading scale 479 lightbox 484, 535 lighted mirror 381 lighthouse 596, 614 lighthouse lantern 614 lighting 274, 381, 626 lighting board 490 lighting board operator 490 lighting cable 567 lighting control room 490 lighting grid 429, 492 lighting grid access 490 lighting technician 429, 490 lighting/camera control area 490 lightning 57, 65

FOOD AND KITCHEN > 178-241;

ARTS AND ARCHITECTURE > 392-465:

SOCIETY > 706-785:

HOUSE > 242-295;

COMMUNICATIONS AND

SPORTS AND GAMES > 786-920

lobate 79 lobate toe 117 lobby 620, 713, 717, 724, 728, 730 lobe 117 lobe bronchus 163 lobster 107, 218 lobster, anatomy 10/ lobster, morphology 107 local mail 475 local station 486 location 244 location of the statue 403 lock 247, 248, 278, 291, 387, 389,554, 580, 664 lock button 505 lock dial 516 lock emptying system 597 lock filling and emptying opening 597 lock filling and emptying system 597 lock filling intake 597 lock filling opening 597 lock forward 804 lock nut 58, 700 lock rail 247 lock ring 483 lock switch 479 lock washer 310 lock-chamber 597 lock-on button 305, 308 locked groove 500 locker 510 locker room 764, 768 locket 374 locking button 288 locking carabiner 900 locking device 289, 321, 913 locking lever 312, 587 locking pliers 310 locking ring 302, 756 locknut 270 locomotive track 589 locomotive, diesel-electric 586 loculus 82 lodging 886 loft 251 log 300 log carrier 257 log chute 657 log semitrailer 572 log tongs 257 log, section 300 loin 124, 147, 149 loin chop 215 loincloth 339 long and short stitch 459 long bone 157 longjump 790, 793 longjump take-off board 793 long palmaris 150 long radial extensor of wrist 151 long residue 656 longservice line 816 long track 882 long-range jet 624 longan 196 longitudinal dunes 52 longship 598 loofah 379 loop 349, 539 loop stitches 459 loose curtain 283 loose fill insulation 299 loose head prop 804 loose powder 378 loose powder brush 378 lopping shears 330 lore 115 lorgnette 385 lost and found articles 725 loudspeaker 503, 766 loudspeaker system select buttons 497 loudspeaker terminals 497 loudspeakers 502 lounge 608, 724 louse 101 louver 261 louver-board 411 louvered window 415 lovage 202 love seat 276, 724 low (1 to 18) 919 low bar 824 low beam 554 low cloud, type 55 low clouds 62 low fuel warning light 557

lightning arrester 658, 663 lightning rod 245, 677 lights 286, 431 lily 80 lily of the valley 80 Lima bean 191 limb 87, 859, 913 limb top 693 lime 194 limit switch 417 limousine 549 limpet 217 linden 208 line 313, 434, 731,813,919 line guide 910 line hook 597 line judge 807,813,818,824 line map 592 line of latitude 36 line of longitude 36 line of scrimmage 807 linear 79 lineman’s pliers 317 linen 280, 584 linen chest 279 linen room 724 linesman 803, 812, 816, 820, 879 Lingala 468 lingerie 716 lingerie store 714 lingual tonsil 176 Iining342,348, 349,370, 386, 455, 881 linseed oil 400 linstock 752 lint filter 292 lint trap 293 lintel 256, 411 lion 135 lion passant 741 lip 124, 132 lip makeup 378 lip strap ring 854 lipbrush 378 lipid droplet 74 Iipliner378 lipstick 378 liqueur glass 225 liquid 680, 681 liquid compass 612 liquid crystal display 477, 496 liquid eyeliner378 liquid foundation 378 liquid hydrogen tank 24, 25 liquid mascara 378 liquid nitrogen tank 694 liquid oxygen tank 24, 25 liquid oxygen tank baffle 25 liquid-crystal display 696 liquid/gas separator 562 liquor cabinet 279 listen button 508 listening posts 733 lists 408 litchi 197 literary supplement 471 lithium 682 litho crayon 423 litho pencil 423 lithographic press 423 lithographic printing 420 lithographic stone 423 lithographic tusche 423 lithography 423 lithography, equipment 423 lithosphere 42, 66 Lithuania 744 little finger 173 little finger hook 447 liver 109, 110, 112, 113, 116, 125, 161, 164, 212 Liverpool bit 854 livestock car 588 living room 250, 902 lizard 114 llama 128 load 686 load support 899 loading area 666 loading bunker 648 loading dock 713, 715, 719, 724 loading docks 716 loading door 256 loading hopper 573 loaf pan 239 loafer 344 loan services 730 lob 821 lob wedge 868 ASTRONOMY > 2-25'

EARTH > 26-71-

VEGETABLE KINGDOM >72-89;

DO-IT-YOURSELF AND GARDENING > 296-333; OFFICE AUTOMATION > 466-535;

CLOTHING > 334-371;

low gain antenna 18 low warp loom 460 low-mass stars 8 low-pressure area 63 low-pressure center 55 low-pressure steam inlet 668 low-speed shaft 677 low-tension distribution line 273, 663 lower blade guard 304 lower bowl 241 lower cheek 854 lower chord 540 lower confining bed 646 lower eyelid 110, 132, 177 lower fore topgallant sail 603 lower fore topsail 603 lower gate 597 lower girdle facet 374 lower guard retracting lever 304 lower heating element 266 lower landing 417 lower lateral lobe 86 lower lateral sinus 86 lower level 597 lower limb 750 lower lip 174, 444 lower lobe 163 lower mandible 115 lower mantle 42 lower mast 602 lower radiator hose 561 lower section 24 lower shell 889 lower sphere clamp 58 lower support screw 58 lower thermostat 266 lower wing 628 lowercase 472 lowering the spinnaker 833 lubricant eye drops 384 lubricants plant 656 lubricating oils 656 lubricating system 586 lubricator 649 Luer-Lock tip 776 luff 836 lug 448, 559 lug sail 601 lug wrench 558 luge 884 luge racer 884 luggage 388, 717 luggage carrier 389 luggage elastic 389 luggage rack 567, 577, 584, 876 lumbar pad 808 lumbar plexus 166 lumbar vertebra 153, 157, 168 lumbar vertebrae 122, 126, 131, 138, 141, 142 luminous intensity, measurement 702 lunar eclipse 7 lunar features 7 lunar module 19, 25 lunate 154, 156 lung 104, no, 112, 116, 125, 163 lungs 163 lunula 172, 173 lunule 105 lupine 190 Lupus 11 lutetium 684 Luther 736 Lutheranism 736 lutz 881 Luxembourg 743 Lynx 12 lynx 134 Lyra 13 lyre 433 lysosome 94

M macadamia nut 193 macaque 139 macaroni 401 macaw 118 Macedonia 744 machete 751 machicolation 408 machine gun 755, 758 machine hall 657, 658 machine wash in hot water at a normal setting 347

ANIMAL KINGDOM > 90-143;

HUMAN BEING > 144-177;

PERSONAL ACCESSORIES AND ARTICLES > 372-391;

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY > 536-643:

ENERGY > 644-677;

SCIENCE > 678-705;

machine wash in lukewarm water at a gentle setting/reduced agitation 347 machine wash in warm water at a gentle setting/reduced agitation 347 machine wash in warm water at a normal setting 347 machinery shed 182 machinery, agricultural 641 Mackenzie River 30 mackerel 219 macro lens 478 macronucleus 94 macula 177 Madagascar 34, 746 madreporite 95 magazine 471, 754, 755, 893 magazine base 754 magazine catch 754 mage 847 Magellan 19 magenta 690 magma 44, 49 magma chamber 44, 646 magnesium 682 magnesium powder 825 magnet 454, 488, 534, 687 magnetic compass 907 magnetic damping system 698 magnetic field 494, 687 magnetic gasket 291 magnetic lid holder 240 magnetic needle 907 magnetic separation 71 magnetic stripe 729 magnetism 687 magnetometer 60 magnifier 905 magnifying glass 693 magpie 118 mah-jongg 917 mail 474 mail box 474 mail carrier 475 mail processing room 509 mail truck 474, 475 main breaker 272 main bronchus 163 main carriage 456 main circuit vent 262 main cleanout 262 main cryogenic stage 24 main deck 607, 761 main drain 246 main duct 258 main electric motor 763 main engine 23 main entrance 713, 733, 735, 768, 781 main fan 648 main generator 586 main handle 307 main inlet 655 main landing gear 625, 760 main leg 663 main lever 398 main line 583 main lodge 886 main loudspeaker 493 main lower topgallant sail 603 main lower topsail 603 main parachute 896 main power cable 272 main preview monitor 491 main reflex mirror 477 main return pipe 259 main rooms 250 main royal sail 603 main sail 603 main scale 700 main scope tube 692 main section 919 main sewer 712 main stand 575 main steam header 669 main steam pipes 669 main supply pipe 259 main switch 273 main transformer 585 main tube 14, 15 main upper topgallant sail 603 main upper topsail 603 main vent 44 main waiting room 781 main wheel 697 main-sequence star 8 Maine coon 132 mainmast 600, 602

FOOD AND KITCHEN > 178-241;

ARTS AND ARCHITECTURE > 392-465;

SOCIETY > 706-785;

HOUSE > 242-295;

COMMUNICATIONS AND

SPORTS AND GAMES > 786-920

mainsail 834 mainsheet 834 maintenance 548 maintenance area 489 maintenance hangar 619 maintenance shop 648 maitre d' 720 major domestic appliances 716 major inner reaping throw 844 major international road signs 544 major language families 468 major motions 916 major North American road signs 546 major outer reaping throw 844 major types of blades 401 major types of missiles 759 makeup 378 makeup artist 428 Malagasy 469 malanga 189 malar region 115 Malawi 746 Malawi, Lake 34 Malayo-Polynesian languages 469 Malaysia 747 Maldives 747 male 702 male cone 89 male ferrule 909, 910 male reproductive organs 169 male urethra 169 Mali 745 mallet301,401,421,448, 858 mallets 449 malleus 174 Malpighian tubule 99 Malpighian tubules 97 malt vinegar 201 Malta 744 mammary gland 171 man 146 management office 718 mandarin 194 mandarin collar 363 mandible 97, 99, 108, 111, 112, 116, 121, 122, 123, 126, 131, 136, 138, 141, 142, 152, 158 mandolin 433 mandoline 230 mandown alarm 765 mane 124 maneuvering area 618 maneuvering bar 643 maneuvering engine 23 manganese 683 manganese mix 689 mango 197 mango chutney 201 mangosteen 196 manhole 655, 712 manicure set 377 manifold 652 manned maneuvering unit 20 manometer 655, 775 manrope 542 mansart roof 414 mantel 256 mantel shelf 256 mantid 102 mantle 105, 106 mantle muscles 106 manual 445 manual feed slot 519 manual focusing knob 483 manual release 889 manual revolving door 416 manual sorting 71 manual/automatic mode 465 manually operated switch 590 manuals 444 manure spreader 641 manway 650 Manx 133 Maori 469 map library 732 map projections 36 map, physical 38 map, political 37 map, road 39 map, urban 39 map, weather 55 maple 88 maple syrup 209 maquis 66 Marconi cutter 601 margarine 209 margin 79 margin control 528

INDEX

margin release 528 marginal shield 113 Mariana Trench 50 Marie Byrd Land 29 marina 788 marinade spices 199 marine 61 marine diesel 656 marine mammals 136 marine mammals, examples 137 Mariner 19 maritime buoyage system 616 maritime communications 487 maritime signals 614 maritime transport 596, 649 marker397,470, 864, 865,882, 883 marker letter 855 marker light 570, 571 markers 875 marking dot 455 marking tools 313 marks by night, rhythm 617 marmoset 139 marrow 212 Mars 4, 5 Mars light 766 Mars Odyssey 19 marshall 875 Marshall Islands 747 marsupial mammals 142 marsupials, examples 143 marten 134 martingale 858 mascara brush 378 mask 796, 841, 848 mason’s trowel 315 masonry drill 306 masonry nail 301 masonry tools 315 mass 43 mass, measurement 702 massage glove 379 masseter 150 massive stars 8 mast 407, 583, 591, 600, 632, 633, 834, 836 mast control lever 633 mast foot 836 mast operating lever 632 mast sleeve 836 master bedroom 251 master carrier 284 master cord 893 master cylinder 559 master gate valve 654 masthead 471, 602, 836 masthead light 605 masting 602 mastoid fontanelle 158 mastoid process 158 mat 844, 864 mat chairperson 843 matchbook 391 matchbox 391 matchstick 391 material handling 632 maternal aunt 785 maternal uncle 785 mathematics 703 matinee-length necklace 374 mating adaptor 21 matter 680 mattress 280, 281, 776, 904 mattress cover 280 mattresses 716 maturing steps 86 maulstick 399 Mauritania 745 Mauritius 746 mawashi 847 maxilla 99, 108, 111, 112, 116, 121, 122, 123, 131, 136, 138, 152,158,175 maxillary bone 159 maximum thermometer 59 Maya 469 meadow 182 mean position 690 meander 48 measure of air pressure 59 measure of angles 701 measure of cloud ceiling 59 measure of distance 700 measure of humidity 59 measure of length 700 measure of rainfall 59 measure of sky radiation 58 measure of snowfall 59

measure of sunshine 58 measure of temperature 59, 695 measure of thickness 700 measure of time 696 measure of weight 698 measure of wind direction 59 measure of wind strength 59 measurement of amount of substance 702 measurement of Celsius temperature 702 measurement of electric charge 702 measurement of electric current 702 measurement of electric potential difference 702 measurement of electric resistance 702 measurement of energy 702 measurement offeree 702 measurement of frequency 702 measurement of length 702 measurement of luminous intensity 702 measurement of mass 702 measurement of power 702 measurement of pressure 702 measurement of radioactivity 702 measurement of thermodynamic temperature 702 measuring beaker 231 measuring button 479 measuring cup 231 measuring cups 231 measuring devices 695 measuring spoons 231 measuring tools 313 measuring tube 59 meat 214 meat grinder 230 meat keeper 291 meat thermometer 231 Mecca, direction 738 mechanic 873 mechanical connectors 269 mechanical mouse 516 mechanical pencil 470 mechanical shovel 647 mechanical stage 693 mechanical stage control 693 mechanical variometer 898 mechanical watch 696 mechanics 548, 686 mechanism of the organ 445 medial condyle of femur 153 medial moraine 46 median 539 median groove 127 median lingual sulcus 176 median nerve 166 median strip 712 medical equipment storage room 781 medical gas cylinder 780 medical records 781 medical team 844 medications, forms 783 Mediterranean Sea 28, 32, 34 Mediterranean subtropical 61 medium 472, 849 medium format SLR (6 x 6) 481 medium-tension distribution line 273,663 medulla 165 medulla oblongata 167 medullary cavity 154 meeting room 394, 724, 730, 735, 764 meeting rooms 718 meganeura 92 megazostrodon 93 Meissner's corpuscle 172 meitnerium 683 Melanesia 29 Melanesian 469 melody strings 432 melon 195 melon bailer 233 melons 195 melting 680 meltwater 46 memo pad 530 memorial board 738 memory button 497, 498, 501, 506 memory cancel 479, 529 memory card 481 memory card slots 918 memory key 479 memory recall 529 memory recall key 479 ASTRONOMY > 2-25:

938

EARTH >26-71;

VEGETABLE KINGDOM >72-89:

DO-IT-YOURSELF AND GARDENING > 296-333; OFFICE AUTOMATION > 466-535:

men 847 men’s accessories 716 men’s bag 388 men’s casual wear 717 men’s cell 768 men’s clothing 348 men's coats 717 men’s gloves 346 men’s headgear 340 men’s nightwear 717 men’s pants 716 men’s rest room 725 men’s room 509, 724 men’s shirts 716 men’s shoes 342, 716 men’s sportswear 717 men’s suits 716 men’s sweaters 717 men’s underwear 716 mendelevium 684 meninges 167 menorah 738 Mensa 10 menu 721 menu button 477, 505 Mercury 4, 5 mercury 275, 683 mercury barometer 59 mercury bulb 695 mercury thermometer 777 merging traffic 547 merguez sausage 216 meridienne 276 mesa 52 mesh 281, 815 mesh bag 222 mesh strainer 231 mesocarp 81, 82, 83 mesohyl 95 mesopause 53 mesosaur92 mesosphere 53 mesothorax 97 message display 512 metacarpal 154, 156 metacarpal, 2nd 140 metacarpal, 3rd 140 metacarpal, 4th 140 metacarpal, 5th 140 metacarpus 111, 116, 122, 126, 131, 133, 136, 138, 142, 154 metal arm 329 metal counterhoop 448 metal detector, walk-through 726 metal frame 442 metal head 793 metal rail 533 metal rod 449 metal sorting 71 metal structure 582 metallic contact grid 672 metallic plastron 848 metalloids 682 metals, alkali 682 metals, alkaline earth 682 metals, examples 741 metals, transition 683 metamorphic rocks 42 metaphysis 155 metatarsal 155 metatarsus98, 111, 122, 126, 131, 138, 141, 142, 155 metathorax 97 meteorite 8 meteorological forecast 54 meteorological measuring instruments 58 meteorological station 58 meteorology 53 meteorology, measuring instruments 58 meteorology, station model 55 meter 702 metered dose inhaler 783 metope 404 metronome 436 metropolitan area 708 Mexico 742 Mexico, Gulf 30 mezzanine 431, 592 Michigan snowshoe 893 micro compact car 549 microfilament 94 microfilm reader 732 microfilm room 732 micrometer caliper 700 micrometer screw 612, 701 Micronesia 747 micronucleus 94

CLOTHING > 334-371:

microphone 488, 492, 496, 505, 506, 508, 516, 517, 527, 770, 898 microphone boom 490, 492 microphone boom tripod 492 microphone jack 505 microphones 771 microscope 693 microscope, binocular 693 microscopes 693 Microscopium 10 microtubule 94 microwave dish 489 microwave oven 224, 238 microwave ovens 723 microwave relay station 524 microwave scanner 60 microwave transmitter 489 microwaves 690 Mid-Atlantic Ridge 50 mid-calf length 351 Mid-Indian Ridge 50 mid-ocean ridge 49 middle cloud, type 55 middle clouds 62 middle covert 115 middle ear 174 middle finger 173 middle jib 603 middle leg 96 middle leg, honeybee 98 middle linebacker 806 middle lobe 163 middle nasal concha 175 middle panel 247 middle phalange 154, 155 middle phalanx 126, 133, 172 middle piece 169 middle primary covert 115 middle sole 370 middle toe 115 middle torus 405 middy 359 midgut 99 MIDI cable 451 MIDI port 513 midrange 10, 502 midrange pickup 441 midrib 75, 79, 84 midriff band 367 Mihrab 738 Mihrab dome 738 military communications 487 milk210 milk chocolate 208 milk cup 223 Milky Way 9, 13 millet 85, 203 millet: spike 85 Mimas 5 minaret 738 Minbar 738 miners’ changing-room 649 mini shirtdress 359 mini stereo sound system 503 minimum thermometer 59 minivan 549 mink 134 minor surgery room 778 mint 202 minus/negative 703 minute 704 minute hand 696, 697 Miranda 5 mirror264, 389, 535,574, 576, 577, 693, 724, 876 miscellaneous articles 534 miscellaneous symbols 473 missile launch rail 760 missile launcher 761 missile stowage 762 missile, structure 759 missiles 759 missiles, major types 759 Mississippi River 30 mist 57, 65 miter box 303 miter gate recess 597 miter gauge 305 miter gauge slot 305 miter latch 303, 304 miter lock handle 304 miter saw, electric 304 miter saw, hand 303 miter scale 303, 304 mitochondrion 74, 94 mitral valve 162 mitt 346 mitten 318, 346, 901

ANIMAL KINGDOM > 90-143:

HUMAN BEING > 144-177:

PERSONAL ACCESSORIES AND ARTICLES > 372-391;

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY > 536-643;

ENERGY > 644-677;

SCIENCE > 678-705;

mixed forest 66 mixing bowl 236 mixing bowls 232 mixing chamber 319 mizzen royal brace 603 mizzen royal staysail 603 mizzen sail 603 mizzen topgallant staysail 603 mizzen topmast staysail 603 mizzenmast 600, 602 moat 408, 409 mobile drawer unit 510 mobile filing unit 510 mobile passenger stairs 623 mobile remote servicer 21 mobile starting gate 857 mobile unit 486, 489 mobile X-ray unit 778 moccasin 344 mock pocket 355 mode 528 mode selector 498 mode selectors 504 modem 522, 523, 524 moderate continuous drizzle 57 moderate continuous rain 57 moderate continuous snow 57 moderate intermittent drizzle 57 moderate intermittent rain 57 moderate intermittent snow 57 moderate rain 64 moderator 665 moderator tank 670 moderator: graphite 670 moderator: heavy water 670 moderator: natural water 671 modern bow 750 modern howitzer 756 modern mortar 756 modes of payment 729 modillion 405 modulation wheel 450 mogul 890 moguls competition 890 Mohorovicic discontinuity 42 moist surface 420 moistener 531 molar 121, 123 molar, cross section 159 molars 159 molasses 209 moldboard 641 molded insulation 299 molding 253 Moldova 744 mole 121, 702 mole, morphology 121 mole, skeleton 121 molecufe 680 mollusks 104, 217 molybdenum 683 Monaco 744 monarch butterflyiOl money 729 Mongolia 747 Mongolian 469 mongoose 134 . monitor button 505 monitor lizard 114 monitor roof 414 monitorwall 489, 490, 491 monkfish 220 Monoceros 11 monocle 385 monograph section 732 monohull^835 Monopoly’ 915 mons pubis 170 Montagnais 469 monument 39 Moon 4, 6, 7 Moon dial 697 Moon’s orbit 6, 7 Moon, phases 7 mooring chain 615 mooring winch 607 moose 129 mop 295 moped 577 moraine 46 mordent 435 morel 183 Morocco 745 morphology of a bat 140 morphology of a bird 115 morphology of a bivalve shell 105 morphology of a butterfly 96 morphology of a cat 133 morphology of a dog 130

FOOD AND KITCHEN > 178-241:

ARTS AND ARCHITECTURE > 392-465:

SOCIETY > 706-785:

HOUSE > 242-295:

COMMUNICATIONS AND

SPORTS AND GAMES > 786-920

movable runner 885 movable stands 734 movements of an airplane 630 movie set 428 movie theater 427, 608, 710, 714 movies' titles and schedules 427 moving coil 488 mower deck 333 mower deck lift lever 333 Mozambique 746 Mozambique Channel 34 mozzarella 210 Mt Everest 53 mud flap 551, 570, 571 mud injection hose 651 mud pit 651 mud pump 651 mudflow 47 muff 388 muffin pan 232 muffler 553, 577 muffler felt 442 muffler pedal 442 Muhammad 736 mule 128, 344 mullet 220, 741 mullion 247 multi-image jump button 477 multi-ply plywood 300 multigrain bread 205 multihulls 835 multimeter 316 multipack 223 multiple exposure mode 476 multiple jumps 875 multiple use key 529 multiple-span beam bridge 541 multiplied by 703 multiply key 529 multipurpose antenna 763 multipurpose ladder 321 multipurpose room 727 multipurpose solution 384 multipurpose tool 317 mummy 904 mung bean 191 Munster 211 muntin 249 Musca 11 muscle fiber 168 muscle segment 109 muscles 150 museum 394, 711 museum shop 394 mushroom 76 mushroom anchor 610 mushroom, structure 76 mushrooms 183 music 432 music rest 436 music room 734 music stand 436, 444, 451 music store 714 musical accessories 436 musical advisers 490 musical instrument digital interface cable 451 musical instruments, traditional 432 musical notation 434 muskmelon 195 muslin 231 mussel 217 mustard 200 mute 447 mutule 404 muzzle 124, 130, 132, 753, 754, 756, 860, 912 muzzle loading 753 muzzle loading, cross section 753 Myanmar 747 mycelium 76 myelin sheath 168 myocardium 162 myopia 691

morphology of a dolphin 136 morphology of a frog 110 morphology of a gorilla 139 morphology of a honeybee: worker 98 morphology of a horse 124 morphology of a kangaroo 143 morphology of a lobster 107 morphology of a mole 121 morphology of a perch 108 morphology of a rat 122 morphology of a shark 108 morphology of a snail 104 morphology of a spider 103 morphology of a starfish 95 morphology of a turtle 113 morphology of a univalve shell 105 morphology of a venomous snake: head 112 morphology of an octopus 106 mortadella 216 mortar 230, 298, 753 mortar, modern 756 mortise 390 mortise lock 249 mosaic 406 Moses 736 mosque 738 mosquito 101 moss 75 moss stitch 458 moss, structure 75 mosses, examples 75 moth 101 mother 784, 785 mother-in-law 784 motherboard 513 motion detector 416 motocross motorcycle 875 motor 261, 292, 293, 294, 304, 307, 308, 320, 323, 327, 332, 643 motor air inlet 760 motor bogie 595 motor car 594 motor control module 563 motor end plate 168 motor home 567 motor neuron 168 motor root 167, 168 motor scooter 577 motor sports 872 motortruck 585 motor unit 236, 237, 240, 288, 384, 585 motor vehicle pollution 69 motorboat 607 motorcycle 574, 576 motorcycle dashboard 576 motorcycle-mounted camera 870 motorcycles, examples 577 motorcycling 874 motorized earth auger 323 motto 729 mouflon 128 mount frame binder 483 mountain 45 mountain bike 581 mountain biking 870 mountain lodge 886 mountain mass 38 mountain range 7, 38, 42 mountain slope 45 mountain sports 900 mountain torrent 45 mountaineer 901 mountaineering boot 901 mountaineering shovel 901 mounted umpire 858 mounting 849 mounting bracket 859, 913 mounting foot 482 mounting plate 275 mounting point 627 mouse pad 516 mouse port 513, 518 mouse, mechanical 516 mouth 95, 104, 105, 107, 110, 136, 148, 174, 444, 854 mouthparts 98 mouthpiece 446, 447, 451, 783, 841, 843 mouthpiece receiver 447 mouthpipe 447 mouthwash 384 movable bridges 542 movable jaw 311, 312 movable maxillary 112 movable panel 509, 510, 719 ASTRONOMY > 2-25-

EARTH > 26-71'

N naan bread 205 nacelle 677 nacelle, cross-section 677 Nahuatl 469 nail 127,301 nail bed 172 nail buffer 377 nail care 377 nail cleaner377 nail clippers 377 nail file 377 VEGETABLE KINGDOM >72-89;

DO-IT-YOURSELF AND GARDENING > 296-333; OFFICE AUTOMATION > 466-535;

CLOTHING > 334-371;

nail hole 127 nail matrix 172 nail nick 905 nail polish 377 nail scissors 377 nail set 301 nail shaper 377 nail whitener pencil 377 nailing tools 301 nails, examples 301 naked strangle 844 name of the currency 729 nameplate 273, 306, 376, 471 Namib Desert 34 Namibia 746 naos 403 nape 115,147,149 napkins 722 naris 175 narrow 472 narwhal 137 nasal bone 158, 175 nasal cavity 163 nasal fossae 175 nasopharynx 175 national broadcasting network 486 national park 39 nationality 825 natural 435 natural arch 51 natural environment 867 natural greenhouse effect 68 natural radiation 41 natural sponge 379 Nauru 747 nautical sports 827 Navajo 469 nave 411 navel 146, 148 navette cut 375 navicular 155, 156 navigation devices 612 navigation display 626 navigation light 605, 625 navigation periscope 763 Nazca Plate 43 Neapolitan coffee maker 241 NEAR 19 near/far dial 496 neck 113, 124, 147, 148, 149, 159, 169, 227, 425, 433, 439, 440, 441, 494, 826, 868 neck end 349 neck guard 765 neck of femur 153 neck pad 808 neck strap 772 neck support 874 neckhole 351 necklaces 374 necklines 363 neckroll 280 necks 363 neckstrap eyelet 476 necktie 349 neckties 716 nectarine 192 needle 52,64,398,452,453, 454,776 needle assembly 398 needle bar 453 needle bed 456 needle bed groove 456 needle clamp 453 needle clamp screw 453 needle hub 776 needle plate 452 needle position selector 452 needle threader 454 needle tool 464 needle-nose pliers 317 negative 485 negative carrier 485 negative charge 684 negative contact 672, 673 negative meniscus 691 negative plate 562 negative plate strap 562 negative region 672 negative terminal 562, 687, 689 negligee 364 neodymium 684 neon 684 neon lamp 316 neon tester 316 Nepal 747 nephew 785 Neptune 4, 5 neptunium 684

ANIMAL KINGDOM > 90-143;

HUMAN BEING > 144-177;

PERSONAL ACCESSORIES AND ARTICLES > 372-391;

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY > 536-643'

ENERGY > 644-677;

SCIENCE > 678-705;

nerve 172 nerve cord 99 nerve fiber 172 nerve termination 172 nerve, olfactory 175 nervous system 166 nervous system, central 167 nervous system, peripheral 166 nest of tables 278 net811, 812, 813, 814, 815, 817, 821, 827 net band 821 net judge 821 net stocking 365 net support 815 netball 809 Netherlands 743 nettle 187 network access point transceiver 522 network connection 273 network interface card 522 network port 513 networks, examples 522 neural spine 109 neurons 168 neutral conductor 273 neutral indicator 576 neutral line 687 neutral service wire 272 neutral wire 272 neutral zone 806, 879 neutron 680 neutron star 8 Nevis 743 new book shelf 733 New Caledonia 29 new crescent 7 new fuel storage room 666 New Guinea 29, 747 new moon 7 new shekel 728 New Testament 736 New Zealand 29, 747 newborn children’s clothing 368 newel 417 newel post 255 Newfoundland Island 30 news items 471 newspaper 471 newsstand 715 newt 111 newton 702 next call 507 nib 470 Nicaragua 742 nickel 683 nictitating membrane 132 niece 785 Niger 745 Niger River 34 Nigeria 745 night deposit box 731 nightgown 364 nightingale 118 nightshot switch 496 nightwear 364 Nile 34 nimbostratus 56, 62 niobium 683 nipple 146, 148, 171, 269 nitric acid emission 70 nitrogen 683 nitrogen oxide emission 70 no entry 544, 546 no U-turn 544, 546 no wheelchair access 725 no. 8 forward 804 nobelium 684 noble gases 684 nock 750,859 nocking point 859, 913 node 663,687 node of Ranvier 168 non-add/subtotal 529 non-metals 683 nonagon 705 nonbiodegradable pollutants 69 nonbreaking space 514 nonreusable residue waste 71 nonslip mat 893 noodles 207 nori 183 norm point 891 Norma 10 normal 472 normal spiral galaxy 9 normal vision 691 North37, 616, 917

FOOD AND KITCHEN > 178-241;

ARTS AND ARCHITECTURE > 392-465;

SOCIETY > 706-785;

HOUSE > 242-295;

COMMUNICATIONS AND

SPORTS AND GAMES > 786-920

North America 28, 30, 50 North American Plate 43 North American road signs 546 North celestial pole 13 North Pole 35 north pole 687 North Sea 28, 32 North Star 13 North-Northeast 37 North-Northwest 37 Northeast 37, 616 Northern Hemisphere 35 Northern leopard frog 111 northern right whale 137 northern saw-whet owl 118 Northwest 37, 616 Norway 744 Norwegian 469 Norwegian Sea 32 nose 122. 124, 148, 175, 624, 749, 887, 894, 897, 898, 912 nose cone 62! nose landing gear 624 nose leaf 140 nose leather 132 nose of the quarter 342, 370 nose pad 385 noseband 854, 858 nosing 255 nostril 108, 110, 112, 115, 124 notation, musical 434 notch 348, 362, 455, 698, 791, 863 notched double-edged thinning scissors 382 notched edge 382 notched lapel 352 notched single-edged thinning scissors 382 note symbols 435 nothosaur 93 nova 8 nozzle 22,24, 25,259,315, 320, 329,398, 767 nubby tire 875 nuclear boiler room 763 nuclear energy 665 nuclear energy, production of electricity 665 nuclear envelope 74, 94 nuclear fission 681 nuclear fuel handling sequence 666 nuclear generating station 668 nuclear reactor 667 nuclear submarine 763 nuclear waste 70 nuclear whorl 105 nucleolus 74, 94, 170 nucleus 8, 9, 74, 94, 168, 170, 680 nucleus splitting 681 number 791, 919 number key 508, 529 number of decimals 529 number of tracks sign 591 number plate 875 numbering machine 531 numeric keyboard 699 numeric keypad 507, 515, 530 numeric lock 515 numeric lock key 515 numeric pager 505 nurse 780 nurses' lounge 781 nurses’ station (ambulatory emergency) 779 nurses’ station (major emergency) 778 nut 193, 248, 269, 310, 311, 439, 440, 441, 590, 750 nutcracker 230 nutmeg 198 nutmeg grater 230 nuts 311 nylon rumba tights 368 nylon yarn 332

o 0-ring 268 oak 88 oar 598,600,851 oarlock 839 oars, types 838 oasis 48, 52 oat flour 204 oats 85, 203 oats: panicle 85

INDEX

Oberon 5 obi 845, 846 obituaries 471 object 691 object balls 862 objective 693 objective lens 14, 476, 478, 479, 483, 501, 692 oblique fissure 163 oboe 446 oboes 437 obscured sky 56 observation deck 621 observation post 17 observation room 778, 781 observation window 23 observatory 17 obstacle steward 852 obstacles 852, 875 obturator foramen 122 obturator nerve 166 obtuse angle 704 occipital bone 131, 153, 158 occipitalis 151 occluded front 56 ocean 7, 38, 67 ocean floor 49 ocean ridges 50 ocean trenches 50 ocean weatherstation 54 Oceania 28, 29 Oceania and Polynesia 747 Oceanian languages 469 oceanic crust 42 oche 918 Octans 10 octave 434, 849 octave mechanism 446 octopus 106, 217 octopus, anatomy 106 octopus, morphology 106 odd 919 odd pinnate 79 odometer 557 off-road motorcycle 577 office 509, 548, 582, 720, 724, 726 office automation 468, 509 office building 596, 710, 713 office furniture 510 office tower 713 officers' dormitory 764 officers’ quarters 762, 763 officers' toilets and showers 764 official signature 729 officials 801, 846 officials’ bench 879 offset 269 offshore drilling 653 offshore prospecting 653 offshore well 654 ogee 413 ogee roof 414 Ogen melon 195 ohm 702 oil 651 oil burner 259 oil drain plug 566 oil painting 396 oil pan 331, 566 oil pan gasket 566 oil pastel 396 oil pastel drawing 396 oil pollution 70 oil pressure warning indicator 576 oil processing area 652 oil pump 259 oil spill 70 oil supply inlet 259 oil supply line 259 oil terminal 596 oil warning light 557 oil-filled heater 260 oil/acrylic paint 397 oil/gas separator 652 oiler 648 oilstone 422 okapi 128 okra 188 old crescent 7 Old Testament 736 old-fashioned glass 225 olecranon 126, 153 olfactory bulb 109, 175 olfactory mucosa 175 olfactory nerve 109, 175 olfactory tract 175 olive 188 olive oil 209

Oman 746 Oman, Gulf 33 on guard line 848 on the wind 833 on-air warning light 488 on-board computer 556 on-deck circle 794 on-off button 240, 504 on-off indicator 381 on-off light 506 on-off switch 237, 241, 286, 288, 289,318, 381,382,383,384, 476,483,488,613 on-off/volume 504 on/off/test button 520 on/play button 508 one 703 one hundred 703 one pair 914 one thousand 703 one-arm shoulder throw 844 one-bar shoe 343 one-person tent 903 one-piece coverall 896 one-piece suit 884 one-story house 419 one-toed hoof 127 one-way head 302 one-way traffic 544, 546 onion 184 online catalog 733 online game 525 oolong tea 208 Oort cloud 4 Op-Ed article 471 opal 375 open crate 222 open end wrench 311 open hand 901 open stringer 255 open strings 432 open-air terrace 609 open-face spinning reel 910 open-pit mine 647 opening 346 opening of copulatory bursa 97 opening, utensils 230 opera glasses 385 opera house 710 opera-length necklace 374 operating cord 284 operating dam 664 operating floor 664 operating instructions 548 operating panel 417 operating rod 755 operating room 780, 781 operating suite 780 operating table 780 operation control room 763 operation keys 507, 730, 731 operator’s cab 634 operator’s cab 634 operculum 108, 111 Ophiuchus 11, 13 ophthalmology room 779 opisthodomos 403 opossum 143 opposable thumb 139 opposite prompt side 431 optic chiasm 167 optic nerve 177 optical character reader 474 optical lens 535 optical mouse 516 optical scanner 181, 517 optical sensor 516 optical sight 701 optical sorting 71 optical stage 535 optician 715 optics 690 or 741 oral cavity 163, 164 oral hygiene center 384 oral irrigator 384 orange 194, 400 orange, section 82 orange-red 400 orange-yellow 400 orangutan 139 orbicularis of eye 150 orbiculate 79 orbit 112, 116, 131, 136, 138, 142 orbit of the satellites 60 orbital-action selector 305 orbiter22, 23 orbiter (Viking) 18 orchard 182 ASTRONOMY > 2-25:

940

EARTH > 26-71:

VEGETABLE KINGDOM >72-89:

DO-IT-YOURSELF AND GARDENING > 296-333; OFFICE AUTOMATION >466-535;

orchestra 402, 437 orchestra pit 430 orchid 80 order 411 order of finish 831 ordinaries, examples 740 ordinary die 914 Ordovician 92 ore 647 ore pass 650 oregano 202 organ 444 organ console 444 organ, mechanism 445 organ, production of sound 445 organizers’ offices 719 oriental cockroach 101 Oriental couching stitch 459 oriflamme 739 origin and evolution of species 92 original overlay 512 Orinoco River 31 Orion 11, 12 ornamental kale 186 ornamental tree 182, 244, 322 ornaments 435 oropharyngeal airway 775 ortho-cane 782 orthoceras 92 Orthodox Church 736 oscillating sprinkler 329 osculum 95 osmium 683 osteon 154 ostrich 119 ostrich egg 213 otolith 109 ottoman 277 outboard engine 607 outbound track 589 outdoor leisure 902 outdoor unit 260 outer boundary line 819 outer bull 918 outer circle 877 outer core 42 outer cover 100 outer edge 127 outer jacket 267 outer jib 603 outer lip 105 outer planets 4 outer ring 729 outer shell 275 outer stators 627 outer table 915 outer toe 115 outfield fence 795 outgoing announcement cassette 508 outlet 274, 567 outlet grille 260 outlet hose 485 output devices 518 output jack 441 output monitor 489, 491 output tray 519 outrigger 599, 634, 638, 766, 839 outrigger boom 599 outrigger canoe 599 outrun 890, 891 outside counter 342 outside knob 248 outside linebacker 806 outside mirror 550, 568 outside mirror control 554 outside ticket pocket 348 outsole 342, 371 outwash plain 46 oval cut 375 oval head 302 ovary 80, 97, 103, 170, 171 ovate 79 oven 224, 290, 721, 722 oven control knob 290 oven thermometer 231 over-blouse 359 overall standings scoreboard 824 overalls 358 overbed table 780 overburden 647 overcast sky 56 overcheck 857 overcoat 352, 355 overdrapery 282 overflow 262, 264 overflow pipe 266, 267 overflow protection switch 294 overflow tube 265, 485

CLOTHING > 334-371;

overhand knot 908 overhead clearance 545, 547 overhead connection 663 overhead frame 639 overhead ground wire 663 overhead guard 632 overhead projector 535 overhead switch panel 626 overlap carrier 284 overlay flooring 254 overpass 539, 540 oviduct 97, 103, 113 ovotestis 104 ovule 80 owl 118, 119 ox 129 oxbow 48 oxbow lake 48 oxford shoe 342 oxyacetylene welding 319 oxygen 683 oxygen cylinder 319 oxygen cylinder bracket 775 oxygen cylinder, portable 775 oxygen feeding control 898 oxygen feeding knob 898 oxygen mask 775 oxygen outlet 780 oxygen pressure actuator 20 oxygen valve 319 oxygenated blood 162 oyster 217 oyster fork 228 oyster knife 229 oyster mushroom 183 oystercatcher 118 ozone layer 53

P pace 125 pacer 857 Pacific Ocean 28, 29, 33 Pacific Plate 43 Pacific salmon 221 Pacific-Antarctic Ridge 50 Pacinian corpuscle 172 package 223 packaged integrated circuit 689 packaging 222 packaging products 180 packer body 573 packing 268, 421 packing nut 268 packing retainer ring 268 pad 798, 800 pad arm 385 pad plate 385 padded base 811 padded envelope 531 padded upright 811 padding 899 paddle wheel 599 paddle, double-bladed 837 paddle, double-bladed 839 paddle, single-bladed 837, 838 paddock 856 paddy field 69 pads 880 page backward button 527 page down 515 page down key 515 page forward button 527 page up 515 page up key 515 pagoda 412 pagoda sleeve 361 pail 295 paint roller 320 painting 395, 396 painting upkeep 320 painting, accessories 399 painting, equipment 396 pair881 pajamas 364, 369 Pakistan 746 palatine 112, 123 palatine tonsil 176 palatoglossal arch 174 Palau 747 pale 740 palette knife 397 palette with dipper 398 palette with hollows 398 paling fence 322 palla 336 palladium 683 pallet 445, 632, 697

ANIMAL KINGDOM > 90-143:

HUMAN BEING > 144-177:

PERSONAL ACCESSORIES AND ARTICLES > 372-391:

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY > 536-643;

ENERGY > 644-677;

pallet spring 445 pallet truck 633 pallets 632 palm 121, 173, 346, 610, 797 palm grove 52 palm of a glove 346 palm rest 861 palm tree 88 palmar pad 130 palmate 79 palmette 276 pan 698, 699,752,913 pan cover 752 pan hook 698 Panama 742 panama 340 Panama, Gulf 31 Panama, Isthmus 30 pancake pan 235 pancetta 216 pancreas 110, 116, 164 pane 249 panel247, 350, 367, 400,511, 650, 663, 855, 899 panoramic head 482 panoramic window 584, 713 panpipe 433 pantograph 585, 595 pantry 224, 250 pants 350, 371, 796, 808, 875, 878,901 pants, examples 358 panty corselette 366 panty girdle 367 panty hose 365 papaya 197 paper 390, 400, 420 paper bail 528 paper bail release lever 528 paper catcher 511 paper clip holder 534 paperclips 534 paper collection unit 71 paper cutter 535 paper fasteners 534 paper feed button 519, 731 paper feed channel 511 paper feed key 529 paper feed light 519 paper guide 508, 519 paper in reserve 512 paper punch 533 paper recycling container 71 paper release lever 528 paper separation 71 paper sheet 421 paper shredder 535 paper sorting 71 paper support 528 paper tray 511 paper trays-512 paperboard separation 71 paperboard sorting 71 papilla 172, 177 papillary muscle 162 paprika 199 Papua New Guinea 29, 747 Papuan languages 469 par 3 hole 866 par 4 hole 866 par 5 hole 867 parabolic antenna 489 parabolic dune 52 parabolic mirror 674 parabolic reflector 16 parachute 760, 896 parachute valve 899 parachuting 896 parade ground 409 paraffins 656 paraglider 897 paragliding pilot 897 Paraguay 742 parallel 36 parallel bars 825 parallel electrical circuit 687 parallel port 513 parallelepiped 705 parallelogram 705 paramecium 94 Parana River 31 parapet 540 parapet walk 408, 409 parboiled rice 207 parcel office 582 parchment paper 222 parentheses 473 parents 784, 785 parents-in-law 784

SCIENCE > 678-705;

FOOD AND KITCHEN > 178-241:

ARTS AND ARCHITECTURE > 392-465:

SOCIETY > 706-785;

HOUSE > 242-295;

COMMUNICATIONS AND

SPORTS AND GAMES > 786-920

payout tray 920 payout trigger 920 PC card slot 526 PCI expansion card 513 PCI expansion connector 513 pea 84 pea jacket 355 peach 192 peach, section 81 peacock 119 peak45, 340, 341, 772 peak level meter 499 peaked lapel 348 peanut 190 peanut oil 209 pear 193 pear-shaped body 433 pear-shaped cut 375 pearl onion 184 peas 190 pecan nut 193 peccary 128 pecten 98 pectoral deck 851 pectoral fin 108, 136 pectoral limb 161 pectoralis major 150 pedal 440, 448, 578, 580, 791, 851, 870 pedal gland 104 pedal key 444 pedal keyboard 444 pedal pushers 358 pedal rod 442 pedal with wide platform 870 pedestal 440 pedestal-type sump pump 263 pedestrian call button 712 pedestrian crossing 545, 547, 712 pedestrian light 712 pedicel 83, 86 pediment 403, 405, 697 pedipalp 103 pedometer 700 peduncle 80, 81, 82, 83, 86 peeled veneer 300 peeler 229 peep hole 591 peg 278, 312, 390, 439, 440, 459, 462 peg box 439 Pegasus 12 pelerine 355 pelican 119 pellets 912 peloton 870 peltate 79 Pelton runner 659 pelvic fin 108 pelvic limb 161 pelvis 121, 126, 138, 141, 142 pen 43,470 pen blade 905 pen holder 386 penalty arc 802 penalty area 802 penalty area marking 802 penalty bench 879 penalty bench official 879 penalty mark 814 penalty spot 802 pencil 470, 667 pencil pleat heading 283 pencil point tip 314, 319 pencil sharpener 534 pendant 374 pendulum 697 pendulum bar 436 pendulum bob 697 pendulum rod 697 penguin 119 penholder grip 815 peninsula 38 penis 104, 146, 169 pennant 56, 739 penne 206 penstock 657, 658, 664 pentagon 705 pentaprism 477 penumbra shadow 6, 7 pepino 197 peplos 336 pepper shaker 226 pepper spray 770 peppered moth 101 pepperoni 216 per bend 740 perfess 740 percent 703

parietal 112, 122 parietal bone 131, 153, 158 parietal pleura 163 paring knife 229 park 39, 711 parka 353, 901 parking 583, 713, 866, 886 parking area 619, 708, 735 parking brake lever 556 parking lot 596, 620 Parmesan 211 parquet 254 parsley 202 parsnip 189 parterre 431 partial eclipse 6, 7 partially reflecting mirror 692 particle board 300 partition 84, 771 partition tile 298 partitions, examples 740 partlow chart 571 partridge 118 parts 276, 277,280 parts of a bicycle 578 parts of a boat 838 parts of a circle 704 parts of a flag 739 parts of a lamp socket 275 parts of a long bone 155 parts of a ring 376 parts of a shoe 342 parts of the weapon 849 party 740 pascal 702 pass 45 passbook update slot 730 passenger cabin 605, 608, 609, 625 passenger car 585, 594 passenger cars, types 584 passenger footrest 576 passenger liner 608 passenger platform 582 passenger seat 577 passenger station 582, 583 passenger terminal 596, 619, 620 passenger train 582 passenger transfer vehicle 621, 623 passing lane 539 passing prohibited 544, 546 passion fruit 196 passive sensor 41 passivity zone 843 passport case 387 passport control 621 pasta 206 pasta maker 230 pastern 124 pastry bag and nozzles 232 pastry blender 232 pastry brush 232 pastry cutting wheel 232 pastry shop 715 Patagonia 31 patch pocket 348, 353, 360, 368 patella 122, 126, 131, 138, 152 patera 276 paternal aunt 785 paternal uncle 785 path 322 Pathfinder 19 pathology laboratory 781 patient 780 patient room 780 patient’s chair 780 patio 244, 322 patio door 224, 250 patrol and first aid station 886 patrol wagon 726 pattern 401, 455, 458 pattern start key 456 pattypan squash 189 pauldron 749 pause 435, 515 pause button 499 pause/break key 515 pause/still button 495 pavilion 374 pavilion facet 374 pavilion roof 415 Pavo 10 pawl 307 pawn 916 pay phone 427,507,715,720, 723,779 payload 24, 25 payload adaptor 24 payload module 40 ASTRONOMY > 2-25'

EARTH > 26-71'

VEGETABLE KINGDOM >72-89;

DO-IT-YOURSELF AND GARDENING > 296-333; OFFICE AUTOMATION > 466-535;

CLOTHING > 334-371;

percent key 529 perch 220 perch, anatomy 109 perch, morphology 108 perching bird 117 percolator 241 percolators 723 percussion bar 767 percussion instruments 437, 448 perforated brick 298 perforated hardboard 300 perforated pipe 263 perforated toe cap 342 perforation 346 performance tire 560 performing arts 427 perfume 717 perfume store 714 pergola 322 pericardium 163 pericarp 84 period 473, 617, 789 periodicals room 733 periodicals shelf 733 periodontal ligament 159 periosteum 154 peripheral joint 661 peripheral nervous system 166 periscopic sight 758 peristome 94 peristyle 403, 406 peritoneum 169, 170 periwinkle 217 permanent exhibition rooms 395 permanent pasture 182 Permian 92 peroneus longus 150 peroxide 777 peroxisome 94 perpendicular 704 perpetual snows 45 Perseus 12 Persian 132, 469 Persian Gulf 33 personal accessories 374 personal articles 374, 383 personal communications 487 personal computer 513 personal digital assistant 530 personal identification number pad 731 personal radio cassette player 504 personal watercraft 876 Peru 742 Peru-Chile Trench 50 peso 728 pesticide 69, 70 pestle 230 petfood 181 pet shop 714 petal 80 petanque 864 petanque bowl 864 Peter Pan collar 362 petiolar sinus 86 petiole 76, 79 Petri dish 685 petrochemical industry 656 petrochemicals 656 petroleum trap 651, 653 pew 737 phalanges 111, 116, 122, 131, 136, 138, 141, 142, 154, 155 pharmacy 714, 725, 778, 781 pharynx 99, 163, 164 phase conductor 273 phases of the Moon 7 pheasant 120, 212 pheasant egg 213 Philippine Plate 43 Philippine Trench 50 Philippines 33, 747 Phillips 302 philtrum 175 phloem 87 Phobos 4 Phoenix 10 phosphorescent coating 275 phosphorus 683 photo booth 715 photo credit line 471 photocopier 512, 730, 733 photocopy control 512 photocopy room 509 photoelectric cell 482 photographer 714 photographic accessories 482 photographic chamber 694 photographic picture 483

ANIMAL KINGDOM > 90-143;

HUMAN BEING > 144-177;

PERSONAL ACCESSORIES AND ARTICLES > 372-391;

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY > 536-643;

ENERGY > 644-677;

SCIENCE > 678-705;

photography 476 photon 692 photoreceptors 177 photosphere 6 photosynthesis 78 photovoltaic arrays 21 photovoltaic panel 615 phyllo dough 205 physical map 38 physician 780, 842 physicians 846 physics 690 pi 704 pia mater 167 piano 437, 442 piccolo 437, 446 pick 327, 390, 901 pickguard 441 pickup cylinder 642 pickup reel 642, 643 pickup selector 441 pickup truck 549 pickups 441 picnic area 725 picnics prohibited 725 pictograms 514 Pictor 11 picture 917 picture tube 494 picture window 727 pie pan 232 piece 917 pier 411, 413, 540, 653 pierce lever 240 pierced earrings 374 pig 128 pigeon 120, 212 pigsty 182 pika 123 pike 220 pike perch 220 pike pole 767 pike position 828 pile 254 pile carpet 254 pile dwelling 418 pillar 43, 410, 412, 440, 650 pillar buoy 614, 617 pillbox hat 341 pillion footrest 575 pillow 280, 458 pillow protector 280 pillowcase 280 pilot 585, 586, 759 pilot chute 896 pilot house 607 pin 274, 275, 454, 767, 865 pin base 275 pin block 442 pin cushion 454 PIN pad 731 pinacocyte 95 pince-nez 385 pinch 274, 275, 901 pinch pleat 283 pine needles 89 pine nut 193 pine seed 89 pineal gland 167 pineapple 196 pinion 307, 697 pink ball 863 pink pepper 198 pinking shears 454 pinna 76, 122, 143, 174 pinnacle 408, 410 pinnatifid 79 pins 376 pins, examples 865 pinto bean 191 Pioneer 19 pip 82, 83, 914 pipe 289, 312, 390, 445 pipe clamp 312 pipe cleaners 390 pipe coupling 269 pipe diffuser 627 pipe rack 390 pipe section 257 pipe threader 314 pipe tools 390 pipe wrench 315 pipe, cross section 390 pipe-wrapping insulation 299 pipeline 654 pipework 445 Pisces 12 Pisces Austrinus 10 pisiform 154

FOOD AND KITCHEN > 178-241;

ARTS AND ARCHITECTURE > 392-465;

SOCIETY > 706-785;

HOUSE > 242-295;

COMMUNICATIONS AND

SPORTS AND GAMES > 786-920

pistachio nut 193 piste 848 pistil 80 pistol 754, 770 pistol grip 754, 755, 860, 912 pistol grip handle 306, 318 pistol nozzle 329 pistol shooting 861 pistol, 8-mm 861 piston 559, 564, 566 piston lever 315 piston release 315 piston ring 566 piston skirt 566 pit 112, 865 pit lane 872 pit stop 873 pita bread 205 pitch 630, 795, 799 pitch scale 528 pitch wheel 450 pitched roof 414 pitcher 794, 795 pitcher’s mound 795 pitcher’s plate 795 pitchfork comb 380 pitching 660 pitching wedge 868 pith 87 pithead 648 piton 900 piton-carrier901 Pitot tube 873 pits 872, 874 pituitary gland 167 pivot 317, 382,383,398,436, 454, 612, 686, 907 pivot cab 638 pivot joint 156 placard board 587 placingjudge 830 plaice 221 plain 38, 48 plain pole 284 plain weave 463 plan 403, 411 plane 309 plane figure 420 plane projection 36 plane surfaces 704 planetarium 10 planetarium projector 10 planetary nebula 8 planets 4 planets, inner 5 planets, outer 4 planisphere 28 plano-concave lens 691 plano-convex lens 691 plant 77 plant cell 74 plant litter 78 plant, structure 77 plantain 196 plantar interosseous 150 plantar pad 133 plantar surface of the hoof 127 plantaris 151 planting box 792 planting tools 324 plants 74 plasma 162 plasma membrane 94 plasmodesma 74 plaster bat 464 plaster room 779 plastic case 860, 912 plastic film 222 plastic film capacitor 689 plastic insulator 272 plastic-laminated particle board 300 plastics sorting 71 plastron 113 plate 238, 381, 482, 905 plate binding 887 plate crystal 64 plate grid 562 plateau 38, 45 platelet 162 platen 425, 528 plateosaur93 platform 321, 542, 569, 593, 620, 699,830, 894 platform edge 582, 593 platform entrance 582 platform ladder 321 platform number 582 platform pallet truck 633 platform shelter 583

941

INDEX

platform, 10 m 828 platform, 3 m 828 platform, 5 m 828 platform, 7,5 m 828 platinum 683 platter 226 play button 495, 499, 504 play/pause button 501 player 827, 920 player 1 858 player 2 858 player 3 858 player 4 858 player handicap 858 player positions 794, 803, 811, 814 player’s number 808, 810, 878 player’s skate 880 player’s stick 880 players 822 players' bench 801, 807, 809, 812, 878 players’ bench 814 players’ chairs 813 players’ positions 804 playing area 608, 918 playing field 801,802,858, 864, 920 playing surface 815 playing surfaces 822 playing window 499 playpen 281 pleasure garden 322 pleated heading 283 pleats, examples 283, 357 plectrum 433 plenum 258 pleural cavity 163 plexus of nerves 159 pliers 310 plinth 697 plotter 520 plow anchor 610 plug 274, 306, 488, 502, 613 plug adapter 274, 383 plug bayonet 751 plug fuse 272 plum 192 plum sauce 201 plumber’s snake 314 plumbing 262 plumbing system 262 plumbing tools 314 plunger 241, 314, 776 plungerhead 642 plunging neckline 363 plus or minus 703 plus/positive 703 Pluto 4, 5 plutonium 684 ply 300 pneumatic armlet 777 pneumatic drill 873 pneumatic hammer 649 pocket 313, 386, 862, 865, 869 pocket calculator 529 pocket camera 480 pocket handkerchief 348 pockets, examples 360 podium 412, 713, 734 point 227, 229, 439, 453, 457, 470, 859, 880, 911, 915, 918 point guard 811 point of interest 39 point wire 590 pointed tab end 349, 361 pointer 261, 695, 698, 699 points 822 points of sailing 833 poison 774 poison gland 103, 106 poisonous mushroom 76 poker 257 poker die 914 Poland 744 polar axis 17 polar bear 135 polar climates 61 polar ice cap 61 polar orbit 60 polar tundra 61 polar-orbiting satellite 60 polarizing filter 478 Polaroid camera 480 pole 284, 493, 602, 792, 820, 891 pole grip 892 pole position 872 pole shaft 892 pole vault 790, 792

pole vaulter 792 poles 284 poleyn 749 police 725 police car 769, 771 police officer 770 police station 711, 768 Polish 469 polished stone hand axe 748 political map 37 politics 739 pollen basket 98 pollen brush 98 pollen cell 100 pollen packer 98 pollutants, non-biodegradable 69 polluting gas emission 69 pollution, agricultural 69 pollution, air 69 pollution, domestic 69 pollution, industrial 69 pollution, land 69 pollution, motor vehicle 69 pollution, oil 70 pollution, water 70 polo 858 polo collar 363 polo dress 356 polo pony 858 polo shirt 359, 822 polonium 682 polygons 705 Polynesia 747 pome fleshy fruit 82 pome fruits 193 pomegranate 196 pomelo 194 pommel 826, 849, 855 pommel horse 824, 826 poncho 355 pond 322,866 poniard 751 pons 167 Pont-l’Eveque 211 pontoon 542, 652 poodle 130 pool 246, 675, 862 poop 602 pop-up tent 903 poplar 88 popping crease 799 poppy 80 poppy seeds 199 porch 245, 411, 738 porch dome 738 porcupine 123 pore 74, 84, 172 pork, cuts 215 porpoise 137 Porro prism 692 port 666, 709, 854 port glass 225 port hand 609, 616, 617 portable CD radio cassette recorder 504 portable cellular telephone 506 portable compact disc player 503 portable digital audio player 503 portable fire extinguisher 767 portable oxygen cylinder 775 portable radio 503 portable shower head 264 portable sound systems 503 portal 411 portal bridge 541 portal frame 540 portal vein 161 porthole 608 portrait 729 Portugal 743 Portuguese 469 position indicator 417 position light 585, 631 position marker 440, 441 position of a character 472 positions 849 positive charge 684 positive contact 672, 673 positive meniscus 691 positive plate 562 positive plate strap 562 positive region 672 positive terminal 562, 687, 689 positive/negative junction 672 possum-belly body semitrailer 572 post 460, 676, 812, 817, 827 post and plank 852 post and rail 852 post binder 532 ASTRONOMY > 2-25:

I 942

EARTH >26-71;

post lantern 287 post mill 676 post office 474, 475, 711, 715 postage meter 531 postage stamp 474 postal money order 475 postal parcel 475 postal van 475 postcard 474 poster 427 posterior adductor muscle 105 posterior chamber 177 posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh 166 posterior end 105 posterior fontanelle 158 posterior horn 167 posterior rugae 147, 149 posterior semicircular canal 174 posterior view 147, 149, 151 postern 408, 409 posting surface 535 postmarking module 531 pot-and-pan sink 721 potable water truck 622 potassium 682 potato 184 potato masher 233 pothole 47 pottery 464 pottery, tools 464 pouch 143,222 pouch of Douglas 170 poulaine 749 poultry 213 poultry shears 233 pound 728 pouring spout 295 powder blusher 378 powder chamber 753 powder flask 752 powder puff 378 powdered milk 210 powdered mustard 200 powdered sugar 209 power 565 power adapter 526 power adapter port 526 power and backlight button 527 power button 494, 495, 497, 498, 501, 505, 506, 513, 519, 526 power cable 513 power cable plug 513 power car 585 power control module 563 power cord 237, 305, 308, 381, 383,497 power indicator 518 power light 519 power mower 332 power plant 657, 664 power plant, cross section 664 power plug 504, 527 power source 687 power supply cord 382 power supply fan 513 power supply unit 513 power switch 451, 477, 518 power switch machine 590 power takeoff 640 powertrain 580 power turbine 627 power zoom button 496 power, measurement 702 power-off/slide-select bar 483 power-on button 508 power-on light 508 power-on/paper-detect light 731 power-takeoff shaft 641, 642 power/functions switch 496 power/light switch 452 practice green 866 practitioner, kungfu 846 prairie 38 praseodymium 684 prayer hall 738 Precambrian 92 precious stones 375 precipitation 64, 67 precipitation area 55 precision sports 859 preferred channel 617 prehensile digit 139 premaxilla 108, 122, 123 premolar 121, 123 premolars 159 prepared foods 181 prerinse sink 721 present state of weather 55 VEGETABLE KINGDOM >72-89:

DO-IT-YOURSELF AND GARDENING > 296-333: OFEICE AUTOMATION > 466-535;

CLOTHING > 334-371:

present weather 57 preset buttons 495 preset tuning button 497, 498 president 848 president of the jury 900 president’s office 509 president’s secretary 509 press bar 851 press bed 421, 422, 423 press chamber 642 press wheel 643 pressed area 501 pressed cheeses 211 pressed powder 378 presser bar 453 presserfoot 453 pressing 425 pressing board 425 pressure bar 442 pressure change 55 pressure control 384 pressure control valve 777 pressure cooker 234 pressure demand regulator 765 pressure dial 452 pressure gauge 654, 777, 841 pressure plate 476, 758 pressure regulator 234, 319, 903 pressure relief valve 259, 266 pressure screw 422, 423 pressure tube 667 pressure, measurement 702 pressure-relief valve 267 pressurized heavy water 670 pressurized refuge 543 pressurized-water reactor 671 pressurizer 670, 671 prestressed concrete 298 prevailing wind 63 preview monitor 489 preview monitors 491 previous sets 822 price per gallon/liter 548 pricker 458 prickly pear 197 prickly sphagnum 75 primaries 115 primary colors 400 primary consumers 67 primary covert 115 primary crash sensor 556 primary flight display 626 primary hard disk drive 513 primary mirror 17 primary root 77 primary sorting 474 primate mammals 138 primates, examples 139 prime 849 prime focus 17 prime focus observing capsule 17 prime meridian 36 primer 757, 912 princess dress 356 princess seaming 366 principal rafter 253 principal’s office 735 Principe 745 print cartridge light 519 print drying rack 485 print screen 515 print screen/system request key 515 print washer 485 printed circuit 689 printed circuit board 689 printed image 420 printer 523, 529 printer table 511 printer, inkjet519 printing 420 printing calculator 529 printing unit 528 printout 699 priority intersection 544 prism binoculars 692 prison 726 prisoner's dock 728 prisoners’ shower 768 privacy curtain 780 private broadcasting network 486 private dressing room 428 probe 316 probe receptacle 238 proboscis 96 procedure checklist 20 processor 513 proconsul 93 producer 429, 489, 490

ANIMAL KINGDOM > 90-143:

HUMAN BEING > 144-177:

PERSONAL ACCESSORIES AND ARTICLES > 372-391:

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY > 536-643:

ENERGY > 644-677;

SCIENCE > 678-705:

producer turret 488 product code 699 production adviser 490 production control room 489, 490, 491 production designer 428 production desk 491 production manager 509 production of electricity by the generator 662, 665 production of electricity from geothermal energy 646 production of electricity from nuclear energy 665 production of electricity from solar energy 674 production of electricity from thermal energy 646 production of electricity from wind energy 677 production of electricity, steps 662 production of sound 445 production platform 652, 654 production video switcher 491 production well 646 production/export riser system 652 professional training office 730 profile of the Earth’s atmosphere 53 program selector 450 programmable buttons 516 programmable function keys 731 programmable thermostat 261 programming control 261 projectiles 752 projection booth 427 projection device 573 projection dome 10 projection head 535 projection room 395, 427 projection screen 427, 483 projector 427, 518 proleg 97 promenade deck 608 promethium 684 prominence 6 prompt side 431 pronaos 403 pronator teres 150 prone position 861, 893 proof press 421 propagation 690 propane accessories 903 propane gas cylinder 567 propellant 912 propellant tank 18 propeller 606, 608, 609, 763 propellerduct 605 propeller shaft 609 propellers 762 property line-244 property man 429 propulsion machinery control room 763 propulsion module 486 proscenium 430 prosciutto 216 prosecution counsels' bench 728 prostate 169 protactinium 684 protect tab 521 protection 774 protection area 843 protection layer 20 protective clothing 318 protective cup 808, 843, 880 protective equipment 808 protective goggles 818, 819, 870, 875 protective helmet 575, 580 protective mat 883 protective plate 875 protective suit 875 protective surround 918 protective window 494 Protestantism 736 prothorax 97 proton 680 protoneuron 168 protractor 701 proventriculus 116 province 37 prow ornament 600 proximal epiphysis 155 proximal phalange 154, 155 proximal phalanx 126, 133 proximal sesamoid 126 proximity fuse 759

FOOD AND KITCHEN > 178-241:

ARTS AND ARCHITECTURE > 392-465:

SOCIETY > 706-785:

HOUSE > 242-295:

COMMUNICATIONS AND

SPORTS AND GAMES > 786-920

pruning knife 330 pruning saw 330 pruning shears 330 pruning tools 330 pry bar 301 pseudopod 94 psychiatric examination room 778 psychiatric observation room 778 psychrometer 59 pterygoid 112 pubis 116, 122, 146, 148 public building 39 public garden 713 public postal network 474 puck 880 Puerto Rico Trench 50 puff sleeve 360 pull rod 590 pull strap 389 pull tab 223 pulley284, 321, 566, 686, 750 pulley block 750 pulley safety guard 307 pulling ring 776 Pullman case 389 pulmonary artery 160, 162, 163 pulmonary valve 162 pulmonary vein 160 pulp 82, 159 pulp chamber 159 pulpit 737, 738 pulsar 8 pulsed ruby laser 692 pulverizer 646 pulvino 661 pumice correcting pencil 423 pump 246, 292,294, 320, 343, 670, 671, 674, 903 pump and motor assembly 559 pump island 548 pump motor 263 pump nozzle 548 pump number 548 pump room 606 pumper 766 pumpernickel 205 pumping station 654 pumpkin 189 punch 401 punch hole 342, 350, 371 punching bag 842 punctuation marks 473 pup tent 903 pupa 100 pupil 132, 177 Puppis 11 purfling 439, 440 purge valve 841 purple border 336 purpure 741 purse 387 purslane 187 pursuit bicycle 871 pursuit line 871 pursuit racer 871 push bar 416 push button 236, 294, 391, 507 push buttons 506 push frame 636 push rim 783 push-button 248, 470 push-button telephone 507 push-to-talk switch 505 push-up bra 367 push-up stand 851 pusher 230, 237, 240 pushing phase 892 putter 867, 868 pygal shield 113 pygostyle 116 pylon 663 pylon body 663 pylon foot 663 pylon top 663 pylon window 663 pyloric cecum 95, 109 pyloric stomach 107 pyramid 402, 705 pyramid spot 862 pyramid, entrance 402 pyranometer 58 Pyrenees 32 pyrometric cone 464 python 114 Pyxis 11 ASTRONOMY > 2-25;

EARTH > 26-71;

Qatar 746 Qibla wall 738 quad cane 782 quadrangle 710 quadrant 704 quadrate 112 quadrilateral 705 quail 120, 212 quail egg 213 quark 680 quarte 849 quarter 127, 342, 370 quarter note 435 quarter rest 435 quarter window 551 quarter-deck 608 quarterback 807 quarterfinal: 8 players 789 quarterly 740 quartet 438 quartz metronome 436 Quaternary 93 Quechua 469 queen 99, 914, 916 queen cell 100 queen excluder 100 Queen Maud Land 29 queen’s chamber 402 queen’s side 916 question mark 473 quiche plate 232 quick release system 482 quick ticket system 427 quickdraw 900 quill 307, 470 quill brush 380 quince 193 quinoa 203 quinte 849 quintet 438 quiver 859 quotation marks 473 quotation marks (French) 473

R rabbet bit 308 rabbi's seat 738 rabbit 123, 212 raccoon 134 race director 870 raceme 81 racetrack 856 rachis 115 racing suit 874, 882 rack 234, 238, 290, 294, 791, 863 rack and pinion gear 686 rackboard 445 rackboard support 445 racket sports 815 Raclette 211 raciette with grill 239 racquetball 818 racquetball racket 818 radar 40, 604, 605, 608, 609 radar aircraft 629 radar antenna 40, 760, 763 radar beam 40 radar display 771 radar mast 606 radar reflector 615 radar transceiver 771 radar unit 760 radar-absorbent material 629 Radarsat satellite 40 radial canal 95 radial nerve 166 radial passenger loading area 619 radial ply 561 radial thread 103 radial tire 561 radiant heater 260 radiation 681 radiation zone 6 radiator 259, 552, 561, 586 radiator grille 570 radiator panel 23 radiators 21 radicchio 186 radicle 77, 87 radio 771, 898 radio antenna 604, 606, 608, 609, 763,873 radio mast 652 radio telescope 16 radio wave 16 VEGETABLE KINGDOM >72-89;

DO-IT-YOURSELF AND GARDENING > 296-333; OFFICE AUTOMATION > 466-535;

CLOTHING > 334-371;

radio waves 690 radio-ulna 111 radioactive 774 radioactive nuclei 681 radioactivity, measurement 702 radioisotope thermoelectric generator 18 radiometer 60 radiosonde 59 radish 189 radium 682 radius 116, 121, 122, 126, 131, 136, 138, 140, 141, 142, 152, 154, 156, 704 radome 760 radon 684 radula 104 rafter 252 raglan 355 raglan sleeve 352, 355, 361, 369 rail278, 421,456, 591,841,862 rail joint 590 rail section 591 rail track 649 rail transport 582 railing 251 railroad 39 railroad crossing 545, 547 railroad line 39 railroad shuttle service 620 railroad station 583, 708, 710 railroad track 590, 591, 710 railyard 708 rain 64, 65 rain cap 257 rain forms 64 rain gauge recorder 58, 59 rain shower 57 rainbow 65 raincoat 352 rainfall, measure 59 rainfly 902, 903 raised band 426 raised figure 420 raised handlebar 870 raising the spinnaker 833 rake 327, 642 rake bar 642 rake comb 380 rally car 873 rally motorcycle 875 ram 598 RAM module 513 rambutan 197 ramekin 226 rammer 752 ramp 403,407,539, 596, 647, 894 rampart 408, 409 random access memory (RAM) connector 513 random access memory module 513 random orbit sender 308 range 722 range hood 224, 290, 722 rangefinder 480 rank insignia 770 Ranvier, node 168 rapier 751 rare earth 684 ras el hanout 199 rasp 309, 401 raspberry 192 raspberry, section 83 rat 123 rat, morphology 122 rat, skeleton 122 ratchet 302, 307, 460 ratchet box end wrench 311 ratchet knob 700 ratchet socket wrench 311 ratchet wheel 460, 696, 697 rattle 112 rattlesnake 114 raven 118 ravioli 206 razor clam 217 reach-in freezer 180 reaction direction 684 reaction engine assembly 60 reactor 665, 666, 669, 763 reactor building 667, 669 reactor building airlock 668 reactor core 670, 671 reactor tank 671 reactor vessel 667 reactor, carbon dioxide 670 reactor, heavy-water 670

ANIMAL KINGDOM > 90-143;

HUMAN BEING > 144-177;

PERSONAL ACCESSORIES AND ARTICLES > 372-391;

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY > 536-643;

ENERGY > 644-677;

SCIENCE > 678-705;

read button 505 read/write head 521 reading 385 reading light 771 reading mirror 20 reading room 732 reading start 501 reamer 237 rear apron 349 rear beam 698 rear brake 578 rear brake pedal 576 rear bumper 876, 885 rear cargo rack 577 rearderailleur 578, 580 rear door 775 rear fender 577 rear foil 609 rear leg 277 rear light 578 rear limit line 848 rear propeller 606 rear rigid section 569 rear runner 884 rear seat 555 rear shock absorber 575 rearsight 754, 755, 757, 861, 893, 912 rear step 766, 775 rear wheel 333 rearview mirror 556 recamier276 receiver 16, 493, 506, 754, 755, 817,819,820 receiver volume control 506 receiving area 180, 395, 716 receiving line 818 receiving tray 508 receiving yard 589 receptacle 75, 80, 83 receptacle analyzer 316 reception 509 reception area 764, 778, 781 reception bay 666 reception desk 730 reception hall 738 reception level 724 rechargeable battery pack 496 recharging base 288 reclining back 776 recoil sleigh 756 recoilless rifle 757 record 500 record announcement button 508 record button 495, 499 record muting button 499 record player 500 recording level control 499 recording start/stop button 496 recording tape 495, 499 recording unit 59 recovery room 780 rectal cecum 95 rectangle 705 rectangular 904 rectangular flag 739 rectum 97, 99, 113, 116, 125, 164,169, 170 rectus abdominis 150 rectus femoris 150 recuperator cylinder 756 recuperator cylinder front head 756 recycling 71 recycling bin 71 recycling containers 71 red 400, 690, 915, 919 red alga 75 red ball 862, 863 red balls 863 red beam 494 red blood cell 162 red cabbage 186 red clamp 558 red giant 8 red kidney bean 191 red light 712 red ocher pencil 423 red onion 184 red safelight filter 485 Red Sea 28, 33, 34 red sweet pepper 188, red whortleberry 192 red-kneed tarantula 102 red-violet 400 redfish 221 reduce/enlarge 512 reducing coupling 269 reed 446, 460 reed hooks 461

FOOD AND KITCHEN > 178-241;

ARTS AND ARCHITECTURE > 392-465;

SOCIETY > 706-785;

HOUSE > 242-295;

COMMUNICATIONS AND

SPORTS AND GAMES > 786-920

reed pipe 444 reef band 603 reef point 603 reel 328, 484, 495, 848, 920 reel plate 920 reel seat 909, 910 reentrant angle 704 referee 801,803,805,807,810, 812, 818, 819, 827, 828, 830, 842, 843, 844, 845, 846, 864, 879, 881, 882, 893 referee’s line 845 reference books 732 reference room 733 refill 470 refill tube 265 refinery 654, 709 refinery products 656 reflected solar radiation 68 reflecting cylinder 692 reflecting surface 674 reflecting telescope 15 reflecting telescope, cross section 15 reflection 41 reflective stripe 765 reflector316, 571,578, 876 reflex camera, cross section 477 Reformation 736 refracting telescope 14 refracting telescope, cross section 14 refractory brick 465 refrigerant tubing 260 refrigerated display case 720 refrigerated semitrailer 571, 572 refrigeration unit 571 refrigerator 224, 291, 720, 722 refrigerator car 588 refrigerator compartment 291 refrigerators 720 refueler 873 refueling device 873 refuse container 295 regional distribution center 475 regional mail 475 register 273 registered trademark 473 registers, types 258 regular decagon 705 regular dodecagon 705 regular hendecagon 705 regular heptagon 705 regular hexagon 705 regular nonagon 705 regular octagon 705 regular octahedron 705 regular pentagon 705 regulating button 443 regulating valve 259 regulator first stage 841 regulator second stage 841 reheater 668 rein 856 rein ring 854 reinforced concrete 298 reinforced toe 773 relationships, family 784 relay starting line 791 relay station 486 release lever 310 release of oxygen 78 release treadle 460 relief printing 420 relief printing process 421 relief printing process, equipment 421 relieving chamber 402 religion 736 religions, chronology 736 relocation 528 remote command antenna 40 remote control 483, 493, 495 remote control sensor 494, 501 remote control terminal 476, 477 remote manipulator system 21, 22 remote sensing 40 remote sensor 518 remote-controlled switch 590 removable flag pole 867 removable hard disk 521 removable hard disk drive 521 removable-bottomed pan 232 renal artery 160, 165 renal hilum 165 renal papilla 165 renal pelvis 165 renal vein 160, 165 reniform 79

943

INDEX

repair shop 589 repeat buttons 501 repeat mark 434 repeater 487 report writing room 768 reproductive organs, female 170 reproductive organs, male 169 reptiles 112 reptiles, examples 114 Republic of Korea 747 Republic of Moldova 744 repulsion 687 rerebrace 749 reserve parachute 896 reservoir 241, 445, 657, 658, 660, 661 reservoir-nib pen 397 reset 512 reset button 267, 495, 513, 519, 696, 700,918 reset key 508 resident 780 residential district 709 residue waste, non-reusable 71 resin surface 501 resistance adjustment 851 resistors 689 resonator 444, 449, 502 respirator 773 respiratory system 163 respiratory system protection 773, 774 rest area 39 rest symbols 435 restaurant 608, 710, 713, 714, 719, 720, 725 restaurant review 471 restaurant, fast-food 715 restaurant, self-service 722 restricted area 811 restricting circle 810 restroom 731 restrooms 395, 715, 719, 723, 733, 779,781 result line 529 resurgence 47 resuscitation room 778 resuscitator 775 retainer 649 retaining ring 268 reticle 692 Reticulum 10 retina 177, 691 retractable handle 386 retractable step 567 retracted claw 133 retrenchment 409 retro-reflective tape 611 return 511, 515 return crease 799 return spring 559 reverse 828 reverse dive with a twist 829 reverse slide change 483 reverse stitch button 452 reverse travel pedal 333 reversible reaction 684 reversing switch 302, 306 revolver 754 revolving cylinder 458 revolving doors 719 revolving nosepiece 693 revolving sprinkler 329 rewind button 495, 499, 504, 508 Rhea 5 rhenium 683 rhinoceros 129 rhizoid 75 rhizome 76 rhodium 683 rhombus 705 rhubarb 185 rhythm of marks by night 617 rhythm selector 451 rhythmic gymnastics 823 has 51 rib 112, 116, 121, 122, 126, 131, 136, 138, 141, 142, 185,391, 439,440,639,772 rib joint pliers 310 rib pad 808 rib roast 214 rib stitch 458 ribbing 354, 369, 909 ribbing plow 641 ribbon 823 ribosome 74, 94 ribs 152, 464 rice 85,203,207

rivet 229, 310 road 39, 708 road bicycle 581 road communications 487 road cycling competition 870 road flare 771 road map 39 road racing 870 road signs 544 road system 538 road transport 538, 596 road tunnel 543 road, cross section 538 road-racing bicycle 870 road-racing cyclist 870 roadway 538, 543, 712 roadway narrows 544, 547 roadwork ahead 545, 547 roast 214, 215 roasted coffee beans 208 roasting pans 234 Robetval’s balance 698 robin 118 rock 900 rock basin 46 rock candy 209 rock climber 900 rock garden 322 rock shaft lift arm 640 rocker arm 566 rocket engine 24 rocket motor 759 rocking chair 276, 277 rocking tool 422 rockslide 47 rocky desert 52 rocky islet 51 Rocky Mountains 30 rod 177, 261, 436, 461, 685 rodent 122 rodent’s jaw 123 rodents 122 rodents, examples 123 roentgenium 683 roll 362, 630 roll film 481 roll structure 873 roll-up blind 285 roller284, 285, 333,380, 423, 516,633 roller board and arms 445 roller cover 320 roller frame 320 roller shade 285, 558 rolling ladder 321 rolling pin 232 romaine lettuce 186 Roman amphitheater 407 roman bean 191 Roman house 406 Roman legionary 748 Roman metal pen 470 Roman numerals 703 roman shade 285 Romance languages 469 Romania 744 Romanian 469 Romanian couching stitch 459 Romano 211 rompers 369 rooflOO, 245, 257, 412,551,567, 635,647 roof pole 903 roof truss 253 roof vent 262, 567 roofs, examples 414 rook 916 room 650 room air conditioner 261 room number 724 room thermostat 261 rooms, main 250 rooster 120 root 78, 159, 176,227 root canal 159 root cap 77 root hairs 77 root of nail 172 root of nose 175 root rib 624 root system 77, 86 root vegetables 189 root-hair zone 87 rope374, 611,686, 823,842, 900,901,908 rope ladder 321 roped party 900 Roquefort 211 rose 80,248,328,440

rice noodles 207 rice papers 207 rice vermicelli 207 rice vinegar 201 rice: panicle 85 ricotta 210 rider 853, 855, 858 riders 875 ridge 45 ridge beam 253 riding 854 riding cap 853, 856 riding crop 853, 856 riding glove 853 ridingjacket 853 riegel 46 riffler401 rifle 893 rifle (rifled bore) 912 rifle shooting 861 rifle, .22-caliber 861 rigatoni 206 rigging 602 rigging wire 897 right angle 704 right ascension 13 right ascension setting scale 14, 15 right atrium 161, 162 right attacker 812 right back 801,803,812,814 right bend 544, 547 right center 804 right channel 502 right cornerback 806 right defense 878 right defensive end 806 right defensive tackle 806 right field 795 right fielder 794 right forward 811 right guard 807 right half 801 right inside forward 801 right kidney 165 right lung 161, 163 right midfielder 803 right pulmonary vein 162 right safety 806 right service court 819, 821 right side 384 right tackle 807 right ventricle 161, 162 right wing 801, 804, 879 right winger 814 rigs, examples 601 rillettes 216 rim 385, 560, 574, 579,640, 793, 811 rim flange 560 rim soup bowl 226 rime 65 rinceau 276 rind 82 ring 76, 249, 284, 391,447, 453, 522, 610, 611, 659, 696, 699, 809,824,842,901 ring binder 532 ring canal 95 ring handle 390 ring network 522 ring nut 269 ring post 842 ring step 842 ring, equestrian sports 788 ring, parts 376 ringhandle 382 ringing volume control 506 rings 376, 824, 825 ringside 842 rink864, 878, 881 rink corner 878 rinse-aid dispenser 294 rip fence 304, 305 rip fence guide 305 rip fence lock 305 rip fence rule 305 rip fence slot 305 ripeness 86 ripening 86 ripper 636 ripper cylinder 636 ripper shank 636 ripper tip tooth 636 rise 255 riser 255, 897 rising warm air 63 river 38, 39, 48 river estuary 38, 51 river otter 134 ASTRONOMY > 2-25:

EARTH > 26-71;

VEGETABLE KINGDOM >72-89;

DO-IT-YOURSELF AND GARDENING > 296-333; OFFICE AUTOMATION > 466-535;

CLOTHING > 334-371;

rose cut 375 rose window 411 rosemary 202 rosette 405 Ross Ice Shelf 29 rotary cheese grater 230 rotary engine cycle 565 rotary file 531 rotary hoe 641 rotary system 651 rotary table 651 rotating auger 642, 643 rotating dome 17 rotating drum 43 rotating track 16 rotating wheel 919 rotation of the turbine 662 rotini 206 rotodome 629 rotor 249, 565, 659, 676, 910 rotor blade 631 rotor head 631 rotor hub 631 rotunda 713 rotunda roof 415 rough 866, 867 roughing out 401 roulette 422 roulette tajDle 919 roulette wheel 919 round brush 380 round end pin 285 round eye 453 round head 302 round neck 363 round-bottom flask 685 rounding-over bit 308 route judge 900 route number 39 route sign 568, 569, 595 router 308, 524 routers 523 routing cardboard 587 row 384, 431 row counter 456 row number display 456 rowboat, parts 838 rowing 838 rowing (one oar) 838 rowing machine 851 royal agaric 183 royal flush 914 RTG 18 rub protection 874 rub rail 571 rubber 342 rubber boot 765 rubber bulb 776 rubber bumper 920 rubber gasket 270 rubber mat 500 rubber sheath 838 rubber snaffle bit 854 rubber stamp 531 rubber thread 867 rubber tip 321, 782 rubber wall 560, 561 rubbing alcohol 777 rubbing strip 560, 561 rubble 298 rubidium 682 ruby 375 ruby cylinder 692 ruching368 ruck 805 rudder 23, 600, 605, 606, 608, 625, 759, 760, 834, 838, 839, 898 rudder blade 606 rudder cable 838 rudder pedal 898 Ruffini’s corpuscle 172 ruffle 282, 337 ruffled rumba pants 368 ruffled skirt 357 rug 254 rug and floor brush 289 rugby 804 rugby ball 805 rugby player 805 rugby shoe 805 rule 471 ruler 399, 424, 700, 905 rump 115 run 255 run-up track 793 Rundi 468 rung 321 runner 659, 884, 900, 915

ANIMAL KINGDOM > 90-143;

HUMAN BEING > 144-177;

PERSONAL ACCESSORIES AND ARTICLES > 372-391;

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY > 536-643;

ENERGY > 644-677;

SCIENCE > 678-705;

runner blade 659, 664 runners 659 running bowline 908 running rail 595 running shoe 370 running shoes 716 running surface 590 running track 635 runway 595, 620, 761 runway center line markings 620 runway designation marking 620 runway side stripe markings 620 runway threshold markings 621 runway touchdown zone marking 621 rupee 728 Russian 469 Russian Federation 744 Russian module 21 Russian pumpernickel 205 rutabaga 189 ruthenium 683 rutherfordium 683 Rwanda 468, 745 rye 85, 203 rye bread 204 rye: spike 85 Ryukyu Trench 50

S-band antenna 60 S-band high gain antenna 60 S-Video output 526 sabaton 749 saber 751, 849 saber and epee warning line 848 sable 741 sabreur 848 sacral plexus 166 sacral vertebra 111 sacral vertebrae 122, 126, 131, 142 sacristy 737 sacrum 138, 141, 152, 153, 157 saddle 483,826,853,855,856, 858, 897 saddle joint 156 saddlebag 577 saddlecloth 853, 856 safari jacket 359 safe 731, 769 safe deposit box 731 safe water mark 617 safelight 484 safest water 616 safety 755, 764 safety area 844, 846 safety belt 873 safety binding 888, 889 safety boot 773 safety cage 791 . safety cap 757, 772 safety earmuffs 772 safety fence 890 safety glasses 772 safety goggles 772 safety handle 332 safety lighting 771 safety line 593 safety match 391 safety niche 543 safety officer 837 safety pad 823 safety pin 453 safety rail 321, 586 safety scissors 377 safety symbols 774 safety tank 670 safety tether 20 safety thermostat 293 safety thong 818 safety valve 234, 665 saffron 198 safing sensor 556 sagari 847 sage 202 Sagitta 12 sagittal section 169, 170 Sagittarius 10 Sahara Desert 34 sail 676, 836, 897 sail cloth 676 sail panel 834 sail plane 763 sailbar 676 sailboard 836 sailboat 834

FOOD AND KITCHEN > 178-241;

ARTS AND ARCHITECTURE > 392-465;

SOCIETY > 706-785;

HOUSE > 242-295;

COMMUNICATIONS AND

SPORTS AND GAMES > 786-920

ASTRONOMY > 2-25;

EARTH > 26-71;

scapula 111, 116, 121, 122, 126, 131, 136, 138, 141, 142, 152, 153,156 scapular 115 scarlet runner bean 191 scarp 409 scatter cushion 280 scene 402 scene light 775 scenic route 39 schedules 582 schema of circulation 161 Schism, Great 736 schnauzer 130 school 734 school bus 568 school zone 545, 547 schooner 601 Schwann, sheath 168 sciatic nerve 166 science room 734 scientific air lock 23 scientific calculator 529 scientific instruments 17, 23 scientific symbols 702 scissors 454, 777, 905 scissors crossing 583 scissors cut 375 scissors-glasses 385 sclera 177 scoop 390 score 789, 825 score console 865 score counter 920 scoreboard 789, 790, 822, 825, 831, 839, 844, 846, 918 scoreboard, current event 825 scoreboard, overall standings 824 scorekeeper 814, 845 scorekeepers 846, 847 scorer 810, 812, 813, 819, 848, 860, 864 scorers 844, 859 scoring light 848 scorpion 102 Scorpius 10 scotia 404, 405 Scotia Plate 43 Scottish 469 scouring pad 295 scraper 320, 422, 423, 638, 892 scraper bar holder 423 screen 383, 483, 494, 658, 724, 799 screen case 483 screen door 567 screen print 368, 369 screen window 902 screw 302, 439 screw base 275 screw cap 223 screw earrings 374 screw locking nut 909, 910 screwdriver 302, 905 screwdriver bit 306 screwdriver, cordless 302 screwing tools 302 screwsleeve 900 scrimmage: defense 806 scrimmage: offense 807 script assistant 490 scroll 439 scroll button 505 scroll case 658 scroll foot 276 scroll wheel 506, 516 scrolling 515 scrolling lock key 515 scrotum 146, 169 scrub room 780 scrum half 804 scuba diver 841 scuba diving 841 scuffle hoe 326 sculling 838 sculling (two oars) 838 sculling boats 839 sculling oar 838 Sculptor 10 sculpture 395 Scutum 10 scythe 330 sea 7, 38, 48, 664 sea anchor 610 sea bag 388 sea bass 220 sea bream 219 sea kale 186 sea lettuce 183

VEGETABLE KINGDOM >72-89;

DO-IT-YOURSELF AND GARDENING > 296-333; OFFICE AUTOMATION > 466-535;

CLOTHING > 334-371;

sea level 42, 49, 53 sea lion 137 Sea of Japan 33 sea salt 201 sea side 664 sea urchin 95 sea-level pressure 55 sea-to-sea missile 762 seaborgium 683 seafood 181 seal 137, 268 sealed cell 100 sealing material 689 sealing plug 689 sealing ring 655 seam 346, 348, 390, 798 seam allowance 455 seam gauge 454 seam line 455 seam pocket 355, 360 seamount 49 search 525 search-and-rescue antennas 60 season tiles 917 seasons of the year 54 seat265,276, 277, 281,333, 427, 431, 464, 555, 577, 578, 783,839,851,855,857,876, 885, 898 seat belt 555 seat cover 264, 265 seat harness 900 seat post 578 seat stay 578 seat tube 578, 871 seat-belt warning light 557 seats 277 seaweed 183 sebaceous gland 172 second 434,704,842,877 second assistant camera operator 428 second base 794 second baseman 794 second classification track 589 second dorsal fin 108, 109 second floor 250, 251 second focal room 16 second hand 696 second leg at reach 833 second level of operations 529 second molar 159 second premolar 159 second referee 813 second reinforce 753 second round: 64 players 789 second row 804 second space 811 second stage 25 second valve slide 447 second violins 437 second voltage increase 677 second-level domain 524 secondaries 115 secondary altar 737 secondary channel 617 secondary colors 400 secondary consumers 67 secondary hard disk drive 513 secondary inlet 655 secondary mirror 15, 17, 477 secondary reflector 16 secondary road 39 secondary root 77 secondary waiting room 781 seconde 849 secretarial desk 511 secretaries 827 secretaries’ office 735 secretary 279, 814 secretary's office 731 section 471 section of a bulb 78 section of a capsule: poppy 84 section of a follicle: star anise 84 section of a grape 83 section of a hazelnut 84 section of a legume: pea 84 section of a log 300 section of a peach 81 section of a raspberry 83 section of a silique: mustard 84 section of a strawberry 83 section of a walnut 84 section of an apple 82 section of an orange 82 section of the Earth’s crust 42 sectional garage door 416 sector 704

ANIMAL KINGDOM > 90-143;

HUMAN BEING > 144-177;

PERSONAL ACCESSORIES AND ARTICLES > 372-391;

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY > 536-643;

ENERGY > 644-677;

SCIENCE > 678-705;

security casing 332 security check 621 security grille 730 security guard’s office 733 security guard’s work station 779 security service 719 security thread 729 security trigger 331 security vestibule 728 sedimentary rocks 42 seed 77, 81, 82, 83, 84 seed coat 81, 85 seed drill 643 seeder 324 seeding tools 324 seedless cucumber 188 segment 82 segment score number 918 seismic wave 43 seismogram 43 seismograph, vertical 43 seismographic recording 651, 653 seismographs 43 select button 505 selection key 506 selective sorting of waste 71 selector switch 316 selenium 682 self-adhesive labels 532 self-contained breathing apparatus 765 self-inflating mattress 904 self-sealing flap 531 self-service display case 722 self-service meat counter 180 self-service restaurant 722 self-timer indicator 476 selvage 455 semaphore 583 semi-bold 472 semi-fisheye lens 478 semi-metals 682 semi-mummy 904 semicircle 704, 810 semicircular arch 413 semicircular canal, lateral 174 semicircular canal, posterior 174 semicircularcanal, superior 174 semicolon 473 semidetached cottage 419 semifinal: 4 players 789 semimembranosus 151 seminal receptacle 97, 103 seminal vesicle 169 semiprecious stones 375 semispinalis capitis 151 semisubmersible platform 653 semitendinosus 151 semitrailer 570 semitrailers, examples 572 semolina 204 Senegal 745 Senegal River 34 sense organs 172 sense receptor 168 sensor 58 sensor probe 238 sensor swath 40 sensor wiring circuit 559 sensory impulse 168 sensory neuron 168 sensory root 167, 168 sent document tray 508 sepal 80, 82, 83 separate collection 71 separator 562, 606, 646, 668, 689 septal cartilage of nose 175 septic tank 70, 263 septic truck 573 septime 849 septum 84, 175 septum pellucidum 167 sequencer 450 sequencer control 450 serac 46 Serbia and Montenegro 744 Serbo-Croatian 469 serial number 729 serial port 513 serif type 472 serological pipette 685 Serpens 11, 13 serve 812, 820 server 522, 523, 524, 525, 816, 819, 821 service area 39, 619 service box 273, 818, 819 service box line 818 service building 666

FOOD AND KITCHEN > 178-241;

ARTS AND ARCHITECTURE > 392-465;

SOCIETY > 706-785;

HOUSE > 242-295;

COMMUNICATIONS AND

SPORTS AND GAMES > 786-920

service entrance 732 service judge 816, 820 service line 818, 819, 821 service main 712 service module 19, 25, 486 service pipe 675 service provider, Internet 525 service road 618 service room 738 service station 548, 711, 725 service table 720 service zone 818 service zones 817 serving cart 278 sesame oil 209 set 429,528,813,822 set dresser 429 set of bells 449 set of utensils 233 set width 472 set-in sleeve 349 setting 376 setting indicator 889 settings display button 477 setup 865 seventeenth century cannon 752 seventeenth century mortar 752 seventh 434 sew-through buttons 453 sewer 712 sewing 424, 452 sewing frame 424 sewing machine 452 sewing, accessories 454 sewn-in floor 902, 903 Sextans 11 sextant 612 sextet 438 Seychelles 746 shackle 835 shad 220 shade 286 shade cloth 285 shadow 696 shadow band 58 shadow key 479 shadow roll 856 shady arcades 738 shaft 56, 402, 405, 462, 464, 659, 686, 688, 695, 762, 793, 816, 822, 838, 857, 858, 859, 863, 867,880,901,918 shaft holder 857 shake-hands grip 815 shallot 184, 444 shallow root 87 sham 280 shampoo 379 shank214, 215, 301,302,306, 382,390,391,453,454, 456, 457, 610,911 shank button 453 shank protector 636 shape of characters 472 shaping tools 308 shapka 340 shark, morphology 108 sharp 435 sharpening steel 229 sharpening stone 229 shaving 383 shaving brush 383 shaving foam 383 shaving mug 383 shawl 337 shawl collar 362 shear 641 sheath 79, 841, 905, 907, 908 sheath dress 356 sheath of Schwann 168 sheath skirt 357 sheathing 252, 253 shed 244,322 shed stick 461 sheep 128 sheep shelter 182 sheepshank 908 sheepskin jacket 353 sheer curtain 282 sheet 426, 603, 877 sheet bend 908 sheet film 481 sheet lead 835 shekel, new 728 shelf 279, 291, 321 shelf channel 291 shell 84, 104, 105, 106, 117, 389, 448, 655, 884 shell membrane 117

INDEX

sailing 833 sailing, points 833 sailor collar 362 sails 603 sails, examples 601 Saint Bernard 131 Saint Kitts and Nevis 743 Saint Lawrence River 30 Saint Lucia 743 Saint Peter 736 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 743 salad bowl 226 salad dish 226 salad fork 228 salad plate 226 salad spinner 231 salads 722 salamander 111 salami 216 salchow 881 salient angle 409 saline lake 52 salivary duct 99 salivary gland 97, 99, 104, 176 salivary glands 164 salmon, Atlantic 221 salmon, Pacific 221 salsify 189 salt 201, 847 salt shaker 226 samarium 684 sambal oelek 201 Samoa 747 Samoan 469 sample 458 sampler 450 San Marino 744 sanctuary lamp 737 sand 660, 813 sand bar 49 sand bunker 866, 867 sand island 51 sand paper 308 sand shoe 571 sand wedge 868 sandal 343, 344, 748 sandbox 586 sanding disk 308 sanding pad 308 sandstorm 57 sandy desert 52 sans serif type 472 Sao Tome and Principe 745 saphenous nerve 166 sapodilla 197 sapphire 375 sapwood 87 sardine 219 sarong 357 sartorius 150 sash 846 sash frame 249 sash window 415 satchel bag 387 satellite 24, 486 satellite earth station 525 satellite navigation system 613 satellite remote sensing 41 satellites 4 satellites, orbit 60 satin weave 463 Saturn 4, 5 Saturn V 24, 25 saucepan 235, 905 Saudi Arabia 746 sausage 216 saute pan 235 savanna 66 savanna climate 61 savory 202 savoy cabbage 186 sawing tools 303 sawing-in 424 sawtooth roof 414 saxhorn 447 saxophone 446 scale 108, 112, 113, 117,313, 434, 695, 700, 776, 907 scale leaf 78 scallion 184 scallop 217 scalper 857 scampi 218 Scandinavian cracked bread 205 Scandinavian Peninsula 32 scandium 683 scaphoid 154, 156

INDEX

shelter 543 shield 748 shield bug 101 shield divisions 740 shift key 514, 528 shift lock key 528 shift: level 2 select 514 shifter 579, 580 Shiism 736 shiitake mushroom 183 shin boot 853, 857, 858 shin guard 801, 802, 882, 887 shinai 847 shingle 299 Shinto 736 ship 41 ship’s anchor 610 ship's motor boat 762 ships 604 ships, ancient 598 ships, traditional 599 shirred heading 283 shirt 349, 368, 791, 810 shirt collar 362 shirtsleeve 361 shirttail 349, 359 shirtwaist dress 356 shock absorber 18, 553, 876 shock wave 651, 653 shoe 483, 801, 810, 865, 870, 872 shoe polish 345 shoe polisher 345 shoe rack 345 shoe store 715 shoe tree 345 shoe, parts 342 shoebrush 345 shoehorn 345 shoelace 342, 370 shoes 342 shoes, accessories 345 shoeshine kit 345 shoot 77, 87 shooter 860 shooting line 859 shooting place 893 shooting positions 861, 893 shooting range 788, 859, 860, 893 shooting slip 893 shooting star 53 shooting station 860 shop 406 shopping bag 388 shopping carts 181 shopping mall 709, 714 shopping street 710 shore 49 shore cliff 51 shorelines, examples 51 short bone 157 short glove 346 short line 818, 819 short palmaris 150 short peroneus 151 short radial extensor of wrist 151 short service line 817 short sleeve 337 short sock 365 short splice 908 short track 883 short track skate 883 shortening 209 shorts 358, 369,471, 791,801, 802,805,810,870 shortstop 794 shot 753, 793 shot put 790 shotgun 860 shotgun (smooth-bore) 912 shotgun shooting 860 shoulder 124, 130, 146, 148, 156, 311,440,538,822,909 shoulder bag 388 shoulder belt 555 shoulder blade 147, 149 shoulder bolt 311 shoulder pad 808 shoulder pads 880 shoulder rest 757 shoulder strap 367, 388, 391, 527, 770,869,906 shovel 257, 326, 888, 892 show ring 855 show-jumping 852 shower 251, 724, 726, 780 shower and tub fixture 262 shower head 264 shower stall 264

ASTRONOMY > 2-25; 946

single-decked pallet 632 single-handle kitchen faucet 270 single-leaf bascule bridge 542 single-lens reflex (SLR) camera 480 single-lens reflex camera 476 singles luge 884 singles service court 817 singles sideline 817, 821 singlet 843 sinister 740 sinister base 740 sinister chief 740 sinister flank 740 sink224, 262,264, 270, 722, 724,780 sinker 615, 911 sinkhole 47 Sino-Tibetan languages 468 sinus 336 siphon 106 siphonal canal 105 sister 785 sisters-in-law 785 sistrum 449 site plan 245 sitting room 250 sixte 849 sixteenth note 435 sixteenth rest 435 sixth 434 sixty-fourth note 435 sixty-fourth rest 435 skate 218, 878, 881 skateboard 894 skateboarder 894 skateboarding 894 skater 895 skater: long track 882 skater: short track 882 skating kick 892 skating step 892 skeg 836, 840 skeleton 152, 885 skeleton of a bat 141 skeleton of a bird 116 skeleton of a dog 131 skeleton of a dolphin 136 skeleton of a frog 111 skeleton of a gorilla 138 skeleton of a kangaroo 142 skeleton of a mole 121 skeleton of a rat 122 skeleton of a venomous snake: head 112 skeleton, horse 126 skerry 51 ski 876, 888 ski area 886 ski boot 888, 889 ski glove 888 ski goggles 888 ski hat 892 ski jump 891 ski jumper 891 ski jumping 891 ski jumping boot 891 ski jumping suit 891 ski lift arrival area 886 ski pants 358 ski pole 888, 892 ski rack 558 ski resort 886 ski school 886 ski suit 888, 892 ski tip 892 ski, giant slalom 888 ski, jumping 891 skid 631 skiers' lodge 886 skimmer 233, 246 skin 81, 82, 83, 168, 172 skin surface 172 skip 650, 877 skirt355, 417, 749,822,855 skirt finger 605 skirt marker 454 skirts, examples 357 skis, examples 840, 888 skull 106, 109, 116, 121, 126, 136, 138, 141, 142, 146, 158, 749 skull, lateral view 158 skullcap 340 skunk 134 sky coverage 55, 56 sky diver 896 sky diving 896 sky radiation, measure 58 skylight 245, 251

shredding 71 shrew 121 shrimp 218 shroud 602, 834 shunt 687 shutoffvalve262,265,270,271 shutter 249, 521, 675 shutter release button 476 shutter speed setting 479 shutting stile 247 shuttle 461 shuttlecock, synthetic 817 Siamese 133 sickle 330 side 227, 431,602,632 side back vent 348 side chair277 side chapel 410 side compression strap 906 side door 594 side fairings 873 side footboard 586 side handle 307, 308 side handrail 594 side hatch 22 side judge 807 side ladder 587 side lane 539 side marker light 554 side mirror 381 side panel 352 side post 253 side rail 321, 571 side referee 846 side span 540 side vent 44, 567 side view 798 sidewall 127, 597, 635 side-tilt lock 482 side-wheeler 599 sideline 800, 806, 809, 810, 812, 814,815,858,864 sidewalk 245, 712 sidewall571,818, 819, 831 sidewall line 819 siding 583 Sierra Leone 745 sieve 231 sitter 232 sight 177, 756,859,907,913 sighting line 907 sighting mirror 907 sigmoid colon 164 signal ahead 545, 547 signal background plate 591 signal gantry 583 signal lamp 238, 239, 240, 241, 288,290,294,465 signal lights 859 signal tower 583 signature 426 signature book 531 signet ring 376 silencer 649 silicon 682 silique, section 84 silk 85 silk glands 103 sill 44, 253 sill of frame 249 sill plate 252, 253 sill step 587 silos 596 Silurian 92 silver 683 silverware 227, 717, 722 Sima 404 simple eye 97, 99 simple leaves 79 simple organisms 94 simple spacing 472 simple-span beam bridge 541 simultaneous interpretation booth 718 Singapore 747 single bed 724 single chain wheel 871 single circuit breaker 272 single curtain rod 284 single quotation marks 473 single reed 446 single room 724 single scull 839 single seat 594 single sprocket 871 single zero 919 single-bladed paddle 837, 838 single-breasted jacket 348 single-burner camp stove 903 EARTH >26-71;

VEGETABLE KINGDOM >72-89;

DO-IT-YOURSELF AND GARDENING > 296-333; OFFICE AUTOMATION > 466-535;

CLOTHING > 334-371;

slab 300 slab building 465 slalom handle 840 slalom ski 840, 888 slat 281, 459 Slavic languages 469 sled 329, 884, 885 sledder 885 sleeper-cab 570 sleepers 369 sleeping bags, examples 904 sleeping car 584 sleeping compartment 584 5l00^ 57, 64 sleeve 337, 348, 631, 848, 851 sleeve strap 352 sleeve strap loop 352 sleeveless jersey 850 sleeves, examples 360 sleigh bells 449 slide 294, 453,483, 754 slide chair 590 slide plate 452, 453 slide projector 483 slide tray 483 slide-bar 456 slider 445,896 sliding block 595 sliding brqech 756 sliding channel 587 sliding cheek bit 854 sliding cover 506, 612 sliding door 264, 416 sliding folding door 416 sliding folding window 415 slidingjaw 700 sliding lever 555 sliding rail 555, 835 sliding seat 838, 851 sliding sunroof 551 sliding weight 436, 698 sliding window 415 slightly covered sky 56 sling back shoe 343 slip 366 slipjoint310 slip joint pliers 310 slip presenter 548 slip-stitched seam 349 slippery road 545, 547 slit 463 slope 538 sloped turret 415 sloping cornice 403 slot227, 238, 302,386, 424 slot machine 920 slotted box 535 Slovak 469 Slovakia 744 Slovene 469 Slovenia 744 slow-burning stove 256 slow-motion button 495 slower traffic 539 SLR camera 476 small capital 472 small carton 223 small crate 222 small decanter 225 small domestic appliances 717 small hand cultivator 325 small intestine 110, 113, 116, 125, 164 small open crate 222 small saucepan 235 smash 821 smell 174 smelt 219 smilodon 93 smock 359 smog 69 smoke 57 smoke baffle 256 smoke bomb discharger 758 smoke detector 767 smoke shop 714 smoked ham 215 smoking accessories 390 smoking candle 422 smoking-apparatus 422 smooth hound 218 snack bar 427 snaffle bit 854 snaffle rein 854 snaffle strap 854 snail 104,217 snail dish 233 snail tongs 233 snail, anatomy 104

ANIMAL KINGDOM > 90-143;

HUMAN BEING > 144-177;

PERSONAL ACCESSORIES AND ARTICLES > 372-391;

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY > 536-643;

ENERGY > 644-677;

SCIENCE > 678-705;

snail, morphology 104 snake 112 snap 453, 911 snap fastener 346, 353 snap shackle 835 snap-fastening front 369 snap-fastening tab 353 snap-fastening waist 368 snare 448, 913 snare drum 437, 448 snare head 433, 448 snare strainer 448 snatch 850 snelled fishhook 911 snooker 863 snorkel 841 snout 108, no, 121, 143 snow 64 snow brush 558 snow crystals 64 snow gauge 58, 59 snow guard 876 snow pellet 64 snow shower 57 snow-grooming machine 886 snowblower 573 snowboard 887 snowboard, alpine 887 snowboard, freestyle 887 snowboarder 887 snowboarding 887 snowfall, measure 59 snowmobile 876 snowshoe 893 snowshoe, elliptical 893 snowshoes 893 snowsuit369 soap dish 264 soba noodles 207 soccer 802 soccer ball 802 soccer player 802 soccer shoe 802 soccer table 920 social services 781 social worker’s office 779 society 708 sock 365,802,805,808, 822 socket 275, 453 socket bayonet 751 socket head 302 socket set 311 socket-contact 274 socks 351 soda fountain 723 sodiufn 682 sofa 276 sofa bed 280 soft binding 887 soft cheeses 211 soft contact lens 384 soft palate 174, 175 soft pedal 442, 451 soft ray 108 soft-drink dispenser 548 soft-shell clam 217 softball 797 softball bat 797 softball glove 797 soil 70, 661 soil fertilization 69 soil profile 78 soiled utility room 778, 780 solar array 40, 60, 486 solar array drive 60 solar cell 529, 672, 673 solar collector 672, 675 solar eclipse 6 solar energy 78, 672 solar energy, production of electricity 674 solar furnace 674 solar house 675 solar panel 17, 18 solar radiation 67, 68, 672, 673, 674, 675 solar ray reflected 674 solar reflectors 486 solar shield 20 solar system 4 solar-cell panel 673 solar-cell system 673 solder 318 soldering gun 318 soldering iron 318 soldering tools 318 soldering torch 314, 319 sole 127,221,309,351,868, 881,889

FOOD AND KITCHEN > 178-241;

ARTS AND ARCHITECTURE > 392-465;

SOCIETY > 706-785;

HOUSE > 242-295;

COMMUNICATIONS AND

SPORTS AND GAMES > 786-920

ASTRONOMY > 2-25;

EARTH >26-71;

VEGETABLE KINGDOM >72-89;

DO-IT-YOURSELF AND GARDENING > 296-333; OFFICE AUTOMATION > 466-535;

CLOTHING > 334-371;

spiral arm 9 spiral beater 236 spiral binder 533 spiral case 659 spiral cloud band 63 spiral nail 301 spiral rib 105 spiral screwdriver 302 spiral staircase 655 spiral thread 103 spiral-in groove 500 spire 411 spirit level 313 spirulina 183 spit 51 splash plate 655 splat 276 splay 411 spleen 109, 110, 113, 125, 161 splenius capitis 151 spline 562 splints 777 split bet 919 split link 911 split peas 190 spoiler 574, 624 spoke 579 spoked wheel 857 sponge 95, 752 sponge, anatomy 95 sponge-tipped applicator 378 spongocoel 95 spongy bone 154 sponson 876 spool 458, 909, 910 spool axle 910 spool pin 452 spool rack 462 spool-release mechanism 910 spoon 227, 905 spoon blade 401 spoons, examples 228 spores 76 sport-utility vehicle 549 sporting goods store 715 sports 788 sports car 549 sports complex 709, 788 sports facilities 788 sports hall 788 sports on wheels 894 sports, combat 842 sports, equestrian 852 sportswear 370 spot 287 spotlight 428, 492, 765, 766 spotlights 431 spotmeter479 spout240, 241,268, 642 spout assembly 270 spray 288 spray arm 294 spray button 288 spray control 288 spray head 270 spray hose 264, 270 spray nozzle 329, 655 spray paint gun 320 spray skirt 837 sprayer 329 spread collar 349 spreader 324, 391 spreader adjustment screw 320 spring43,48, 54, 249, 268, 286, 292, 310, 470, 586, 757, 823, 913 spring balance 699 spring binder 532 spring housing 284 spring linkage 920 spring wing 302 spring-metal insulation 299 springboard 826 springboard, 1 m 828 springboard, 3 m 828 springer 413 sprinkler hose 328 sprinklers 665 sprinters’ line 871 spritsail 601 sprocket 876 sprocket wheel 758 spruce 89 spur 45, 98, 306, 448 spur gear 686 squall 57 squamous suture 158 square 426, 705, 917 square bet 919

ANIMAL KINGDOM > 90-143;

HUMAN BEING > 144 177;

PERSONAL ACCESSORIES AND ARTICLES > 372-391;

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY > 536-643;

ENERGY > 644-677;

SCIENCE > 678-705;

square brackets 473 square flag 739 square head plug 269 square knot 908 square movement 916 square neck 363 square root key 529 square root of 703 square sail 601 square trowel 315 square-headed tip 302 squash 188, 819 squash balls 819 squash racket 819 squid 217 squirrel 123 Sri Lanka 747 stabilizer 760, 859, 896, 897 stabilizer fin 608 stabilizerjack 567 stabilizing fin 25 stabilizing shaft 633 stable 856 stack 51, 604, 646 stacking chairs 277 stadium 709, 788 staff 434, 739 staff coatroom 720 staff entrance 720, 726, 735, 768 staff locker room 781 staff lounge 731, 768, 779 staff toilet 768 stage 402, 430, 431, 693, 694 stage clip 693 stage curtain 430, 431 stage-house 430 stained glass 411 stained glass window 737 stair climber 851 stairs250, 251,255, 412,427, 431, 543, 592, 655, 724 stairways 412 stairwell 251 stairwell skylight 251 stake 322, 324, 902,903 stake loop 902, 903 stake pocket 571 stalactite 47 stalagmite 47 stalk 75, 81, 82, 83, 185 stalk vegetables 185 stamen 80, 82 stamp 390 stamp pad 531 stamp rack 531 stanchion 881 stand 43, 234, 236,286, 362, 381, 389, 401, 448, 685, 910 stand-off half 804 stand-up collar 363 standard A 436 standard lens 478 standard poker hands 914 standby airspeed indicator 626 standby altimeter 626 standby attitude indicator 626 standing position 861, 893 standing position (Greco-Roman wrestling) 843 standing press 425 standpipe 271 stands 788, 874 stapes 174 staple remover 534 stapler 534 staples 534 star 8 star diagonal 14 star drag wheel 910 star facet 374 star network 522 Star of David 738 star tracker 18 star, main-sequence 8 starboard hand 609, 616, 617 starch 85 starch granule 74 Stardust 19 starfish, anatomy 95 starfish, morphology 95 starling 118 stars, low-mass 8 stars, massive 8 start 512, 852, 887 start area 875 start buoys 838 start button 696 start into a headwind 833 start judge 883

FOOD AND KITCHEN > 178-241;

ARTS AND ARCHITECTURE > 392-465;

SOCIETY > 706-785;

HOUSE > 242-295;

COMMUNICATIONS AND

SPORTS AND GAMES > 786-920

start judges 882 start key 508, 514 start platform 891 start switch 293 start: bobsied and skeleton 885 start: men’s singles luge 885 start: women’s and doubles luge 885 starter 327, 332, 830, 838 starter button 576 starter handle 331 starter mechanic 873 starting block 791, 830 starting cable 323 starting dive 832 starting gate 856, 875 starting gate, mobile 857 starting grid 872 starting grip (backstroke) 830 starting jetty 838 starting line 791, 833, 872 starting pistol 790 starting positions 828, 843 starting step 255 starting track 891 starting zone 838 state 37 states of matter 680 station chef 721 station circle 55 station entrance 592 station model 55 station name 592 station platform 583 station wagon 549 stationary bicycle 851 stationary bowl 919 stationary front 56 stationery 528, 717 stationery cabinet 510 stator 249, 659 statue 737 stay 598, 602 stay ring 659 stay vane blade 659 stays 541 staysail-stay 602 steak 214 steak knife 228 stealth aircraft 629 steam 646 steam control knob 241 steam generator 646, 669, 670, 671, 674, 763 steam generator room cooler 669 steam iron 288 steam nozzle 241 steam outlet 670, 671 steam pressure drives turbine 665 steam release pipes 669 steamer 235, 722 steamer basket 235 steel 298, 367, 752 steel bar 825 steel belted radial tire 561 steel cable 913 steel casing 689 steel pen 470 steel safety wheel 595 steel spring 752 steel to plastic 269 steep hill 545, 547 steeplechase hurdle 790 steeplechase hurdle jump 790 steerable parabolic reflector 16 steering axle 633 steering column 552 steering cylinder 638 steering lever 633 steering oar 598 steering system 553 steering wheel 333, 552, 556, 607, 640,873 stellar crystal 64 stem 75, 76, 77, 78,241,274, 390,579,602, 606, 695 stem bulb 609 stem faucet 268 stem holder 268 stem propeller 606 stem washer 268 stempost 598 steno book 531 step 255, 321, 417, 570, 640, 847 step chair 277 step cut 375 step groove 255 step setting 700 step stool 321

INDEX

spark plug body 562 spark plug cable 552, 566 spark plug gap 562 spark plug gasket 562 spark plug terminal 562 sparkling wine glass 225 sparrow 118 spatial dendrite 64 spatula 233, 397, 421 spatulate 79 speaker 427, 496, 504, 505, 508, 513,526,626,828 speaker cover 502 spear 185, 748 spear-nosed bat 141 speargun 841 special effects buttons 496 special effects selection dial 496 special mark 617 special slalom 889 species, origin and evolution 92 specific operations 529 specimen chamber 694 specimen collection center waiting room 781 specimen coliection room 781 specimen positioning control 694 spectrometer 694 speed ball 842 speed control 236, 332 speed controller 452 speed governor 417 speed grand prix motorcycle 874 speed grand prix rider 874 speed selector 236, 237, 500 speed selector switch 305, 306, 382 speed skate, in-line 895 speed skates 883 speed skating 882 speed ski 891 speed skier 891 speed skiing 891 speed skiing suit 891 speed track 891 speed-increasing gearbox 677 speedbrake iever 626 speedometer 557, 576, 851 spelling corrector 528 spelt wheat 203 spencer 358 spent fuel discharge bay 668 spent fuel port 666 spent fuel storage bay 666, 667, 669 sperm whale 137 spermatheca 104 spermatozoon 169 spermoviduct 104 sphenoid bone 158 sphenoidal fontanelle 158 sphenoidal sinus 175 sphere 705 sphere support 58 sphincter muscle of anus 164 spices 198 spicules 6 spider 103 spiderweb 103 spider, anatomy 103 spider, morphology 103 spike 81, 590, 791,813,901 spiked shoe 796 spillway 657 spillway chute 657 spillway gate 657 spinach 187 spinach tagliatelle 206 spinal column 152, 157, 167 spinal cord 109, 110, 167, 168 spinal cord, structure 167 spinal ganglion 167, 168 spinal netve 167, 168 spindle 237,248,268,277,500, 697, 700 spindle lock button 308 spine 95, 121, 426, 875 spine of scapula 153 spine of the book 425 spinnaker, lowering 833 spinnaker, raising 833 spinner 911 spinneret 103 spinning rod 910 spinous process 168 spiny lobster 218 spiny ray 108 spiracle 96, 97 spiral 302, 500

soleplate 288 soleus 150 solid 680, 681 solid booster stage 24 solid brick 298 solid center auger bit 306 solid line 538 solid rear wheel 871 solid rocket booster 22, 24 solid rubber tire 633 soiid shot 752 solids 705 solitaire ring 376 Solomon Islands 747 solvent extraction unit 656 Somalia 745 somen noodles 207 son 784, 785 son-in-law 784 sonar 41 sorghum 85 sorghum: panicle 85 sorting machine 475 sorting plant 71 sorus 76 souffle dish 232 sound alarm 613 sound box 433,440 sound engineer 429 sound field control 497 sound hole 439 sound mode lights 497 sound mode selector 497 sound receiver 776 sound recording equipment 429 sound reproducing system 497 sound signal 436 sound systems, portable 503 soundboard 432, 433, 439, 440, 442 sounder 60 sounding balloon 54, 59 soup 722 soup bowl 226 soup spoon 228 soup tureen 226 sour cream 210 South 37, 616, 917 South Africa 746 South America 28, 31, 50 South American Plate 43 South cardinal mark 617 South celestial pole 13 South China Sea 28, 33 South Pole 35 south pole 687 South Pole 29 South-Southeast 37 South-Southwest 37 Southeast 37, 616 Southeast Indian Ridge 50 Southern Hemisphere 35 Southwest 37, 616 Southwest Indian Ridge 50 southwester 341 soy sauce 200 soybean sprouts 191 soybeans 191 space 434,514,915 space bar 514,528 space launcher 24, 25 space launchers, examples 24 space probe 18, 53 space probes, examples 19 space shuttle 22, 53 space shuttle at takeoff 22 space telescope 17, 53 spacelab 23 spacer 667, 783 spacesuit 20 spacing 472 spade 326,756,914 spade bit 306 spading fork 326 spadix 81 spaghetti 206 spaghetti squash 189 spaghetti tongs 233 spaghettini 206 Spain 743 spandrel 413 Spanish 469 spanker 603 spar 624 spar buoy 617 spare tire 567 spareribs 215 spark 564 spark plug 332, 562, 565, 566

INDEX

stepladder 321 stepladders 321 steppe 61 steps245, 246, 250,401, 676 steps in production of electricity 662 stereo camera 481 stereo control 504 stereo phase monitor 491 sterile pad 777 sterilization room 780, 781 stern 598, 608, 836 sternal artery 107 sternocleidomastoid 150 sternum 111, 116, 121, 122, 126, 131, 141, 142, 152 stethoscope 776 steward’s desk 584 stick 391, 439, 800, 801 stick umbrella 391 stickpin 376 sticks 449 stifle 124 stigma 80, 84 stile 277 stile groove of sash 249 stile tongue of sash 249 stiletto 751 still cameras 480 still video film disk 481 still water level 49 stills photographer 429 stilt 464 stilted 413 Stilton 211 stimulator tip 384 sting 98 stipule 79 stirrup 750 stirrup iron 853, 855 stirrup leather 855 stirrup sock 796 stitch 342, 370 stitch control buttons 456 stitch length regulator 452 stitch pattern memory 456 stitch patterns 458 stitch selector 452 stitch width selector 452 stitches 797 stitches, embroidery 459 stitching 346 stock 432, 610, 676, 860, 861, 912 stock pot 235 stockade 408 stocked anchor 610 stocking 365, 848, 878 stocking cap 341 stocking stitch 458 stockless anchor 610 stockroom 716 stola 336 stomach 95, 103, 104, 105, 106, 109, no, 112, 113, 125, 161, 164 stomach throw 844 stomacher 337 stone 81, 298, 376 Stone Age weapons 748 stone fleshy fruit 81 stone for sacrifice 412 stone fruits 192 stone marten 134 stone wall 298 stone, curling 877 Stoner 233 stony meteorites 8 stony-iron meteorite 8 stool 722 stop 130, 453, 458, 512 stop at intersection 544, 546 stop bath 485 stop button 331, 495, 499, 508, 696 stop knob 444, 445 stop rod 445 stop watch 488 stop/clear button 501 stopper 379, 803, 906 stopping area 890 stopping board 864 stopwatch 696 storable propellant upper stage 24 storage compartment 483, 567, 570,766 storage door 291 storage furniture 278, 510 storage rack 723 storage room 769

ASTRONOrviY > 2-25;

j 948

structure of the biosphere 66 structure of the ear 174 structure of the Earth 42 structure of the spinal cord 167 structure of the Sun 6 strut 252, 253, 448, 609, 629, 676 stud 252, 371, 798 studded tire 560 student 734 student’s desk 734 students’ lockers 735 students’ room 735 studio 488 studio floor 490, 492 studio, radio 488 studio, television 490, 492 study 251 stummel 390 stump 87, 799 sturgeon 218 style 80, 81, 82, 83, 84 stylobate 403, 404 styloid process 158 stylus 470, 517, 527 stylus cartridge 500 stylus holder 517 sub-base 58 subarctic 61 subbase 538 subclavian artery 160 subclavian vein 160 subcutaneous tissue 172 subduction 43 subfloor 252, 253, 254 subgrade 538 subhead 471 sublimation 680 submachine gun 754 submarine cable 487 submarine canyon 49 submarine line 524 submarine pipeline 654 submarine, nuclear 763 subsiding cold air 63 subsoil 78 substation 664 substitute’s bench 803 substructure 651 subterranean stream 47 subtract from memory 529 subtract key 529 subtractive color synthesis 690 suburb 709 suburban commuter railroad 583 suburbs 39 subway 592, 713 subway map 593, 594 subway station 592, 710 subway train 592, 594 subwoofers 493 sucker 86, 106 suction hose 766 Sudan 745 sudoriferous duct 172 sugar 209 sugar bowl 226 suit 355 suit tiles 917 sulcus terminalis 176 sulfur 683 sulfur dioxide emission 70 sulfuric acid emission 70 sulky 857 sum 703 sumac 199 sumi-e brush 397 summer 54 summer solstice 54 summer squash 188 summit 45, 886 summit lodge 886 sumo 847 sumotori 847 sump 263, 650 Sun 4, 6, 7, 54 Sun sensor 40, 60 sun visor 556, 558, 567 Sun, structure 6 sundae spoon 228 sundeck 607, 609 sundial 696 sundress 356 sunflower 80 sunflower-seed oil 209 sunglasses 385 Sunnism 736 sunshine card 58 sunshine recorder 58 sunshine, measure 58

storage space 584 storage tank 656, 675 storage tray 399, 666 store 710 store room 720, 722 storeroom 509, 734 stork 119 storm collar 257 storm drain 712 stormy sky 65 stove oil 656 straight 914 straight bet 919 straight blade 401 straight eye 453 straight flush 914 straight jaw 310 straight ladder 321 straight position 828 straight razor 383 straight skirt 357 straight stopcock burette 685 straight wing 630 straight-up ribbed top 351 straightaway 871 straightening iron 381 straightneck squash 189 strainer 237, 240, 902 strainer body 270 strainer coupling 270 strait 38 Strait of Gibraltar 32 strand 908 strap377, 696, 765, 797, 824, 841, 850 strap eyelet 477 strap loop 906 strap system 441 strap wrench 315 strapless bra 367 stratocumulus 56, 62 stratopause 53 stratosphere 53 stratum basale 172 stratum corneum 172 stratum granulosum 172 stratum lucidum 172 stratum spinosum 172 stratus 56, 62 straw 223 straw bales 875 straw spreader 643 strawberry 192 strawberry, section 83 streamer 739 street 39, 711, 713 street bet 919 street light 712 street sweeper 573 streetcar 595 strength sports 850 stretcher 278, 775, 776 stretcher area 778 strike plate 249 striker 318, 757, 803 striker wheel 391 striking circle 800 string 439, 440, 443 stringed instruments 439 stringer 632 stringing 816, 822 strings 433, 442 strip 416 strip door 416 strip flooring with alternate joints 254 strip light 287 strip mine 647 strobe 611 strobe light 775 stroke judge 830 strokes 820 strokes, types 832 stromatolite 92 strongbox 920 strontium 682 structure 249 structure of a fern 76 structure of a flower 80 structure of a house 250 structure of a leaf 79 structure of a lichen 74 structure of a long bone 154 structure of a missile 759 structure of a moss 75 structure of a mushroom 76 structure of a plant 77 structure of a tree 87 structure of an alga 75 EARTH >26-71;

VEGETABLE KINGDOIVI >72-89;

DO-IT-YOURSELF AND GARDENING > 296-333; OFFICE AUTOMATION >466-535;

CLOTHING > 334-371;

sunspot 6 super 100 super giant slalom 889 Super-G ski 888 super-G slalom 889 supercooling 680 supercross circuit 875 supercross motorcycle 875 superficial peroneal nerve 166 supergiant 8 superintendent’s office 394 superior 472 superior cymbal 448 superior dental arch 174 superior mesenteric artery 160, 165 superior mesenteric vein 160 superior nasal concha 175 superior rectus muscle 177 superior semicircular canal 174 superior umbilicus 115 superior vena cava 160, 161, 162 supermarket 180, 711, 715 supernova 8 supersonic jet 53 supersonic jetliner 629 superstructure 615 supervisor’s office 735 supply duct 260 supply line 262 supply of water 662 supply point 273, 663 supply room 780 supply tube 270 supportl5, 59, 274, 277, 284, 461 support structure 16, 40 support thread 103 supports 400 suprarenal gland 165 sural newe 166 surcingle 857 surcoat 337 surface cold front 56 surface course 538 surface element 290 surface insulation 22 surface of the water 828 surface prospecting 651 surface runoff 67 surfaqe surveillance radar 761, 762 surface warm front 56 surface-piercing foils 609 surface-to-air missile 759 surface-to-subsurface missile 759, 762 surfboard 840 surfer 840 surfing 840 surge protection receptacle 520 surge protection receptacles 520 surgeon’s sink 781 Suriname 742 surround loudspeaker 493 surveillance camera 395 surveillance radar 762 suspended span 540 suspender 540 suspender clip 350 suspenders 350 suspension 594 suspension arm 292, 553 suspension band 772 suspension bridge 540 suspension cable 540 suspension insulator string 663 suspension line 896, 897 suspension spring 697 suspension system 553 suspension truck 585 suspensory ligament 177 suture 84, 105 Swahili 468 swallow 118 swallow hole 47 swallowtail 739 swallowtail and tongue 739 Swaziland 746 sweat pants 370 sweat shirt 370 sweater vest 354 sweaters 354, 358 Sweden 744 Swedish 469 sweep boats 839 sweep oar 838 sweeper 803 sweeping hip throw 844 sweet bay 202 sweet peas 190

ANIMAL KINGDOM > 90-143;

HUMAN BEING > 144-177;

PERSONAL ACCESSORIES AND ARTICLES > 372-391;

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY > 536-643;

ENERGY > 644-677;

SCIENCE > 678-705;

sweet pepper 188 sweet potato 184 sweetbreads 212 sweetheart neckline 363 swell organ manual 444 swell pedals 444 swept-back wing 630 swift 118,462 swim times 831 swimmer’s country 831 swimmer's name 831 swimming 830 swimming goggles 830 swimming pool 608, 788, 827, 831 swimming pool, above ground 246 swimming pool, in-ground 246 swimming stadium 788 swimming trunks 371 swimsuit371, 830 swimsuits 716 swing bridge 542 Swiss Army knife 905 Swiss chard 185 switch 263, 274, 291, 305, 307, 308,320,523,583,687 switch lock 306 switch plate 274 switch point 590 switch rod 590 switch signal 590 switch stand 590 switched outlet 497 Switzerland 744 swivel 651, 793,911,913 swivel base 312 swivel cord 381 swivel head 312 swivel lock 312 swivel wall lamp 287 swivel-tilter armchair 511 swiveling nozzle 628 swordfish 219 symbol 682, 920 symbols 914 symbols, common 725 symbols, dangerous materials 774 symbols, fabric care 347 symbols, protection 774 sympathetic ganglion 167 symphony orchestra 437 symphysis pubis 169, 170 synagogue 738 synapse 168 sync cable 527 synchronized diving 829 synovial joints, types 156 synsacrum 116 synthesizer 450 synthetic shuttlecock 817 synthetic sponge 378 synthetic surface 822 Syrian Arab Republic 746 syringe 776 syringe for irrigation 776 system buttons 450 system of units 702 system support 509 systems display 626

T T-bar 886 T-connector 522 T-shirt dress 369 T-strap shoe 343 T-tail unit 629 tab 352, 386, 391,453,532,855 tab setting 528 Tabasco’ sauce 200 tabernacle 737 table 278, 304, 305,307,374, 424, 723, 815, 862 table cut 375 table extension 305 table lamp 286 table mixer 236 table of elements 682 table of results 828 table salt 201 table saw 305 table tennis 815 table tennis ball 815 table tennis paddle 815 table-locking clamp 307 tables, examples 278 tablespoon 228 tablet 783 tablinum 406

FOOD AND KITCHEN > 178-241;

ARTS AND ARCHITECTURE > 392-465;

SOCIETY > 706-785;

HOUSE > 242-295;

COMMUNICATIONS AND

SPORTS AND GAMES > 786-920

ASTRONOMY > 2-25:

EARTH > 26-71;

VEGETABLE KINGDOM >72-89;

DO-IT-YOURSELF AND GARDENING > 296-333; OFFICE AUTOMATION > 466-535;

CLOTHING > 334-371:

television set 494, 724, 734 telltale 834 tellurium 682 telson 107 temperate forest 66 temperature 261 temperature control 238, 261, 267, 288,291 temperature control knob 46b temperature indicator 557 temperature of dew point 55 temperature scale 53 temperature selector 238, 292, 293 temperature sensor 18, 561 temperature, measure 59, 695 temple 146,385,424,461 Temple of Huitzilopochtli 412 Temple of TIaloc 412 tempo control 451 tempo scale 436 temporal bone 152,158 temporary exhibition rooms 395 ten 703 Ten Commandments 738 tenaille 409 tenderloin roast 214 tendon 133 tendon guard 880 tendril 86 tennis 820 tennis ball 822 tennis courts 788 tennis player 822 tennis racket 822 tennis shoe 344, 822 tenon saw 424 tenor drum 448 tenpin 865 tension adjusting screw 534 tension adjustment 910 tension block 452, 453, 457 tension dial 453, 456, 457 tension disk 453, 457 tension guide 457 tension pulley wheel 284 tension rod 448 tension rope 433 tension screw 448 tension spring 453, 457, 557, 850 tensor of fascia lata 150 tent trailer 567 tentacle 104, 106 tents, examples 902 tepee 418 terbium 684 teres major 151 teres minor 151 terminal 272, 274, 290, 654, 663 terminal arborization 168 terminal box 673 terminal bronchiole 163 terminal bud 77 terminal descent engine 18 terminal lobe 86 terminal moraine 46 terminal railway 596 terminator 522 termite 101 tern 118 terreplein 409 terrestrial sphere 13 terrine 234 tertial 115 Tertiary 93 tertiary colors 400 tertiary consumers 67 test button 767 test pattern 492 test tube 685 Test US 999 testicle 169 testis 107, 110 Tethys 5 text 528 text display 528 textile floor coverings 254 Thai 468 Thailand 747 thallium 682 thallus 74, 75 theater 430, 711 theater, Greek 402 theodolite 59, 701 thermal energy 646 thermal louver 60 thern)odynamic temperature, measurement 702 thermometer 655, 695, 841, 899 thermopause 53

ANIMAL KINGDOM > 90-143;

HUMAN BEING > 144-177;

PERSONAL ACCESSORIES AND ARTICLES > 372-391;

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY > 536-643;

ENERGY > 644-677;

SCIENCE > 678-705;

thermosphere 53 thermostat 238, 260, 261, 267 thermostat control 291 thick continuous drizzle 57 thick intermittent drizzle 57 thickness, measure 700 thigh 115, 124, 130, 143, 147, 149,169, 170 thigh pad 808 thigh-boot 343 thigh-high stocking 365 thimble 454, 700 thinning razor 381 thinning scissors 382 third 434 third base 794 third baseman 794 third finger 173 third floor 250 third round: 32 players 789 third row 804 third stage 25 third valve slide 447 third wheel 696, 697 thirty-second note 435 thirty-second rest 435 thong 344 thoracic legs 107 thoracic vertebra 153, 157 thoracic vertebrae 122, 126, 131, 138,142 thorax96, 97, 98, 146, 148 thorium 684 thread 268, 302 thread guide 452, 453 thread take-up lever 452 thread trimmer 453 threaded cap 269 threaded rod 311 three-blade propeller 628 three-four time 434 three-hinged arch 541 three-of-a-kind 914 three-quarter coat 352 three-quarter sleeve 360 three-toed hoof 127 threshold 247 throat 115, 312, 610, 822, 911 throat latch 854 throat protector 796, 880, 882 throttle control 516 throttle valve 649 throttles 626 through arch bridge 541 throwing 793 throwing and jumping area 788 throwing circle 790, 791 thrust 540, 630 thrust bearing 659 thrust device 470 thrust tube 470 thruster 20, 40 thruster engine 18 thrusting weapons 751 thulium 684 thumb 140, 141, 156, 173,346, 797 thumb hook 447 thumb piston 444 thumb rest 446, 776 thumb tacks 534 thumbscrew 311 thunderstorm 57 thyme 202 Tibetan 468 tibia 96, 98, 122, 126, 131, 138, 140, 141, 142, 152, 155, 156 tibial nerve 166 tibiofibula 111 ti biotarsus 116 tick 102 ticket clerk 394, 427 ticket collecting booth 592 ticket collector 582 ticket counter 620 ticket office 394, 719 tidal power plant 664 tie 391, 435, 591 tie bar 376 tie beam 252 tie closure 391 tie plate 590 tie rod 448 tieback 282 tiepin 376 tier 407 tierce 849 tierceron 410 Terra del Fuego 31

FOOD AND KITCHEN > 178-241;

ARTS AND ARCHITECTURE > 392-465;

SOCIETY > 706-785;

HOUSE > 242-295;

COMMUNICATIONS AND

SPORTS AND GAMES > 786-920

tiers 402 tiger 135 tight end 807 tight head prop 804 tightener 826 tightening band 59 tightening buckle 906 tightening tools 310 tilde 473 tile22,299, 403,406, 412 tiller 327, 750,834 tilt tube 285 tilt-back head 236 timber 403, 406 time card 530 time clock 530, 858 time code 429 time display/recording button 496 time signatures 434 timed outlet 290 timekeeper 810, 814, 842, 845, 846, 847,848,881,900 timekeepers 827, 844, 883 timer 238, 239, 465, 484, 831, 851 timing area 891 timing belt 566 timpani 437 tin 682 tin board 819 tine 227, 327, 641 tip 79, 185,227,301,302,304, 315,318,319,350,391, 792, 793, 840, 863, 888, 893, 897, 909 tip cleaners 318 tip of nose 175 tip protector 776 tip section 909 tip-ring 909, 910 tipping lever 783 tips, examples 302 tire 551,560, 570, 579,870,874 tire barrier 872 tire pump 578 tire valve 579 tires, examples 560 tissue holder 264 Titan 5 Titan IV 24 Ttania 5 titanium 683 Titicaca, Lake 31 title deed 915 title display button 496 TIaloc, Temple 412 toad 111 toaster 238 tobacco 390 tobacco hole 390 tobacco pouch 390 Tobago 743 toe 117, 127, 130, 146, 148, 303, 309,351,800,868 toe binding 892 toe box 880 toe clip 127, 578, 580 toe guard 773, 796 toe hole 893 toe loop 881 toe pick 881 toe piston 444 toe strap 840 toenail scissors 377 toepiece 840, 889, 892 toga 336 toggle 739 toggle bolt 302 toggle fastening 353 toggles 854 Togo 745 toilet251,262,264, 265, 584, 724, 728, 780 toilet bowl 265 toilet soap 379 toilet tank 264 token 915 tom-tom 448 tomatillo 188 tomato 188 tomato coulis 200 tomato paste 200 tombolo 51 tone arm 500 tone control 441 tone leader generator 488 toner cartridge 519 Tonga 747 Tonga Trench 50

949

INDEX

target area 674 target areas 848 target detection radar 762 tarlatan 422 taro 184 tarragon 202 tarso metatarsus 116 tarsus 96, 98, 111, 115, 122, 126, 131, 138, 141, 142, 155, 156 Tasman Sea 29 Tasmania 29 Tasmanian devil 143 tassel 282, 285 tasset 749 taste 174 taste bud 176 taste receptors 176 tasting spoon 233 tatami 846 Taurus 12 taxi transportation 725 taxiway 618 taxiway line 619 tea 208 tea bag 208 tea ball 233 teacher 734 teacher’s desk 734 teachers’ room 735 team bench 827 team handicap 858 team name 858 team shirt 796, 801, 802, 808 team’s emblem 878 teapot 226 tear tape 390 tear-off calendar 530 teaser comb 380 teaspoon 228 technetium 683 technical delegates 881 technical equipment compartment 489 technical events 889 technical identification band 501 technical producer 489, 490 technical producer monitor 491 technical room 543 technical services 732 technical specifications 560 techniques 812 tectonic lake 48 tectonic plates 43 teddy 366 tee 269, 271, 867, 877 tee line 877 tee-off stroke 866 teeing ground 866, 867 teeth 159, 309 Teflon tape 314 tele-converter 478 telecommunication antenna 608, 609 telecommunication satellite 525 telecommunication satellites 486 telecommunication terminal 507 telecommunications by satellite 487 telemetry and command antenna 60 telephone 491, 724, 725 telephone answering machine 508 telephone cable 712 telephone index 506, 531 telephone line 524 telephone network 487 telephone set 489, 506 telephone surge protection jacks 520 telephone, communication 506 telephone/cable/satellite line 523 telephones, examples 507 telephoto lens 478 teleport 487 teleprompter 492 telescope 17, 612, 701, 859 telescope base 17 telescopic boom 634, 766 telescopic corridor 619 telescopic front fork 574, 577 telescopic leg 776 telescopic measure 864 telescopic rod 920 telescopic sight 692, 912 telescopic umbrella 391 telescoping antenna 503 telescoping leg 482 telescoping uncoupling rod 587 Telescopium 10 television 489 television program schedule 471

tabloid 471 tabulation key 514 tabulation left 514 tabulation right 514 tabulator 528 tachometer 557, 576 tack 301, 836 tacking 833 tackle box 911 tackless strip 254 tactical transport helicopter 631 tadpole 111 tag 342, 370 Tagalog 469 tagliatelle 206 tahini 200 Tahitian 469 tail 107, 112, 113 121, 122 12r 130, 133, 136, 140,143, 169 425, 625, 840, 887, 888, 892 893, 894, 898, 909 ta 1 assembly 625 ta 1 boom 631 ta 1 comb 380 ta 1 edge 426 ta 1 feather 115 ta 1 of helix 173 ta 1 pipe 553 ta 1 pole 676 ta 1 shapes, examples 629 ta 1 skid 631 ta 1 stop 312 ta l-out groove 500 ta Iback 807 ta Ilight554, 571, 575, 576, 640 ta nights 554, 775 ta lored collar 355, 362 ta lored sleeve 361 ta Ipiece 433, 439 ta Irace 658 Tajikistan 746 tajine 234 take-off 891 take-off board 793 take-off table 891 take-up handle 460 take-up reel 499 take-up spool 476 takeover zone 790 talk key 506 talking drum 433 Talmud 736 talon 117 talus 153, 155 tamarillo 196 tamarin 139 tamarind paste 200 tambourine 449 tamper 241, 390 tandem bicycle 581 tandem disc harrow 641 tandem tractor trailer 570 tang227,229,309,315 Tanganyika, Lake 34 tank 23, 263, 266, 484, 485,607, 758, 767, 903 tank ball 265 tank body 572, 573 tank car 588 tank farm 654 tank gauge float 655 tank hatch cover 607 tank lid 265 tank sprayer 328 tank top 369, 371 tank trailer 572 tank truck 573 tanker 596, 606, 760 tanks 655 tantalum 683 Tanzania 745 tap connector 328 tape 313, 453, 459, 757,800 tape counter 499 tape dispenser 534 tape guide 534 tape lock 313 tape measure 313, 454 tape recorder select button 497 tape selector 499 tape-guide 499 tapered end 839 tapered wing 630 tapestry bobbin 461 taproot 87 tar paper 299 tarantula 102 tare 847 target 40,41,859,861,893

INDEX

tongs 233 tongue 99, 109, 110, 164, 174, 175,212,342,350,370,433, 444, 881, 889 tongue sheath 112 tongue, dorsum 176 tonsil 174 tool 649 tool belt 313 tool box 313 tool holder 308 tool kit 580 tool shelf 321 tool storage area 289 tool tether 20 tools 289 tools for loosening the earth 326 tools, electricity 317 tools, wood carving 401 tooth 108, 112,303,304,331, 382, 453, 636, 638,642,643 tooth guard 808 toothbrush 384 toothbrush shaft 384 toothbrush well 384 toothed jaw 310 toothed wheel 686 toothpaste 384 top 87, 278,321, 602 top bar 824 top box 577 top cap 689 top coat 355 top cylinder 422 top deck 655 top deckboard 632 top edge 426 top face 374 top flap 906 top hat 340 top ladder 766 top lift 342 top of dam 657, 660, 661, 664 top plate 528 top pocket 862 top rail247, 277,278, 281 top rail of sash 249 top road 650 top stitched pleat 357 top stitching 350, 368 top-end transverse member 635 top-level domain 524 topaz 375 topmark 615, 616 topping 909 topping lift 602 topsoil 78 toque 341 Torah scrolls 738 toric lens 691 tornado 57, 63 torpedo 763 torpedo room 763 torque adjustment collar 306 torque converter 292 Torres Strait 29 tortellini 206 tortilla 205 torus 404, 405, 705 total 699 total eclipse 6, 7 total sale display 548 tote bag 388 tote board 856 toucan 119 touch 172 touch judge 805 touch line 803, 805 touch pad 526 touch pad button 526 touch screen 527 Toulouse sausage 216 touring bicycle 581 touring motorcycle 577 touring tire 560 tourmaline 375 tournament ball 819 tow bar 567,622,642,840 tow line 840 tow release knob 898 tow safety chain 567 tow tractor 622, 623 tow truck 573 towel bar 264 tower 410, 540, 614, 635, 674, 676, 677, 858 tower case 513 tower crane 634 tower ladder 766

ASTRONOMY > 2-25;

I 950

trap262,265,269, 270, 430 trap coupling 270 trap machine 860 trapdoor 407 trapeze dress 356 trapezium 154, 156 trapezius 150, 151 trapezoid 154, 705 trash truck 573 travel agency 714 traveler 834, 835 traveler’s check 729 traveling block 651 traveling crane 658 traverse arch 410 traverse rod 284 traversing handle 756 trawler 606 tray 261, 281, 313, 320, 323,389 trays 722 tread 255, 561, 855 tread bar 640 tread design 560, 561 treadle 460 treadle cord 460 treatment plant 649 treatment room 779, 781 treble bridge 442 treble fishhook 911 treble keyboard 432 treble pickup 441 treble register 432 treble tone control 441, 497, 503 tree 87, 855 tree fern 76 tree frog 111 tree pruner 330 tree, structure 87 tree, trunk 87 trees 866 trefoil 411, 413 trench 49, 647, 860 trench coat 352 triage room 779 trial motorcycle 875 triangle 437, 449, 705 triangular bandage 777 triangular body 433 triangular fossa 173 Triangulum 12 Triangulum Australe 10 Triassic 93 triceps bar 851 triceps of arm 151 triceratops 93 tricorne 339 tricuspid valve 162 trifoliolate 79 trigger 320, 331, 516, 750, 752, 754, 755, 757, 767,860,861, 912 trigger guard 754, 860, 861, 912 trigger switch 304, 305, 306, 308 triglyph 404 trill 435 trilobite 92 trim 389 trim panel 554 trim ring 290 trim tab 60 trimaran 835 trimmer 383 trimming 386, 424 trimming tool 464 Trinidad and Tobago 743 trio 438 trip lever 265, 329 trip odometer 557 tripe 212 triple bars 852 triple jump 790, 793, 875 triple jump take-off board 793 triple ring 918 triple tail unit 629 tripod 14, 436, 482, 483, 489 tripod accessories shelf 14 tripod stand 448 tripod tail support 623 triquetral 154 trireme 598 triticale 203 Triton 5 trochanter 96, 98 trolley 542, 634 trolley crank 328 trolley pulley 634 Trombe wall 675 trombone 447 trombones 437

tower mast 634 tower mill 676 tower silo 182 towing device 573 towing eye 756 towing hitch 567, 640 town houses 419 toy store 714 toys 717 tracery 411 trachea 116, 125, 163 tracing wheel 454 track 284, 399, 582, 592, 595, 636, 709, 790,871,872,874, 876, 883,885,891 track cycling 871 track idler 636 track judge 883 track lighting 287 track link 758 track number 501 track roller frame 636 track search buttons 501 track shoe 758, 791 trackball 517 tracker 445 traction batteries 563 tractor 640 tractor engine compartment 638 trade name 390 traditional clothing 339 traditional houses 418 traditional jacket 846 traditional musical instruments 432 traditional ships 599 traffic circle 39, 538 traffic lane 539 traffic lanes 539 traffic light 712 tragus 140, 173 trail 756 trailer 567 trailer car 594 trailing edge 624, 897, 898 trailing edge flap 624, 760 train 582 trainer 811, 842 training area 788 training ball 819 training set 369 training suit 370 training wall 657 trampoline 823 transaction receipt 731 transaction record slot 730 Transantarctic Mountains 29 transceiver, network access point 522 transceiving dish 486 transceiving parabolic antenna 486 transducer 613 transept 411 transept spire 410 transfer canal 666 transfer dispensing machine 593 transfer of heat to water 665 transfer port 565 transfer ramp 539 transform plate boundaries 43 transformation of mechanical work into electricity 662 transformer 287, 658, 663, 668, 674 transit shed 596 transition fittings, examples 269 transition metals 683 transmission 292, 563 transmission cable 613 transmission dish 486 transmission of the rotative movement to the rotor 662 transmission system 553 transmission to consumers 646, 662,677 transmitted pulse 40 transmitter 506 transmitting tower 486 transparency slide 483 transpiration 67 transponder 626 transport and machinery 538 transport, air 618 transport, maritime 596 transporter bridge 542 transverse bulkhead 606 transverse colon 164 transverse dunes 52 transverse flute 446 transverse process 157, 168 EARTH >26-71:

VEGETABLE KINGDOM >72-89:

DO-IT-YOURSELF AND GARDENING > 296-333; OFFICE AUTOMATION > 466-535:

CLOTHING > 334-371;

Tropic of Cancer 34, 35, 36 Tropic of Capricorn 34, 35, 36 tropical climates 61 tropical cyclone 63 tropical cyclone names 63 tropical forest 66 tropical fruits 196 tropical rain forest 61, 66 tropical storm 57 tropical wet-and-dry (savanna) 61 tropopause 53, 68 troposphere 53 trot 124 trotter 857 trough 49, 55, 690 trousers 844 trout 221 trowel 325 truck 586, 595, 894, 895 truck crane 634 truck frame 586 truck tractor 570 truck trailer 570 trucking 570 trucks, examples 573 truffle 183 trumpet 447, 611 trumpet interchange 538 trumpets 437 trunk 76, 86, 87, 110, 147, 149, 389, 551 trunk hose 338 trunk, cross section 87 trunks 850 trunnion 753 truss structure 21 trussed arch 540 trussing needle 233 tsetse fly 101 tub 292, 294, 322 tub platform 264 tub rim 292 tuba 437, 447 tube 223, 756, 757, 777 tube cutter 314 tube end 269 tube flaring tool 314 tube foot 95 tube retention clip 275 tuber vegetables 184 tubing654 tubing head 654 tubing valve 654 tubular bells 437, 449 tubular element 290 tubular heater 656 tubular ice screw 901 tubular lock 248 tubular member 652 tubular structure 615 Tucana 10 tuck 390 tuck position 828 Tudor 413 tug 606 tulip 80 tumble dry at low temperature 347 tumble dry at medium temperature 347 tuna 220 tundra 66 tuner 498, 504 tungsten 683 tungsten filament 274 tungsten-halogen lamp 274, 275 tunic 359, 748 tunic dress 356 tuning buttons 497 tuning control 498, 503, 504 tuning controls 494 tuning dial 504 tuning fork 436 tuning gauge 448 tuning mode 498 tuning peg 440, 441 tuning pin 442 tuning ring 433 tuning slide 447 tuning wire 444 Tunisia 745 tunnel 592 turban 339, 341 turbine 646, 668 turbine building 668 turbine headcover 659 turbine runner 664 turbine shaft turns generator 665 turbine stop valve 668 turbine-compressor shaft 627 turbined water draining 662

ANIMAL KINGDOM > 90-143:

HUMAN BEING > 144-177:

PERSONAL ACCESSORIES AND ARTICLES > 372-391:

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY > 536-643:

ENERGY > 644-677:

SCIENCE > 678-705:

turbo-alternator 674, 763 turbo-alternator unit 646 turbo-compressor engine 564 turbofan engine 627 turbojet engine 625, 760 turbot 221 turf 856 Turkey 746 turkey 120, 213 Turkish 469 Turkmenistan 746 turmeric 198 turn 435 turn and slip indicator 898 turn and slip knob 898 turn signal 554, 571, 574, 575, 576 turn signal indicator 557, 576 turnbuckle 835, 842 turner 233 turning 464 turning handle 307 turningjudges 831 turning wall 831, 832 turning wheel 464 turnip 189 turnouts 764, 765 turnouts' cleaning 764 turnstile 592 turntable 236, 488, 500, 542, 638, 639 turntable mounting 766 turpentine 400 turquoise 375 turret 408, 758, 762 turret cap 692 turtle 113 turtle, anatomy 113 turtle, morphology 113 turtleneck 354, 363, 892 Tuvalu 747 TV mode 495 TV power button 495 TV/video button 495 tweeter 10, 502 tweezers 777 twig 77, 87 twill weave 463 twin skis 840 twin-lens reflex camera 480 twin-set 359 twist 306 twist bar 850 twist bit 306 twist drill 306 twist grip throttle 576 twist handle 516 twist lock 572 twisted rope 908 twisted-pair cable 523 two columns split bet 919 two pairs 9r4 two-blade propeller 628 two-door sedan 549 two-hinged arch 541 two-leaf door 568 two-person bobsled 884 two-person tent 902 two-sided copies 512 two-story house 419 two-stroke-cycle engine cycle 565 two-toed hoof 127 two-two time 434 two-way collar 352 two-way traffic 544, 546 tympanum 110, 403, 404, 411 type I irregular galaxy 9 type II irregular galaxy 9 type of fuel 548 type of high cloud 55 type of low cloud 55 type of middle cloud 55 type of the air mass 55 type, sans serif 472 type, serif 472 types of bones 157 types of eclipses 6, 7 types of engines 564 types of golf clubs 867 types of movements 916 types of oars 838 types of passenger cars 584 types of registers 258 types of strokes 832 types of synovial joints 156 typewriter 528 typhoon 63 typist's chair 511 typography 472 tyrannosaur93

FOOD AND KITCHEN > 178-241:

ARTS AND ARCHITECTURE > 392-465:

SOCIETY > 706-785:

HOUSE > 242-295:

COMMUNICATIONS AND

SPORTS AND GAMES > 786-920

u u quark 680 U-bend 269 U-shaped gouge 421 U.S. habitation module 21 U.S. laboratory 21 udon noodles 207 Uganda 745 UHF antenna 18, 60 Ukraine 744 Ukrainian 469 ulna 116, 121, 122, 126, 131, 136, 138, 141, 142, 152, 154, 156 ulnar extensor of wrist 151 ulnar flexor of wrist 150, 151 ulnar nerve 166 ultrasound waves emission 41 ultraviolet radiation 690 ultraviolet spectrometer 60 Ulysses 19 umbel 81 umbo 105 umbra shadow 6, 7 umbrella 391 umbrella pine 89 umbrella stand 391 Umbriel 5 umlaut 473 umpire 799, 807, 809, 812, 817, 820, 864, 877 unbleached flour 204 uncanceled stamped mail 474 under tail covert 115 underarm crutch 782 underarm portfolio 387 underarm rest 782 undergarment 872 underground 407 underground cable network 487 underground chamber 402 underground flow 67 underground mine 650 underground passage 583 underground stem 78 underlay 254 underlining 455 underlying fabrics 455 underpass 540 undershirt 796 underskirt 337 underwater camera 480 underwater light 246 underwear 351, 366 underwire 367 undressing booth 781 unequal-arm balance 698 uneven parallel bars 824 ungulate mammals 124 ungulate mammals, examples of 128 unicellulars 94 uniform 770 uniform resource locator 524 uniform resource locator (URL) 524 uniforms 764 uninterruptible power supply 520 uninterruptible power supply (UPS) 523 union 269 union nut 269 union of two sets 703 union suit 351 uniparous cyme 81 unisex headgear 341 unisex shoes 344 unison 434 unit price 699 United Arab Emirates 746 United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 743 United Republic of Tanzania 745 United States of America 742 univalve shell 105 univalve shell, morphology 105 universal step 623 university 710 unleavened bread 205 unloading dock 395 unloading tube 643 ununbium 683 up and over garage door 416 uphaul 836 upholstery nozzle 289 upper 889 upper blade guard 304 upper bowl 241 upper cheek 854 ASTRONOMY > 2-25;

EARTH >26-71;

V V-neck 348, 354 V-neck cardigan 354 V-shaped gouge 421 V-shaped neck 363 vacuole 74, 94 vacuum bottle 906 vacuum chamber 694 vacuum cleaner, cylinder 289 vacuum cleaner, hand 288 vacuum cleaner, upright 289 vacuum coffee maker 241 vacuum diaphragm 566 vacuum distillation 656 vacuum manifold 694 vacuum system console 694 vagina 103, 104, 170, 171 vair 741 VEGETABLE KINGDOM >72-89;

DO-IT-YOURSELE AND GARDENING > 296-333; OFFICE AUTOMATION > 466-535;

CLOTHING > 334-371;

valance 280, 282 valley 45, 48 valve 84, 105, 447 valve casing 447 valve seat 268 valve seat shaft 265 valve seat wrench 314 valve spring 566 vambrace 749 vamp 342, 371 vampire bat 141 van 569 van body semitrailer 572 vanadium 683 vane 115, 293 vanilla extract 200 vanity cabinet 264 vanity case 389 vanity mirror 556 Vanuatu 747 vapor 681 vaporizer 261 vaporizing grille 261 variable ejector nozzle 629 variable geometry wing 630 variable spacer 528 variation keys 456 variety meat 212 variometer 899 varnish 400 varnish-roller 422 vastus lateralis 150, 151 vastus medians 150 Vatican City State 744 Vauban fortification 409 vault 410, 731 vaulting horse 824, 825, 826 VCR controls 495 VCR mode 495 VCR power button 495 veal cubes 214 vector/waveform monitor 491 vegetable bowl 226 vegetable brush 233 vegetable garden 182, 244 vegetables 180, 184 vegetables, bulb 184 vegetables, fruit 188 vegetables, inflorescent 187 vegetables, leaf 186 vegetables, root 189 vegetables, stalk 185 vegetables, tuber 184 vegetation 66 vegetation regions 66 vehicle entrance 769 vehicle equipment bay 24 vehicle rest area 543 veil 909 vein 79 veins 160 Vela 11 velariL||n 407 Velcro’ closure 368 velodrome 788 velum 98 velvet-band choker 374 Venera 19 Venetian blind 285 Venezuela 742 venom canal 112 venom gland 112 venom sac 99 venom-conducting tube 112 venomous snake, anatomy 112 venomous snake, morphology 112 venomous snake, skeleton 112 vent 261, 556, 753 vent brush 380 vent door 571 vent hole 320 vent-tail 749 ventilated rib 860, 912 ventilating circuit 262 ventilating fan 586 ventilating grille 289 ventilation 675 ventilation hood 614 ventilator 586, 594 ventral abdominal artery 107 ventral aorta 109 ventral nen/e cord 107 ventral root 168 venturi 757 venturi fastening lever 757 Venus 4, 5 verbena 208 vermicelli 207 vermiform appendix 164

ANIMAL KINGDOM > 90-143;

HUMAN BEING > 144-177;

PERSONAL ACCESSORIES AND ARTICLES > 372-391;

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY > 536-643;

ENERGY > 644-677;

SCIENCE > 678-705;

vernal equinox 13, 54 vernier 698, 700 vernier caliper 700 vernier scale 612, 700 Versailles parquet 254 vert 741 vertebra 112, 136 vertebrae 111 vertebral body 157, 168 vertebral column 109 vertebral shield 113 vertical control 518 vertical cord lift 288 vertical frame 461 vertical ground movement 43 vertical movement 916 vertical pivoting window 415 vertical pocket 337 vertical pupil 112 vertical section 894 vertical seismograph 43 vertical shaft 650 vertical side band 812 vertical stabilizer 898 vertical take-off and landing aircraft 628 vertical-axis wind turbine 676 very cloudy sky 56 vest 338, 348, 359 vestibular nerve 174 vestibule 174, 250, 406, 584 vestibule door 584 vestigial pelvis 136 veterinarians 852 VHF antenna 762 viaduct 541 vial 783 vibrating mudscreen 651 vibrato arm 441 vibrissa 122 vice-skip 877 Victoria, Lake 34 video and digital terminals 477 video connection panel 489 video entertainment system 918 video monitor 518 video monitoring selector 491 video port 513, 526 video replay 789 video switcher technician 489, 490 videocassette 495 videocassette recorder (VCR) 495 videotape library 733 videotape operation controls 496 Viet Nam 747 Vietnamese 468 view camera 480 viewfinder 476, 477 viewing room 733 Viking 18 village 708, 886 vine shoot 86 vine stock 86 vine, maturing steps 86 vinyl grip sole 369 vinyl insulation 299 viola 439 violas 437 violet 80, 400 violet-blue 400 violin 439 violin family 437, 439 VIP lounge 718 viper 114 Virgo 11. 13 virgule 473 visceral ganglion 105 visceral pleura 163 vise 312 visible light 690 vision 691 vision defects 691 vision slit 749 visiting room 726 visitors' entrance 726 visitors’ front office 726 visitors’ waiting room 726 visor 575, 591, 749, 773, 874, 878,884 visor hinge 575 Vistula River 32 visual display 918 visual display unit 507 visual transmission 694 vitelline membrane 117 vitreous body 177 vocal cord 163 voice edit buttons 450 voice recorder button 527

EOOD AND KITCHEN > 178-241;

ARTS AND ARCHITECTURE > 392-465;

SOCIETY > 706-785;

HOUSE > 242-295;

COMMUNICATIONS AND

SPORTS AND GAMES > 786-920

voice selector 451 Volans 11 volcanic bomb 44 volcanic island 49 volcanic lake 48 volcano 42, 44 volcano during eruption 44 volcanoes, examples 44 Volga River 32 Volkmann’s canals 154 volley 820 volleyball 812 volleyball, beach 813 volt 702 voltage decrease 646, 662, 677 voltage increase 646, 662, 665 voltage tester 316 volume control 441, 450, 451, 495, 497, 503, 504, 505, 507, 508, 513 volume display 548 volume unit meters 488 volute 276, 404, 405 volva 76 voussolr 413 Voyager 19 Vulpecula 13 vulture 119 vulva 148, 171

w wad 753,912 waders 911 wadi 52 wading bird 117 waferboard 300 waffle iron 238 wagon 642 wagon tent 902 waist 147, 149, 342, 439, 663 waist belt 281, 906 waistband 350, 351, 353 waistband extension 350 waistcoat 338 waiter 721 waiting area 621, 730 waiting room 509, 768, 779 wakame 183 walk 124 walk-in closet 251 walk-in wardrobe 251 walk-through metal detector 726 walker 782 walkie-talkie 505, 770 walking aids 782 walking leg 97, 103 walking stick 391, 782 walkway 714 wall 7, 82, 127, 246, 852, 902, 917 wall and rails 852 wall bracket 284 wall cabinet 224 wall cloud 63 wall fitting 287 wall lantern 287 wall register 258 wall side 607 wall stack section 258 wall stud 253 wall tent 902 wallaby 143 wallet 387, 529 walnut 88, 193 walnut, section 84 walrus 137 waning gibbous 7 wardens office 726 wardrobe 251, 279, 724 warehouse 708 warhead 759 warm air 64, 675 warm temperate climates 61 warm-air baffle 256 warm-air outlet 564 warm-up lane 882 warming plate 241 warning area 846 warning lights 557 warning plate 306 warning track 795 warp 460, 461 warp roller 460 warp threads 463 warping frame 462 wasabi 201 wash bottle 685

INDEX

upper chord 540 upper cold front 56 upper confining bed 646 upper cuff 889 upper deck 569, 624 upper edge 815 upper eyelid 110, 132, 177 upper fore topgallant sail 603 upper fore topsail 603 upper gate 597 upper girdle facet 374 upper heating element 266 upper laboratory 16 upper landing 417 upper lateral lobe 86 upper lateral sinus 86 upper level 597 upper limb 750 upper lip 99, 174, 444 upper lobe 163 upper mandible 115 upper mantle 42 upper rudder 763 upper section 24 upper shell 889, 895 upper strap 889 upper tail covert 115 upper thermostat 266 upper warm front 56 upper wing 628 upper-air sounding 59 upperboard 445 uppercase 472 upperworks 835 upright 246, 424, 425, 460, 461, 782, 792, 825, 826 upright piano 442 upright piano action 443 upright vacuum cleaner 289 UPS 520,523 upstage 430, 431 upstream blanket 660 upstream face 661 upstream gate 837 upstream shoulder 660 upstream toe 660 Ural Mountains 32 Ural-Altaic languages 469 uranium 684 Uranus 4, 5 urban map 39 Urdu 469 ureter 104, 116, 165 urethra 165, 170 urinary bladder 109, 110, 165, 169,170 urinary meatus 169 urinary system 165 URL 524 urogenital aperture 109 uropod 107 urostyle 111 Ursa Major 13 Ursa Minor 12 Uruguay 742 USB port 513, 526 use chlorine bleach as directed 347 used syringe box 771 usual terms 82, 83 utensils, cooking 722 utensils, kitchen 229 utensils, set 233 uterovesical pouch 170 uterus 170, 171 utility case 388 utility liquids 400 uvula 174, 175 Uzbekistan 746

INDEX

wash tower 294 washcloth 379 washer262, 268, 271,292,689 washer nozzle 550 washers 310 washing 347 wasp-waisted corset 367 Wassily chair 276 waste basket 535 waste layers 69 waste pipe 265 waste stack 262 waste tee 271 waste water 70 waste, selective sorting 71 watches and jewelry 717 water 646, 847 water bomber helicopter 631 water bottle 579 water bottle clip 579 water bug 101 water carrier 906 water chestnut 184 water cools the used steam 665 water flow 95 water goblet 225 water hazard 866, 867 water hose 294, 648 water inlet 268 water intake 658 water is pumped back into the steam generator 665 water jets 828 waterjump 852, 853 water key 447 water level 241, 261 water level indicator 239 water main 712 water meter 262 water pitcher 226 water pollution 70 water polo 827 water polo ball 827 water pressure gauge 766 water separator 648 water service pipe 262 water skiing 840 water spider 102 water strider 102 water table 47, 70 water tank 241, 261, 384, 586 water tower 589 water turns into steam 665 water under pressure 662 water-heater tank 266, 675 water-heater tank, electric 266 water-level selector 292 water-level tube 288 water-steam mix 646 water-tank area 628 watercolor 396 watercolor cakes 397 watercolor tube 397 watercourse 48, 70 watercress 187 waterfall 47, 48 watering can 328 watering tools 328 watering tube 573 waterline 615 watermark 729 watermelon 195 waterproof pants 368 waterspout 63 watt 702 wave 49,690 wave base 49 wave clip 380 wave guide 489 wave height 49 wave length 49 wave wall 660 wavelength 690 wax 892 wax bean 191 wax crayon drawing 396 wax crayons 396 wax gourd 188 wax seal 265 waxed paper 222 waxing gibbous 7 waxing kit 892 weapon, parts 849 weapons 748

ASTRONOMY > 2-25;

I 352

white cabbage 186 white chocolate 208 white dwarf 8 white light 616 white line 127 white matter 167, 168 white mustard 198 white object ball 862, 863 white onion 184 white pepper 198 white rice 207 white square 916 white stone 916 white tape 812, 815, 817 white wine glass 225 white-tailed deer 128 Whitewater 837 Whitewater, canoe-kayak 837 whiting 221 whole note 435 whole rest 435 whole-wheat flour 204 wholegrain mustard 200 wholemeal bread 205 whorl 104, 105 wicker basket 899 wicket 799 wicket gate 659 wicketkeeper 799 wide 472 wide area network 523 wide receiver 807 wide-angle lens 478 wife 785 wigwam 418 wild boar 128 wild rice 203 Wilkes Land 29 willow 798 winch 417, 573, 835 winch controls 573 wind 56, 69. 70, 833 wind abeam 833 wind arrow 56 wind chest 445 wind chest table 445 wind deflector 570 wind direction 55 wind direction, measure 59 wind duct 445 wind energy 676 wind flag 893 wind guard 899 wind indicator 834 wind instruments 446 wind sock 739 wind speed 55 wind strength, measure 59 wind supply 445 wind synthesizer controller 451 wind trunk 445 wind turbine, horizontal-axis 677 wind turbines 676 wind vane 58, 59, 677 windbag 432 windbreaker 353 winder 696 winding adjustment 692 winding mechanism 285, 697 winding shaft 650 winding tower 649, 650 windmill 676 window 238, 239, 249, 251, 290, 485, 551, 554, 567, 594, 624 731,836 window accessories 282 window canopy 902 window regulator handle 554 window sill 252 window tab 532 windows 386 windows, examples 415 winds 917 windscreen 488 windshaft 676 windshield 550, 570, 574, 577, 607,624, 626,876 windshield wiper 550, 557 windshield wiper blade 557 wine 180 wine cellar 720 wine list 721 wine steward 720 wine vinegar 201 wine waiter corkscrew 230

weapons in the age of the Romans 748 weapons in the Stone Age 748 weasel 134 weather map 54, 55 weather radar 54, 624 weather satellite 54 weather satellites 60 weatherstrip 247 weather symbols, international 56 weatherboard 249 weaving 460 weaving pattern brush 456 weaving pattern lever 456 weaving principle, diagram 463 weaving, accessories 462 web no, 117, 591, 797 web frame 607 webbed foot 110 webbed toe 117 webbing 459, 555, 899 Webcam 517 Weddell Sea 29 wedding ring 376 wedge 444, 753 wedge lever 309 weeder325 weeding hoe 326 weekender 389 weeping willow 88 weft 460, 461 weft thread 463 weighing platform 699 weight 472, 630, 697, 698, 699, 793,850 weight belt 841 weight machine 851 weight, measure 698 weight-driven clock mechanism 697 weightlifting 850 weightlifting belt 850 weightlifting shoe 850 weights 851 welding curtain 318 welding tools 318 welding torch 319 well flow line 652 Welsh 469 welt 342, 348 welt pocket 348, 354, 360 West37, 616,917 West cardinal mark 617 West Coast mirror 569, 570 West Indies 30 West-Northwest 37 West-Southwest 37 Western Hemisphere 35 Western meridian 36 wet suit 841 wet well 671 wet-weather tire 872 whale 137 whale boat 601 wharf 596, 708 wheat 85, 203 wheat, grain 85 wheat: spike 85 wheel 320,323,389,423,454, 560, 570, 753, 758, 859, 870, 874,894,895,913 wheel chock 622 wheel cover 551 wheel cylinder 559 wheel guard 308 wheel head 464 wheel loader 637 wheel mouse 516 wheel speed sensor 559 wheel tractor 637 wheelbarrow 323 wheelchair 584, 783 wheelchair access 725 wheelchair lift 569 wheelchair ramp 394 wheelhouse 606 whelk 217 whipping 868 whipping cream 210 whisk 232 whiskers 132 whistle 240 White 916 white 690, 915 white blood cell 162 white bread 205

EARTH > 26-71:

VEGETABLE KINGDOM >72-89;

DO-IT-YOURSELF AND GARDENING > 296-333: OFFICE AUTOMATION >466-535;

CLOTHING > 334-371;

wing 23, 97, 98, 115,338,416, 625, 760,873,897,909 wing attack 809 wing box 760 wing covert 115 wing defense 809 wing membrane 140 wing nut 311 wing pallet 632 wing rib 624 wing shapes, examples 630 wing slat 625 wing strut 628 wing tip 898 wing vein 96 wing, bird 115 winglet 625, 628 wings 140, 430, 628, 898 wings, bat 140 winner 789 winning line 920 winter 54 winter precipitations 64 winter solstice 54 winter sports 877 winter tire 560 winze 650 wiper 557 wiper arm 557 wfiper switch 556 wire 689, 793 wire beater 236 wire brush 449 wire cutter 317 wire nut 317 wire sling 900 wire stripper 317 wire support 903 wireless communication 505 wireless network interface card 522 wisdom tooth 159 wishbone boom 836 withers 124, 130 witness stand 728 wok 234 wok set 234 wolf 134 Wolof468 woman 148 women’s accessories 717 women’s casual wear 716 women’s cell 768 women’s clothing 355 women’s coats 716 women’s gloves 346 women’s headgear 341 women’s nightwear 716 women’s rest room 725 women’s shoes 343, 716 women’s sportswear 716 women’s suits 716 women’s sweaters 716 won ton skins 207 wood 300, 867, 868 wood carving 401 wood chip car 588 wood chisel 309 wood ear 183 wood engraving 421 wood firing 256 wood flooring 253, 254 wood flooring arrangements 254 wood flooring on cement screed 254 wood flooring on wooden structure 254 wood frog 111 wood ray 87 wood-based materials 300 woodbox 256 woodcut 421 wooden bar 825 wooden modeling tools 464 woodpecker 118 woods 39 woodwind family 437 woofer 10, 502 wooly mammoth 93 Worcestershire sauce 200 word correction 528 work bench and vise 312 work furniture 511 work lead 318 work sheet 395 work top 721, 722 worker 99

ANIMAL KINGDOM > 90-143;

HUMAN BEING > 144-177:

PERSONAL ACCESSORIES AND ARTICLES > 372-391:

TRANSPORT AND MACHINERY > 536-643:

ENERGY > 644-677:

SCIENCE > 678-705:

working area 10 working pressure gauge 319 working surface 312 workshop 726 workstation 509 worm 462,573,752 worm gear 686 wraparound dress 356 wraparound skirt 357 wrapovertop 359 wrapper 390 wrenches 311,315 wrestler 843 wrestling 843 wrestling area 843 wrestling shoe 843 wrist 130, 140, 147, 149, 156, 173 wrist guard 895 wrist sling 901 wrist strap 888, 892 wrist-length glove 346 wristband 808, 822, 850 writing brush 470 writing case 387 writing instruments 470

X X-band antenna 40 X-ray unit, mobile 778 X-rays 690 xenon 684 xylophone 437, 449

Y Y-branch 269 Y-tube 776 yak 129 yam 184 yard 589, 602 yard line 806 yard-long bean 190 yarn 908 yarn ball 797 yarn clip 457 yarn feeder 456 yarn rod 457 yarn tension unit 457 yaw 630 yellow 400, 690 yellow ball 863 yellow light 712 yellow onion 184 yellow sweet pepper 188 ,yellow-green 400 yellowjacket 101 Yemen 746 yea 728 Yiddish 469 yield 544, 546 yogurt 210 yoke 284, 349, 353, 359 yoke skirt 357 yolk 117. Yoruba 468 ytterbium 684 yttrium 683 Yucatan Peninsula 30 yurt 418

Zambia 746 zebra 128 zenith 10 zest 82 zester 229 Zimbabwe 746 zinc 683 zinc can 689 zinc-electrolyte mix 689 zipper 353, 369, 377, 389, 453, 902 zipper line 455 zirconium 683 zither 432 zona pellucida 170 zoom lens 478, 492, 496 zucchini 188 Zulu 468 zygomatic bone 152, 158

FOOD AND KITCHEN > 178-241:

ARTS AND ARCHITECTURE > 392-465:

SOCIETY > 706-785:

HOUSE > 242-295:

COMMUNICATIONS AND

SPORTS AND GAMES > 786-920

AMER

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The Eleventh Edition of America's best-selling dictionary features fully revised print content with more than 225,000 clear and precise definitions and more than 10,000 new words and meanings. Includes an easy-to-install Win/Mac CD-ROM and a free one-year subscription to the Collegiate Web site, www.Merriam-WebsterCollegiate.com.

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A comprehensive, one-volume desk reference created in cooperation with Encyclopaedia Britannica®. Features more than 25,000 informative and enlightening articles, 1,250 photographs, and 350 maps, diagrams, and tables. Includes pronunciations.

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Merriam-Webster Inc. 'Merriam-j I Webster,

anther STRUCTURE OF A FLOWER

Upper part of the male floral organ (stamen) that produces pollen grains; at maturity, it splits to release them.

Springfield, MA 01102 www.Merriam-Webster.com

stigma Upper part of the female floral organ (pistil) that receives and holds pollen.

filament Cylindrical axis connecting the anther to the rest of the flower.

USA $39.95

ISBN-13 978-0-87779 -051-8 ISBN-10 0-87779-051 ■5 53995

petal Usually colorful and scented part of the flower that surrounds the male and female reproductive organs; it often helps to attract pollinators.

style Cylindrical axis connecting the stigma to the ovary.

9 780877

518

Merriam-Webster&#x27;s Visual Dictionary by Jean-Claude Corbeil, Ariane Archambault - PDFCOFFEE.COM (2025)

Merriam-Webster's Visual Dictionary by Jean-Claude Corbeil, Ariane Archambault - PDFCOFFEE.COM (2025)